scholarly journals Sol–Gel Entrapped Lewis Acids as Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 5936
Author(s):  
Mirit Kolet ◽  
Melad Atrash ◽  
Karen Molina ◽  
Daniel Zerbib ◽  
Yael Albo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lewis Acids ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Ultrasonic Activation ◽  
Immobilized Catalysts ◽  
Product Separation

Replacing fossil fuels with biodiesel enables the emission of greenhouse gases to be decreased and reduces dependence on fossil fuels in countries with poor natural resources. Biodiesel can be produced by an esterification reaction between free fatty acids (FFAs) and methanol or by transesterification of triglycerides from oils. Both reactions require homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis. Production of biodiesel catalyzed by heterogeneous catalysts seems to be the preferred route, enabling easy product separation. As we have previously shown, the Lewis acids AlCl3 and BF3 can serve as highly efficient catalysts under ultrasonic activation. The present study focused on the development of oleic acid (OA) esterification with methanol by the same catalysts immobilized in silica matrices using the sol–gel synthesis route. During the course of immobilization, AlCl3 converts to AlCl3 × 6H2O (aluminite) and BF3 is hydrolyzed with the production of B2O3. The immobilized catalysts can be reused or involved in a continuous process. The possibility of biodiesel production using immobilized catalysts under ultrasonic activation is shown for the conversion of FFAs into biodiesel in batch and continuous mode.

Efficient Micromixing for Continuous Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Waleed S. Mohammed ◽  
Ahmed H. El-Shazly ◽  
Marwa F. Elkady ◽  
Masahiro Ohshima
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Gel Preparation

Introduction: The utilization of biodiesel as an alternative fuel is turning out to be progressively famous these days because of worldwide energy deficiency. The enthusiasm for utilizing Jatropha as a non-edible oil feedstock is quickly developing. The performance of the base catalyzed methanolysis reaction could be improved by a continuous process through a microreactor in view of the high mass transfer coefficient of this technique. Materials & Methods: Nanozirconium tungstovanadate, which was synthetized using sol-gel preparation method, was utilized in a complementary step for biodiesel production process. The prepared material has an average diameter of 0.066 &µm. Results: First, the NaOH catalyzed methanolysis of Jatropha oil was investigated in a continuous microreactor, and the efficient mixing over different mixers and its impact on the biodiesel yield were studied under varied conditions. Second, the effect of adding the nanocatalyst as a second stage was investigated. Conclusion: The maximum percentage of produced methyl esters from Jatropha oil was 98.1% using a methanol/Jatropha oil molar ratio of 11 within 94 s using 1% NaOH at 60 &°C. The same maximum conversion ratio was recorded with the nanocatalyst via only 0.3% NaOH.

scholarly journals Production of Biodiesel from Brown Grease

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirit Kolet ◽  
Daniel Zerbib ◽  
Faina Nakonechny ◽  
Marina Nisnevitch
Keyword(s):  
Lewis Acids ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ultrasonic Activation ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Brown Grease

Among the renewable energy sources is biodiesel. This fuel is usually produced by catalytic transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats under heating and pressure. Brown grease is a mixture of oils, fats, solids and detergents from food industry wastes that is captured in grease traps. Brown grease is classified as waste and must be treated and disposed of appropriately. It contains oils and fats that can be converted into biodiesel. However, the high concentration of free fatty acids in brown grease does not enable the use of conventional biodiesel production schemes. This study proposes a new scheme for biodiesel production from brown grease. In addition, conditions for the effective separation of a fat phase from brown grease were tested, and the composition of a fatty phase was determined for several grease traps. Esterification and transesterification of brown grease lipids were carried out with methanol, where the Lewis acids BF3 and AlCl3 were used as catalysts and the reaction was activated by ultrasound. The results show that biodiesel can be obtained from brown grease by esterification and transesterification within several minutes under ultrasonic activation at room temperature. These results open prospects for the development of efficient, low-cost and environmentally friendly biodiesel production.

scholarly journals ECO-FRIENDLY PROCESSES FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM NON-EDIBLE OILS

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Banković-Ilić ◽  
Olivera Stamenković ◽  
Vlada Veljković
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

At present, edible vegetable oils are most often used feedstocks for industrial biodiesel production. In this paper, the various non-edible oils and usually used processes for biodiesel production are analyzed from the ecological and economic aspects. The aim of the paper is to present the possibilities for improving the biodiesel synthesis by employing the heterogeneous catalysts, the novel catalysts obtained from waste materials and continuous process development, especially taking into account their impact on the environment. Key words:alcoholysis, biodiesel, non-edible oils.

