An Analysis on the Individual-Level Influence in the Denuclearization Negotiations between the US and North Korea: Focused on the Influence of President Trump

Foreign aid is a policy tool implemented with the purpose of fostering both hard and soft power abroad. Yet, previous research has not probed the effects of US foreign aid on public attitudes toward the US in the recipient countries. In this article, I argue that US foreign aid may actually feed anti-Americanism: aid indirectly creates winners and losers in the recipient countries, such that politically discontented people may blame the US for the survival of the prevailing regime. Drawing on Pew Research for Global Attitudes and on USAID Greenbook datasets, I focus on determining both the conditions under which foreign aid exacerbates anti-Americanism and the type of aid most likely to do this. The findings reveal that political losers of the recipient countries are more likely to express negative attitudes toward the USA as the amount of US aid increases, whereas political winners enjoy the results of US aid and view the USA positively accordingly. Moreover, the effect of US aid on attitudes toward the USA is also conditional on the regime type. While US aid increases the likelihood of anti-American attitudes among the losers in non-democratic countries, it decreases the likelihood of anti-Americanism among the losers in democratic ones. This article has important implications for policy in terms of determining how and to whom to provide aid in the context of the possible ramifications of providing aid at the individual level.

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Who Is Purged? Determinants of Elite Purges in North Korea

Communist and Post-Communist Studies ◽

10.1525/j.postcomstud.2021.54.3.73 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 73-96

Author(s):

Taekbin Kim

Keyword(s):

Survival Analysis ◽

North Korea ◽

Career Path ◽

Educational Background ◽

Low Risk ◽

Individual Factors ◽

Individual Level ◽

Studying Abroad ◽

Military Background ◽

The Individual

The existing literature on elite purges in dictatorships claims that the risk of coups to replace dictators is the main cause of the dictator’s choice of purge strategy. Why then do elite purges occur even in well-established dictatorships with a consistently low risk of coups? This article argues that elite purges in consolidated dictatorships have a different purpose and logic. Dictators, who have consolidated their position, seek to maximize the efficiency of rule by making the elite obedient through purges. For this purpose, dictators carefully select the purge target by considering various factors. To test this theory, the article examines the pattern of elite purges in North Korea based on an original individual-level dataset, which contains the personal background of 367 North Korean elites and their purge records between 1948 and 2019. The result of survival analysis shows that the purge risk of the elite is not significantly associated with their military background but is associated with the characteristics of the institution to which the individual elite member belongs. Other individual factors, including the elite’s educational background, the experience of studying abroad, and the career path, are also significantly related to the probability of being purged. The finding suggests that coup-proofing is not the only purpose of elite purges but that ensuring the leader’s political superiority is another purpose of elite purges in consolidated dictatorships.

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EXPRESS: Trust Propensity across Cultures: The Role of Collectivism

Journal of International Marketing ◽

10.1177/1069031x211036688 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1069031X2110366

Author(s):

Stanford A. Westjohn ◽

Peter Magnusson ◽

George R. Franke ◽

Yi Peng

Keyword(s):

Past Research ◽

Trust Game ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Us ◽

The Individual ◽

Trust Propensity ◽

Explanatory Mechanism ◽

Level Analysis

Does collectivism influence an individual's willingness to trust others? Conflicting empirical results from past research and the role of trust in international marketing make this question important to resolve. We investigate this question across cultures and at the individual level with four studies using multiple methods. Study 1 establishes correlational evidence between societal-level collectivism and individual-level trust propensity with results from a multi-level analysis of data from over 6,000 respondents in 36 different countries. Study 2 offers an individual-level analysis using the trust game, introducing a more rigorous behavioral outcome variable. Study 3 contributes causal evidence at the individual level based on experiments in both the US and China and offers evidence of social projection as the explanatory mechanism. Finally, Study 4 demonstrates managerial relevance by using advertising to prime collectivism and assessing its effect on trust in the firm.

