Application of R/S Rheometer in Low Temperature Drilling Fluid Rheology Determination

2012 ◽  
Vol 490-495 ◽  
pp. 3114-3118
Author(s):  
Xiao Ling Jiang ◽  
Zong Ming Lei ◽  
Kai Wei
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Rheological Parameter ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Fluid Rheology ◽  
Rotary Viscometer

With six-speed rotary viscometer measuring the rheology of drilling fluid at low temperature, during the high-speed process, the drilling fluid temperature is not constant at low temperature, which leads to the inaccuracy in rheological measurement. When R/S rheometer is used cooperating with constant low-temperature box , the temperature remains stable during the process of determining the drilling fluid rheology under low temperature. The R/S rheometer and the six-speed rotational viscometer are both coaxial rotational viscometers, but they work in different ways and the two cylindrical clearance between them are different.How to make two viscometer determination result can maintain consistent?The experimental results show that, The use of R/S rheometer, with the shear rate for 900s-1 shear stress values instead of six speed rotary viscometer shear rate for 1022s-1 shear stress values.Then use two-point formula to calculate rheological parameters.The R/S rheometer rheological parameter variation with temperature has a good linear relationship,Can better reflect the rheological properties of drilling fluids with low temperature changerule

Modelling of Drilling Fluid Thixotropy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Cayeux ◽  
Amare Leulseged
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Time Dependence ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Pump Flow Rate ◽  
Drilling Operations

Drilling fluids are visco-elastic materials, i.e. they behave as a viscous fluid when subject to a sufficient shear stress and like an elastic solid otherwise. Both their elastic and viscous properties are time-dependent, i.e. drilling fluids are thixotropic. Because of thixotropy, it takes a finite time before the effective viscosity of a drilling fluid attains an equilibrium when the fluid is subject to a change of shear rate. This effect is visible when one changes the applied shear rate in a rheometer, as the fluid will gradually adapt to the new shearing conditions. When the velocity of a drilling fluid changes, for instance due to a change in pump flow rate, movement of the drill string, or change of flow geometry, the fluid will exhibit a time-dependent response to the new shearing conditions, requiring a certain time to reach the new equilibrium condition. Unfortunately, the time-dependence of the rheological properties of drilling fluids are usually not measured during drilling operations and therefore it is difficult to estimate how thixotropy impacts pressure losses in drilling operations. For that reason, we have systematically measured the time-dependence of the rheological properties of several samples of water-based, oil-based and micronized drilling fluids with a scientific rheometer in order to capture how drilling fluids systems respond to variations of shear rates. Based on these measurements, we propose to investigate how one existing thixotropic model manages to predict the shear stress as a function of the shear rate while accounting for the shear history and gelling conditions. Then we propose a modified model that fits better, overall, with the measurements even though there are still noticeable discrepancies, especially when switching back to low shear rates.

scholarly journals Measurement of Drilling Fluid Rheology and Modeling of Thixotropic Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Joakim Skadsem ◽  
Amare Leulseged ◽  
Eric Cayeux
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Rheological Characterization ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Rate Step ◽  
Thixotropic Behavior ◽  
Pump Pressure ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Fluid Rheology

Abstract Drilling fluids perform a number of important functions during a drilling operation, including that of lifting drilled cuttings to the surface and balancing formation pressures. Drilling fluids are usually designed to be structured fluids exhibiting shear thinning and yield stress behavior, and most drilling fluids also exhibit thixotropy. Accurate modeling of drilling fluid rheology is necessary for predicting friction pressure losses in the wellbore while circulating, the pump pressure needed to resume circulation after a static period, and how the fluid rheology evolves with time while in static or near-static conditions. Although modeling the flow of thixotropic fluids in realistic geometries is still a formidable future challenge to be solved, considerable insights can still be gained by studying the viscometric flows of such fluids. We report a detailed rheological characterization of a water-based drilling fluid and an invert emulsion oilbased drilling fluid. The micro structure responsible for thixotropy is different in these fluids which results in different thixotropic responses. Measurements are primarily focused at transient responses to step changes in shear rate, but cover also steady state flow curves and stress overshoots during start-up of flow. We analyze the shear rate step change measurements using a structural kinetics thixotropy model.

Characterization of the Rheological Behavior of Drilling Fluids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Cayeux ◽  
Amare Leulseged
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Rheological Behavior ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Fluid Systems ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The One ◽  
Shear Stress Response

