Polysaccharide-based Scaffolds for Bone Marrow Regeneration: Recent Work and Commercial Utility (Patent)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Rashmi Sharma ◽  
Pramod Kumar Sharma ◽  
Rishabha Malviya
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Utility Patent ◽  
Bone Marrow Regeneration

Biochemical applications of polysaccharide are often demonstrated in various drug delivery systems and bone tissue engineering. Perhaps they are similar in biochemical properties with human components of the extracellular matrix, the body recognized them easily. In this manuscript, the polysaccharides, such as chitosan chitin, carrageenan, chondroitin sulfate,and cellulose used as scaffolds for bone regeneration, are discussed. Scaffolds have a porous structure which is extremely interconnected & permits cell penetration. They provide a 3-dimensional environment for bone regeneration. Polysaccharides such as chitosan have great mechanical characteristics and biocompatibility. Present manuscript deals with the polysaccharides based scaffolds that should possess osteoconductivity, biocompatibility,and mechanical strength like property during the tissue repairing process.They also show decreased degradation rate which means that they are present for tissue regeneration for an extended period of time. So it can be concluded that the polysaccharide-based scaffolds have good mechanical strength and stimulate the natural extracellular of bone for the regeneration process. In this manuscript, various patentsbased on applications of polysaccharide in bone marrow and tissue regeneration is also included.

Human acellular amniotic membrane: A potential osteoinductive biomaterial for bone regeneration

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 754-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Tang ◽  
Jiayi Wu ◽  
Zekang Xiong ◽  
Yanhui Ji ◽  
Tingfang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Amniotic Membrane ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Defect Model ◽  
Femoral Defect ◽  
Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Human acellular amniotic membrane is an acellular, naturally extracellular matrix material with various bioactive factors, which applied in tissue engineering in clinic. Several studies have applied human acellular amniotic membrane in skin and ocular surface tissue engineering to enhance tissue regeneration. However, the application of human acellular amniotic membrane in bone tissue engineering was rarely investigated. The aim of the current study was to investigate the osteoinductivity, angiogenesis and the early molecular changes of human acellular amniotic membrane to bone regeneration. Our results showed that human acellular amniotic membrane with excellent biocompatibility was beneficial for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. In rat femoral defect model, the existence of human acellular amniotic membrane significantly improved bone regeneration in the defects. The gene expression of CXCR-4, MCP-1, OC and CatK which were connected with cells recruitment and bone remodeling, was enhanced in the defects implanted with human acellular amniotic membrane. The results of this study suggest that human acellular amniotic membrane is an osteoinductive biomaterial for bone regeneration.

Molecular markers of metastasis in breast cancer: current understanding and prospects for novel diagnosis and prevention

2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (22) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Braun ◽  
Nadia Harbeck
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Membrane Glycoproteins ◽  
Distant Relapse ◽  
Frequent Site

The early and clinically occult spread of viable tumour cells throughout the body is increasingly considered as a hallmark of cancer progression, because recent data suggest that these cells are precursors of subsequent distant relapse. Using monoclonal antibodies to epithelial cytokeratins or tumour-associated cell-membrane glycoproteins, individual carcinoma cells can be detected in cytological bone marrow preparations at frequencies of 10-5 to 10-6. Prospective clinical studies have shown that the presence of these immunostained micrometastatic cells in bone marrow, as a frequent site of overt metastases, is prognostically relevant with regard to relapse-free period and overall survival. This screening approach might therefore be used to improve tumour staging and to guide stratification of patients for adjuvant therapy in clinical trials. Another promising clinical application is the use of these micrometastatic cells to monitor response to adjuvant therapies, which at present can be assessed only retrospectively after an extended period of clinical follow-up. This review summarises current data on the clinical significance of occult metastatic breast cancer cells in bone marrow.

scholarly journals DYNAMIC CHANGES IN THE BONE MARROW CELLULAR COMPOSITION OF RATS IN THE BURN WOUNDS HEALING IN NORM AND IN CONDITIONS OF HYPERGLYCEMIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
I.M. Rizhko ◽  
L.V. Natrus
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cellular Composition ◽  
Burn Wound ◽  
Connective Tissue Regeneration

