Preparatory Efficacy Effects on Practice Effort and Performance

Bandura [1] has theorized that during preparation for sport competition some doubt about one's capabilities to perform effectively may be beneficial to spurring athletes to put forth a strong preparatory effort. We designed two experiments to test the idea that lower preparatory efficacy levels would benefit practice effort. Participants who competed in golf putting competitions were separated into preparation and competition phases. Participants categorized put balls to three targets of varying difficulty (i.e., high, medium, and low efficacy targets). Preparation phases consisted of 30 free choice practice putts. Practice effort was measured as the number of practice putts allocated to each target. In both studies, the high efficacy target resulted in the lowest practice effort in comparison to practice effort at the medium and low efficacy targets (p < .001), and preparatory efficacy was associated with a significant linear increase in effort across the respective high, medium, and low efficacy targets.

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PSX-8 Effects of dietary concentrate level and limited feed access on feed intake and performance by lactating Alpine dairy goats

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.793 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 455-456

Author(s):

Luana P Ribeiro ◽

Ryszard Puchala ◽

Terry A Gipson ◽

Raquel V Lourencon ◽

Arthur L Goetsch

Keyword(s):

Feed Intake ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

Free Choice ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Dairy Goats ◽

Improve Performance ◽

Entire Study ◽

And Performance ◽

Concentrate Level

Abstract The objective was to determine if effects of different limited feed access treatments on performance by lactating Alpine dairy goats vary with dietary concentrate level. Primiparous (29; 55.2±0.8 kg BW) and multiparous Alpine goats (29; 70.2±1.06 kg) were used in a 24-wk study of 3 8-wk phases beginning at 7.1±0.37 d after kidding. Diets of 40 or 60% concentrate (40C and 60C, respectively) were offered free choice in Calan gate feeders, with access continuously (CON), for 8 h between morning and afternoon milkings (DAY), or for 2 h after each milking (FRH). Although there were many interactions involving phase, ADG during the entire study was greater for CON vs. FRH (P < 0.05; -20, -41, and -61 g for CON, DAY, and FRH, respectively; SEM = 8.6). Intake of DM also was greater for CON than for FRH (P < 0.05; 2.17, 2.03, 2.01, 2.29, 2.07, and 1.80 kg/d for 40C-CON, 40C-DAY, 40C-FRH, 60C-CON, 60C-DAY, and 60C-FRH, respectively; SEM=0.093). There were interactions (P < 0.02) between concentrate level and access treatment in milk yield (2.55, 2.41, 2.61, 3.21, 2.66, and 2.27 kg/d; SEM=0.103) and protein concentration (2.65, 2.55, 2.60, 2.67, 2.70, and 2.49%; SEM = 0.042), and milk fat concentration was greatest among treatments (P < 0.05) for FRH (2.79, 2.77, 3.18, 2.86, 2.89, and 3.02% for 40C-CON, 40C-DAY, 40C-FRH, 60C-CON, 60C-DAY, and 60C-FRH, respectively; SEM=0.103). As a consequence, milk energy yield was 6.14, 5.70, 6.67, 7.83, 6.58, and 5.61 MJ/d (SEM=0.251) and the ratio of milk energy to DMI was 3.01, 2.87, 3.37, 3.47, 3.28, and 3.18 MJ/kg for 40C-CON, 40C-DAY, 40C-FRH, 60C-CON, 60C-DAY, and 60C-FRH, respectively; SEM=0.123). Overall, limited feeder access treatments did not improve performance and, in fact, the shortest access treatment increased BW loss; however, efficiency of feed DM usage for milk energy yield was not adversely impacted.