Abstract It is nowadays well accepted that the steady state rheological behavior of drilling fluids must be modelled by at least three parameters. One of the most often used models is the yield power law, also referred as the Herschel-Bulkley model. Other models have been proposed like the one from Robertson-Stiff, while other industries have used other three-parameter models such as the one from Heinz-Casson. Some studies have been made to compare the degree of agreement between different rheological models and rheometer measurements but in most cases, already published works have only used mechanical rheometers that have a limited number of speeds and precision. For this paper, we have taken measurements with a scientific rheometer in well-controlled conditions of temperature and evaporation, and for relevant shear rates that are representative to normally encountered drilling operation conditions. Care has been made to minimize the effect of thixotropy on measurements, as the shear stress response of drilling fluids depends on its shear history. Measurements have been made at different temperatures, for various drilling fluid systems (both water and oil-based), and with variable levels of solid contents. Also, the shear rate reported by the rheometer itself, is corrected to account for the fact that the rheometer estimates the wall shear rate on the assumption that the tested fluid is Newtonian. A measure of proximity between the measurements and a rheological model is defined, thereby allowing the ranking of different rheological behavior model candidates. Based on the 469 rheograms of various drilling fluids that have been analyzed, it appears that the Heinz-Casson model describes most accurately the rheological behavior of the fluid samples, followed by the model of Carreau, Herschel-Bulkley and Robertson-Stiff, in decreasing order of fidelity.

scholarly journals Viscosity Models for Drilling Fluids—Herschel-Bulkley Parameters and Their Use

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arild Saasen ◽  
Jan David Ytrehus
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Sufficient Accuracy ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Thermodynamic Quantities ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Viscosity Measurements ◽  
Viscosity Models ◽  
Mineralogical Compositions

An evaluation is presented of the practical usage of the Herschel-Bulkley viscosity model for drilling fluids. If data from automatic viscosity measurements exist, the parameters should be selected from relevant shear rate ranges to be applicable. To be able to be used properly, viscosity measurements must be measured with a sufficient accuracy. It is shown that a manual reading of standard viscometers may yield insufficient accuracy. It is also shown that the use of yield point/plastic viscosity (YP/PV) as measured using API or ISO standards normally provide inaccurate viscosity parameters. The use of the Herschel-Bulkley model using dimensionless shear rates is more suitable than the traditional way of writing this model when the scope is to compare different drilling fluids. This approach makes it also easier to make correlations with thermodynamic quantities like pressure and temperature or chemical or mineralogical compositions of the drilling fluid.

Real-Time Determination of Rheological Properties of Spud Drilling Fluids Using a Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Abdelgawad ◽  
Salaheldin Elkatatny ◽  
Tamer Moussa ◽  
Mohamed Mahmoud ◽  
Shirish Patil
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Apparent Viscosity ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Differential Evolution Algorithm ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Rheological Parameter ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Hole Cleaning ◽  
Ann Models

The rheological properties of the drilling fluid play a key role in controlling the drilling operation. Knowledge of drilling fluid rheological properties is very crucial for drilling hydraulic calculations required for hole cleaning optimization. Measuring the rheological properties during drilling sometimes is a time-consuming process. Wrong estimation of these properties may lead to many problems, such as pipe sticking, loss of circulation, and/or well control issues. The aforementioned problems increase the non-productive time and the overall cost of the drilling operations. In this paper, the frequent drilling fluid measurements (mud density, Marsh funnel viscosity (MFV), and solid percent) are used to estimate the rheological properties of bentonite spud mud. Artificial neural network (ANN) technique was combined with the self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm (SaDe) to develop an optimum ANN model for each rheological property using 1029 data points. The SaDe helped to optimize the best combination of parameters for the ANN models. For the first time, based on the developed ANN models, empirical equations are extracted for each rheological parameter. The ANN models predicted the rheological properties from the mud density, MFV, and solid percent with high accuracy (average absolute percentage error (AAPE) less than 5% and correlation coefficient higher than 95%). The developed apparent viscosity model was compared with the available models in the literature using the unseen dataset. The SaDe-ANN model outperformed the other models which overestimated the apparent viscosity of the spud drilling fluid. The developed models will help drilling engineers to predict the rheological properties every 15–20 min. This will help to optimize hole cleaning and avoid pipe sticking and loss of circulation where bentonite spud mud is used. No additional equipment or special software is required for applying the new method.

Evaluation of Equivalent Circulating Density in Deep Water Dynamic Kill Drilling

2011 ◽  
Vol 121-126 ◽  
pp. 3048-3052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Ling Jiang ◽  
Zong Ming Lei ◽  
Qing Bao Meng
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Normal Cycle ◽  
Shallow Wells ◽  
Water Surface Layer ◽  
The Impact

Dynamic kill drilling is a technology which is applied in order to control the deep water drilling shallow gas or shallow wells flowing by establish a normal cycle automatically in the deepwater shallow wells section. Equivalent circulating density (ECD) is an important parameters to control the bottom hole pressure, in the ECD estimate, if we don’t consider the effects of low temperature on rheological parameters of drilling fluid, it will result in errors in ECD estimates. Considering the impact of low temperature on the rheological parameters, this paper determines the temperature, rheological parameters and the annulus circulating pressure loss of each well section. Then Superposing each well section annular circulating pressure loss together, and finally calculate the equivalent circulating density. The deeper the water the greater of difference between ECD prediction model and the results calculated by rheological parameters on ground, and the more shallow wells the larger of difference. Therefore, in the process of deep water surface layer dynamic killing, We need to predict the equivalent circulating density of drilling fluids (ECD) accurately.