Relevance.  Today the study of the potential of hematopoietic progenitors is particular relevance in connection with the use of hematopoietic cells as the main material of transplantation for the treatment of various diseases including trophic ulcers in diabetes mellitus. Objective is study the dynamic fluctuations of the cellular composition of the bone marrow (ВM) of rats according to myelogram indices during the healing of a burn wound in normal conditions and in conditions of hyperglycemia. Materials and methods. The study of dynamics (3, 7, 14, 21 days) of burn wound of skin of rats of the Vistar line without somatic pathology "control group" (n=24) and rats (n=24) with experimental streptotrozine diabetes mellitus (CD) (Blood glucose level – 24,24±0,79 mmol/L against 8,03±0,4 mmol/L in the control group). Under etheric anesthesia the burn was simulated using copper plates in the form of an ellipse. The total area of skin burn was 18-20 % of the body surface. The study of myelogram was carried out according to the standard method of M. Arinkkin the material of the bone marrow was washed from the distal end of the femur. The stroke was fixed with ethanol and stained with Romanovsky-Gimza. On each glass 500 cell elements were counted the number of cells of each species was determined and converted to percentages. Microscopy was performed under imesium at an increase of 100×10. All indicators in healing dynamics were compared with those of myelogram which were determined in the group (n = 12) of healthy rats who did not reproduce the burn. Their indicators were considered to be referential values (RZ). Statistical data was processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Results. In normal wound healing is accompanied by a general increase in the proliferation of myeloid splenectomy with a slight oppression of 7 days. At the same time in all terms of observation the proliferation of elements of erythroid origin of BM decreases but their functional capacity and hemoglobin saturation remains normal. The differentiation of cellular elements in the BM also increases but differ in terms. Up to 3 days mature granulocytes and monocytes are actively differentiated. At 7th day  in the BM the relative number of eosinophils and basophils is increased. Probably such a redistribution reflects the regulation of cell reproduction in the BM for their release into the peripheral bloodstream and subsequent participation in the process of regeneration of the connective tissue which provides normal physiological healing. Under conditions of hyperglycemia the difference in the cellular composition of the BM is already at the stage of the common polypotent precursors: the proliferation of common cells of lymphoid origin increases 1,5-fold and due to this the content of myeloid contraction is reduced. On all terms of observation in 1,4 times the proliferation of erythrocyte precursors predominates and the total proliferative activity of granulocytic precursors increases by 2,5 times. Due to this in 1,5-2 times the differentiation of granulocytes decreases. Particularly sensitive to hyperglycemia was the growth of basophils and monocytes which in BM was 1,5-2,8 times smaller and the dynamics of changes in terms of observation also differed from control. Conclusion: The effect of hyperglycemia on proliferation capacity and activity differentiation in BM causes a redistribution of cellular elements reflected on the number and functional ability of cells involved in providing and regulating signaling during connective tissue regeneration. Changes in the relative content of cellular progenitors in BM and the late release of cells from BM to peripheral blood can cause a violation of the connective tissue regeneration scenario and cause trophic ulcers or non-healing wounds in diabetes.

The Role of Endothelial Cells Differentiated from Bone Marrow Stem Cells in Cartilage and Bone Regeneration

2007 ◽  
Vol 342-343 ◽  
pp. 193-196
Author(s):  
Ho Yun Chung ◽  
Eun Jung Oh ◽  
Jin Hyun Choi ◽  
Byung Chae Cho
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Injured Tissue ◽  
The One ◽  
And Cartilage

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow seem to be the one of best candidates to regenerate injured tissue. However, recent advances in application of MSCs toward large tissue regeneration are faced with lack of vascularity. In this study, endothelial cells differentiated from MSCs were applied for constructing tissue-engineered bone and cartilage. It was found that endothelial cells from MSCs play an important role of providing vasculature.

Photocrosslinkable Type-I Collagen for In Situ Material Modification

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian D. Gaudet ◽  
David I. Shreiber
Keyword(s):  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Hydrogel Scaffold ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Hydrogel Scaffolds ◽  
3 Dimensional

Hydrogels are attractive materials for use as tissue engineering scaffolds [1]. Natural hydrogels, such as collagen, are both cytocompatible and highly biofunctional. However, they have somewhat constrained material properties and have an inherently large variability in composition due to their biological origin, making them more difficult to work with from an engineering viewpoint[2–4]. Here, we aim to use type 1 collagen — the most abundant protein in the body that maintains excellent cytocompatibility and can self assemble into a fibrillar network — as a base component for a photocrosslinkable biomaterial. One main advantage of this system over previous studies attempting to photocrosslink collagen is that the collagen retains its ability to self assemble, which provides a stable environment into which localized modifications can be made to the stiffness, porosity, and biochemical properties of the hydrogel scaffold. By taking advantage of the spatial control provided by the system, we can create complex 3-dimensional hydrogel scaffolds that have non-homogenous microenvironments.