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Effects of a Rational–Emotive Education Program on Heightened Anxiety Levels of Female Collegiate Gymnasts

The Sport Psychologist ◽

10.1123/tsp.5.3.235 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 235-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

P. Kevin Elko ◽

Andrew C. Ostrow

Keyword(s):

Education Program ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Sport Competition ◽

High Anxious ◽

Self Talk ◽

Rational Emotive ◽

Rational Emotive Education ◽

Anxiety Levels ◽

Collegiate Gymnasts ◽

And Performance

This study examined the effects of a Rational-Emotive education program on the competitive state anxiety levels and performance of female collegiate gymnasts who were identified as anxiety prone. The gymnasts (n=6) were participants on a Division I gymnastic team during the 1988–89 season. The high-anxious gymnasts were distinguished from their teammates via the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, & Smith, 1983) and the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (Martens, 1977) and were interviewed by the investigator prior to competition. They ranged from 17 to 22 years of age (M=19.25 yrs). Additionally, this study analyzed the effects of the education program on performance and thought listening (positive vs. negative self-talk). The results revealed that the Rational–Emotive education program significantly decreased levels of cognitive anxiety in five of the six gymnasts. However, the influential effect of the program on somatic anxiety, performance, and thought listening was not significant.

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Effects of nucleotide supplementation to corn–soybean meal-based diet on growth performance, fecal microflora, and blood profiles of sows and performance of suckling piglets

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2018-0222 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 99 (4) ◽

pp. 754-763 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Y. Jiao ◽

S.D. Upadhaya ◽

I.H. Kim

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Fecal Microflora ◽

Suckling Piglets ◽

And Performance ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Piglet Survival ◽

Blood Profiles

A total of 45 sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) and their litters were used in this study to evaluate the efficacy of nucleotide supplementation on reproductive performance, growth performance, fecal microflora, and blood profiles in sows and piglets. Sows were allocated to one of three treatments (15 pigs per treatment and the average parity was 4.13). Dietary treatments consisted of (1) CON: basal diet, (2) T1: CON + 0.5% nucleotides, and (3) T2: CON + 1.0% nucleotides. In this study, the average daily feed intake during lactation and back fat at weaning day was increased linearly (P < 0.05) in sows with the increase in nucleotide supplementation levels. Sows receiving increasing levels of nucleotides had linearly increased fecal Lactobacillus counts and decreased Escherichia coli counts at weaning day (P < 0.05). Linear reduction of the epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol in sows was observed at weaning day, whereas superoxide dismutase was increased linearly (P < 0.05). Body weight and average daily gain in piglets were linearly (P < 0.05) increased with the increasing levels of nucleotides. Linear increase (P < 0.05) was also observed on total piglets born, live piglets, and piglet survival. The current study demonstrated the importance of nucleotides in the diets of sows to improve sow and piglet performance.

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The Spatiotemporal Characteristics of 0–24-Goal Polo

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9070446 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 446 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Russ Best ◽

Regan Standing

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Average Distance ◽

Interval Training ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Positioning Systems ◽

Spatiotemporal Characteristics ◽

Physiological Demands ◽

And Performance ◽

High Intensity Interval ◽

Mean Differences

Global positioning systems (GPS) have recently been shown to reliably quantify the spatiotemporal characteristics of Polo, with the physiological demands of Polo play at low- and high-goal levels also investigated. This study aims to describe the spatiotemporal demands of Polo across 0–24 goal levels. A player-worn GPS unit was used to quantify distance, speed and high-intensity activities performed. Data were divided into chukkas and five equine-based speed zones, grouped per cumulative player handicap and assessed using standardized mean differences. Average distance and speed per chukka increased in accordance with cumulative player handicap, with the magnitude of differences being trivial–large and trivial–very large, respectively. Differences between time spent in high-intensity speed zones (zones 4 and 5) show a linear increase in magnitude, when comparing 0 goal Polo to all other levels of play (Small–Very Large; 6–24 goals, respectively). High-intensity activities predominantly shared this trend, displaying trivial–large differences between levels. These findings highlight increased cardiovascular, anaerobic and speed based physiological demands on Polo ponies as playing level increases. Strategies such as high-intensity interval training, maximal speed work and aerobic conditioning may be warranted to facilitate this development and improve pony welfare and performance.