scholarly journals Environmental considerations of low-temperature drilling fluids

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (65) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Talalay ◽  
Zhengyi Hu ◽  
Huiwen Xu ◽  
Dahui Yu ◽  
Lili Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Biological Contamination ◽  
Subglacial Environment ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
New Type

AbstractThe introduction of low-temperature fluid into boreholes drilled in ice sheets helps to remove drilling cuttings and to prevent borehole closure through visco-plastic deformation. Only special fluids, or mixtures of fluids, can satisfy the very strict criteria for deep drilling in cold ice. The effects of drilling fluid on the natural environment are analyzed from the following points of view: (1) occupational safety and health; (2) ozone depletion and global warming; (3) chemical pollution; and (4) biological pollution. Traditional low-temperature drilling fluids (kerosene-based fluids with density additives, ethanol and n-butyl acetate) cannot be qualified as intelligent choices from the safety, environmental and technological standpoints. This paper introduces a new type of low-temperature drilling fluid composed of synthetic ESTISOLTM esters, which are non-hazardous substances. ESTISOLTM 140 mixtures with ESTISOLTM 165 or ESTISOLTM F2887 have an acceptable density and viscosity at low temperature. To avoid the potential for biological contamination of the subglacial environment, the borehole drilling fluid should be treated carefully on the surface.

Tube flow behavior and shear stress-shear rate characteristics of canine blood

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Charm ◽  
G. S. Kurland
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Tube Flow ◽  
Marginal Gap ◽  
Rate Information ◽  
Power Law Equation ◽  
Gap Width

The shear stress-shear rate characteristics of canine blood were determined in a cone and plate viscometer and could be expressed by a power-law equation. The differences in the shear stress-shear rate and tube flow characteristics suggest a marginal gap of plasma at the tube wall. It also appears from these considerations that the gap width of plasma increases with tube diameter. Laminar flow considerations are insufficient for explaining tube flow behavior. High-speed motion pictures indicate collisions between cells in tube flow and the cells do not appear to remain in discrete streamlines. It is suggested that these uncalculated energy losses are the reason why tube flow behavior cannot be predicted from shear stress-shear rate information.

scholarly journals Influence of Polymer Reagents in the Drilling Fluids on the Efficiency of Deviated and Horizontal Wells Drilling

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4704
Author(s):  
Tianle Liu ◽  
Ekaterina Leusheva ◽  
Valentin Morenov ◽  
Lixia Li ◽  
Guosheng Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Horizontal Wells ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Dynamic Shear ◽  
High Molecular Weight Polymer ◽  
Molecular Weight Polymer

Improving the efficiency of well drilling process in a reservoir is directly related to subsequent well flow rates. Drilling of deviated and horizontal wells is often accompanied by an increase in pressure losses due to flow resistance caused by small size of the annular space. An important role in such conditions is played by the quality of borehole cleaning and transport capacity of drilling fluid, which is directly related to the rheological parameters of the drilling fluid. The main viscosifiers in modern drilling fluids are polymer reagents. They can be of various origin and structure, which determines their features. This work presents investigations that assess the effect of various polymers on the rheological parameters of drilling fluids. Obtained data are evaluated taking into account the main rheological models of fluid flow. However, process of fluid motion during drilling cannot be described by only one flow model. Paper shows experimentally obtained data of such indicators as plastic viscosity, dynamic shear stress, non-linearity index and consistency coefficient. Study has shown that high molecular weight polymer reagents (e.g., xanthan gum) can give drilling fluid more pronounced pseudoplastic properties, and combining them with a linear high molecular weight polymer (e.g., polyacrylamide) can reduce the value of the dynamic shear stress. Results of the work show the necessity of using combinations of different types of polymer reagents, which can lead to a synergetic effect. In addition to assessing the effect of various polymer reagents, the paper presents study on the development of a drilling fluid composition for specific conditions of an oil field.

Designing Drilling Fluids to Combat Circulation Losses for Arctic Environments

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mesfin Belayneh ◽  
Bernt S. Aadnøy
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Drilling Operation ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Fracture Sealing ◽  
Productive Time

Drilling fluid plays a key role in an efficient drilling operation to minimize problems such as wellbore collapse, circulation losses and stuck pipe. Well instability problems are costly as they increase the non-productive time and the overall budget (1) (2). Well instability problems controlled by designing appropriate mud density and fluid properties that controls the well. The fracture sealing ability of a drilling fluid is one very important of the drilling mud. This paper presents design of water-based drilling fluids and results from laboratory experiments to quantify the loss circulation performance of drilling fluids. Because it is preferable to use oil-based muds in some well sections, the paper will also include a recent study on how to minimize losses when using oil based muds. Here uses of micro/nanoparticles have shown to reduce filtrate losses and to build barriers that are more efficient during circulation loss events. All the tests presented are at low temperature, which is suitable for Artic environments.

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