Decellularized bone extracellular matrix in skeletal tissue engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-764
Author(s):  
Benjamin B. Rothrauff ◽  
Rocky S. Tuan
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Skeletal Tissue ◽  
Large Bone

Bone possesses an intrinsic regenerative capacity, which can be compromised by aging, disease, trauma, and iatrogenesis (e.g. tumor resection, pharmacological). At present, autografts and allografts are the principal biological treatments available to replace large bone segments, but both entail several limitations that reduce wider use and consistent success. The use of decellularized extracellular matrices (ECM), often derived from xenogeneic sources, has been shown to favorably influence the immune response to injury and promote site-appropriate tissue regeneration. Decellularized bone ECM (dbECM), utilized in several forms — whole organ, particles, hydrogels — has shown promise in both in vitro and in vivo animal studies to promote osteogenic differentiation of stem/progenitor cells and enhance bone regeneration. However, dbECM has yet to be investigated in clinical studies, which are needed to determine the relative efficacy of this emerging biomaterial as compared with established treatments. This mini-review highlights the recent exploration of dbECM as a biomaterial for skeletal tissue engineering and considers modifications on its future use to more consistently promote bone regeneration.

REGENERAÇÃO ÓSSEA GUIADA DE ALVÉOLOS DE EXTRAÇÃO DENTÁRIO- UMA REVISÃO

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Pires Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Oral Surgery ◽  
Guided Bone Regeneration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Synthetic Material ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Tooth Socket ◽  
Ability To Regenerate ◽  
Implant Dentistry

Resumo O osso é um tecido conjuntivo especializado, vascularizado e dinâmico que se modifica ao longo do organismo. Quando lesado, possui uma capacidade única de regeneração e reparação sem a presença de cicatrizes, mas em algumas situações devido tamanho do defeito ósseo não se regenera por completo. Assim, se faz necessária a realização de procedimentos de regeneração óssea guiada. Para isso, o implantodontista deve conhecer as bases biológicas da regeneração óssea guiada alveolar e suas indicações. Nesta revisão foram abordadas indicações, vantagens e tipos de biomateriais utilizados para preenchimento do alvéolo dentário imediatamente após a extração dentária sempre que o objetivo for à reabilitação através da instalação de implantes. Mesmo este, biomateriais, apresentando inúmeras qualidades, estudos ainda devem ser feitos a fim de obter a cada dia, um material sintético compatível com o tecido ósseo perdido em quantidades adequadas sem necessitar de cirurgias extra-bucais.ABSTRACT Bone is a specialized vascularized connective tissue that dynamic changes throughout the body. When injured, it has a unique ability to regenerate and repair without the presence of scars, but in some situations due to size of the bone defect does not regenerate completely. Thus, it is necessary to perform guided bone regeneration procedures. For this, the implant dentistry must know the biological bases of alveolar guided bone regeneration and its indications. In this review were addressed indications, advantages and types of biomaterials used for filling the tooth socket immediately after the tooth extraction whenever the goal is rehabilitation through implants installation. Even this, biomaterials, having several qualities, further studies must be done to obtain each day, a synthetic material compatible with the bone tissue lost in proper amounts without the need of extra-oral surgery.

scholarly journals Sinusoidal electromagnetic fields accelerate bone regeneration by boosting the multifunctionality of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weigang Li ◽  
Wenbin Liu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Jiachen Wang ◽  
Tian Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Cell Scaffolds ◽  
Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Calvarial Defects

Abstract Background The repair of critical-sized bone defects is always a challenging problem. Electromagnetic fields (EMFs), used as a physiotherapy for bone defects, have been suspected to cause potential hazards to human health due to the long-term exposure. To optimize the application of EMF while avoiding its adverse effects, a combination of EMF and tissue engineering techniques is critical. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of the mechanism of action of EMF will lead to better applications in the future. Methods In this research, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) seeded on 3D-printed scaffolds were treated with sinusoidal EMFs in vitro. Then, 5.5 mm critical-sized calvarial defects were created in rats, and the cell scaffolds were implanted into the defects. In addition, the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which EMFs regulate BMSCs were explored with various approaches to gain deeper insight into the effects of EMFs. Results The cell scaffolds treated with EMF successfully accelerated the repair of critical-sized calvarial defects. Further studies revealed that EMF could not directly induce the differentiation of BMSCs but improved the sensitivity of BMSCs to BMP signals by upregulating the quantity of specific BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) receptors. Once these receptors receive BMP signals from the surrounding milieu, a cascade of reactions is initiated to promote osteogenic differentiation via the BMP/Smad signalling pathway. Moreover, the cytokines secreted by BMSCs treated with EMF can better facilitate angiogenesis and osteoimmunomodulation which play fundamental roles in bone regeneration. Conclusion In summary, EMF can promote the osteogenic potential of BMSCs and enhance the paracrine function of BMSCs to facilitate bone regeneration. These findings highlight the profound impact of EMF on tissue engineering and provide a new strategy for the clinical treatment of bone defects.

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