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Fluorescence Quenching Based Thin Film Sensors Employing Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-660-jj8.9 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 660 ◽

Author(s):

Soo-Hyoung Lee ◽

J. Kumar ◽

S. K. Tripathy

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Fluorescence Quenching ◽

Chemical Sensors ◽

Self Assembly ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Thin Film Sensors ◽

Optical Chemical Sensors ◽

And Performance ◽

Bimolecular Quenching

ABSTRACTIn this work, the fabrication and performance of thin film optical chemical sensors based on the fluorescence quenching of indicator molecules by several analytes such as organic nitro compounds or metal ions are described. To fabricate the sensors, a fluorescent molecule, 1- hydroxypyrene-3,6,8-trisulfonate or pyrene methanol, was covalently incorporated into poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and subsequently the polymers were assembled with a polycation employing electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly into thin film structures. Fluorescence intensities decreased with increasing concentration of analytes. Quenching behavior follows Stern-Volmer bimolecular quenching kinetics. Linear increase in absorbance, film thickness and emission intensity was observed with increase in number of bilayers deposited in all multilayer films.

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Properties and performance bounds for closed free choice synchronized monoclass queueing networks

IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control ◽

10.1109/9.106153 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 36 (12) ◽

pp. 1368-1382 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

J. Campos ◽

G. Chiola ◽

M. Silva

Keyword(s):

Queueing Networks ◽

Free Choice ◽

Performance Bounds ◽

And Performance

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Achievement Goals, Competition Appraisals, and the Psychological and Emotional Welfare of Sport Participants

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsep.30.3.302 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 302-322 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

James W. Adie ◽

Joan L. Duda ◽

Nikos Ntoumanis

Keyword(s):

Achievement Goals ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Cognitive Appraisals ◽

Well Being ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Sport Competition ◽

Threat Appraisals ◽

Challenge And Threat ◽

And Performance

Grounded in the 2 × 2 achievement goal framework (Elliot & McGregor, 2001), a model was tested examining the hypothesized relationships between approach and avoidance (mastery and performance) goals, challenge and threat appraisals of sport competition, and positive and negative indices of well-being (i.e., self-esteem, positive, and negative affect). A further aim was to determine the degree to which the cognitive appraisals mediated the relationship between the four achievement goals and the indicators of athletes’ welfare. Finally, measurement and structural invariance was tested with respect to gender in the hypothesized model. An alternative model was also estimated specifying self-esteem as an antecedent of the four goals and cognitive appraisals. Four hundred and twenty-four team sport participants (Mage = 24.25) responded to a multisection questionnaire. Structural equation modeling analyses provided support for the hypothesized model only. Challenge and threat appraisals partially mediated the relationships observed between mastery-based goals and the well-being indicators. Lastly, the hypothesized model was found to be invariant across gender.

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Body-Cooling Paradigm in Sport: Maximizing Safety and Performance During Competition

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2015-0008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 382-394 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

William M. Adams ◽

Yuri Hosokawa ◽

Douglas J. Casa

Keyword(s):

Exercise Performance ◽

Literature Search ◽

Evidence Synthesis ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Sport Performance ◽

The Body ◽

Sport Competition ◽

Improve Exercise Performance ◽

Body Cooling ◽

And Performance

Context:Although body cooling has both performance and safety benefits, knowledge on optimizing cooling during specific sport competition is limited.Objectives:To identify when, during sport competition, it is optimal for body cooling and to identify optimal body-cooling modalities to enhance safety and maximize sport performance.Evidence Acquisition:A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify articles with specific context regarding body cooling, sport performance, and cooling modalities used during sport competition. A search of scientific peer-reviewed literature examining the effects of body cooling on exercise performance was done to examine the influence of body cooling on exercise performance. Subsequently, a literature search was done to identify effective cooling modalities that have been shown to improve exercise performance.Evidence Synthesis:The cooling modalities that are most effective in cooling the body during sport competition depend on the sport, timing of cooling, and feasibility based on the constraints of the sports rules and regulations. Factoring in the length of breaks (halftime substitutions, etc), the equipment worn during competition, and the cooling modalities that offer the greatest potential to cool must be considered in each individual sport.Conclusions:Scientific evidence supports using body cooling as a method of improving performance during sport competition. Developing a strategy to use cooling modalities that are scientifically evidence-based to improve performance while maximizing athlete’s safety warrants further investigation.

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