Synthesis and Characterization of Different Transition Metal-Alginate Based Heterogeneous Catalyst for Esterification Reaction

2016 ◽  
Vol 709 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Fei Ling Pua ◽  
Kah Thong Looi ◽  
Shamala Gowri Krishnan ◽  
Sharifah Nabihah
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Transition Metal ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst

In recent years, attention has been drawn to produce heterogeneous catalyst to replace homogeneous catalyst in biodiesel industry. This study was focused on the synthesis of three different types of alginate based heterogeneous catalyst (Ferric-alginate, Copper-alginate, and Nickel alginate) and the effect of the catalyst on esterification of oleic acid. Morphology and elemental analysis was conducted to investigate the properties of the catalyst. The new heterogeneous catalysts were used to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid at reaction temperature of 60°C and 2 hours reaction time. Fe-alginate has achieved the highest free fatty acids (FFAs) conversation rate of 82.03%. The results and findings proved that transition metal-alginate heterogeneous catalyst has the potential and ability to esterify the free fatty acids prior biodiesel production from high free fatty acids feedstock.

scholarly journals Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bishwajit Changmai ◽  
Vanlalveni Chhangte ◽  
Rahul Bhagat ◽  
Avinash P. Ingle ◽  
Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Bifunctional Catalysts ◽  
Synthesis Routes

<p>An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, carbon-neutral; hence eco-friendly. Despite homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, currently, much attention has been paid to chemically synthesize heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement, easily recovered, thus enhance reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Further, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlighted the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts derived from different chemicals as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details.</p>

scholarly journals Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bishwajit Changmai ◽  
Vanlalveni Chhangte ◽  
Rahul Bhagat ◽  
Avinash P. Ingle ◽  
Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Bifunctional Catalysts ◽  
Synthesis Routes

<p>An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, carbon-neutral; hence eco-friendly. Despite homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, currently, much attention has been paid to chemically synthesize heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement, easily recovered, thus enhance reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Further, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlighted the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts derived from different chemicals as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details.</p>

scholarly journals Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bishwajit Changmai ◽  
Vanlalveni Chhangte ◽  
Rahul Bhagat ◽  
Avinash P. Ingle ◽  
Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Bifunctional Catalysts ◽  
Synthesis Routes

<p>An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, carbon-neutral; hence eco-friendly. Despite homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, currently, much attention has been paid to chemically synthesize heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement, easily recovered, thus enhance reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Further, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlighted the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts derived from different chemicals as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details.</p>

scholarly journals Mesoporous (Ta, Nb)3W7 Modified with Stearic Acid Used as Solid Acids for Esterification

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Fei Chang ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Quan Zhou ◽  
Hu Pan ◽  
Heng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Mixed Oxides ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Solid Acids ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Preparation Period

Mesoporous solid acids Ta3W7 and Nb3W7 were prepared from TaCl5 and NbCl5 with WCl6 in the presence of stearic acid (SA) via a sol-gel method, respectively. For comparison, mesoporous Ta3W7-P123 mixed oxides and mesoporous Nb3W7-P123 mixed oxides were synthesized in the same way. The catalysts were characterized through TGA, XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, and NH3-TPD. Experimental results showed that Ta3W7-SA and Nb3W7-SA exhibited several advantages such as higher activity, shorter preparation period, lower cost, stronger acid sites, and higher surface area, which had potential to be used as mesoporous heterogeneous catalysts in biodiesel production.

Biodiesel production from non-edible oils: A review

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Jatinder Kataria ◽  
Saroj Kumar Mohapatra ◽  
Amit Pal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
The World

The limited fossil reserves, spiraling price and environmental impact due to usage of fossil fuels leads the world wide researchers’ interest in using alternative renewable and environment safe fuels that can meet the energy demand. Biodiesel is an emerging renewable alternative fuel to conventional diesel which can be produced from both edible and non-edible oils, animal fats, algae etc. The society is in dire need of using renewable fuels as an immediate control measure to mitigate the pollution level. In this work an attempt is made to review the requisite and access the capability of the biodiesel in improving the environmental degradation.

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