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Invariant effect of individual cultural orientations: an application of CVSCALE

International Marketing Review ◽

10.1108/imr-03-2015-0055 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 735-759 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Boonghee Yoo ◽

Geon-Cheol Shin

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Cultural Value ◽

Content Type ◽

Five Dimensions ◽

Individual Level ◽

Cultural Orientations ◽

The Us ◽

The Usa ◽

The Individual

Purpose Culture is recognized as a pivotal variable in country of origin (COO) research. The purpose of this paper is to assess culture from an individual perspective and to examine the extent to which individual cultural orientations have similar associations with 33 manager- and consumer-related variables between two culturally opposite countries: the USA and South Korea. Design/methodology/approach An online survey is used. The sample size is 540 for the US sample and 572 for the Korean sample. The correlational similarity between the cultural orientations and other variables is analyzed in three ways and confirmed invariant in the majority cases of each analysis. Findings Individual cultural orientations are measured by Cultural Value Scale (Yoo et al., 2011), a 26-item five-dimensional scale measuring Hofstede’s typology of culture at the individual level. The three-faceted similarity test of each of the 165 pairs of correlations between the USA and Korea samples (i.e. 33 variables × 5 dimensions of individual cultural orientations) shows that the majority of the correlations are significantly similar between the two countries. Originality/value This is a first study in examining the invariance of the relationships of all five dimensions of Hofstede’s culture at the individual level to a variety of variables. As the invariance is found to be a norm, the role of culture in the COO phenomena can be studied at the individual level in a country and be expanded to other countries.

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Policy Direction and Performance Evaluation: Complementary Explanations of the Reagan Elections

British Journal of Political Science ◽

10.1017/s0007123400005780 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 143-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

J. Merrill Shanks ◽

Warren E. Miller

Keyword(s):

Ronald Reagan ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Comprehensive Model ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Us ◽

And Performance ◽

Policy Direction ◽

The Individual ◽

Presidential Performance

This article reviews the range of explanations which have been proposed for voting behaviour in the US elections won by Ronald Reagan and develops a comprehensive model for the evolution of electoral choices in both of those contests. Estimates are provided for both the direct and indirect effects of several types of variables or ‘explanatory themes’, and those estimates are used to assess the relative importance of each of those themes in explaining individual-level choices and the aggregate outcomes of both Reagan elections. These procedures suggest that preferences concerning both policy direction and evaluations of national and presidential performance played major roles in the two Reagan elections – both in the individual-level decisions and in producing the Republicans' aggregate victories.

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An Ethical Theory for the Care of Veterans

Ethics & Medics ◽

10.5840/em20184312 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 3-4

Author(s):

Margaret Oberdorf ◽

Keyword(s):

Natural Law ◽

Ethical Theory ◽

Veterans Affairs ◽

Rational Approach ◽

Department Of Veterans Affairs ◽

Ethical Theories ◽

Individual Level ◽

Universal Principles ◽

The Us ◽

The Individual

The US Department of Veterans Affairs is charged with the care of our nation’s veterans. Given that the VA’s patients and employees are as diverse as the nation itself, an overarching ethical theory is needed to inform its bioethical decision making and guide it as an organization. Among the major ethical theories, natural law is the most consistent with the unique mission and moral obligation of the VA. Natural law provides a set of objective and universal principles which are accessible to veterans and employees alike. It would clarify acute bioethics issues at the individual level and also serve as a basis for sound organizational ethics. While implementation might prove challenging, ultimately this theory is the only rational approach for an organization like the VA because its standards are equally accessible to all.

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Moderating Effect of Hofstede's Cultural Values On The Locus of Control/Job Performance Relationship of Managers In USA, Mexico, South Korea, and Hong Kong

Journal of Business Strategies ◽

10.54155/jbs.30.1.15-34 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 15-34

Author(s):

Maria Leach-Lopez

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Locus Of Control ◽

South Korea ◽

Job Performance ◽

Cultural Values ◽

Management Control ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Us ◽

The Individual ◽

Relationship Of

This study evaluates relationships between job performance, locus of control,and cultural values. Survey data was collected from 265 managers working for UScontrolled firms located in the US, Hong Kong, South Korea and Mexico. Findingsindicate that there is a stronger relationship between reported job performance and amanager’s personality versus the manager’s culture. These results should help multinationalfirms better understand a significant influence on the job performance ofmid-level managers working in different countries. US controlled, manufacturingmultinational firms can feel confident when designing management control systemsat the individual level regardless of the country in which they operate.

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The association between the rise of gun violence in popular US primetime television dramas and homicides attributable to firearms, 2000–2018

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0247780 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. e0247780

Author(s):

Patrick E. Jamieson ◽

Daniel Romer

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Media Violence ◽

Gun Violence ◽

Future Research ◽

Entertainment Media ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Us ◽

Tv Shows ◽

The Individual ◽

Popular Television

Injuries and fatalities due to firearms are a major burden on public health in the US. The rise in gun violence in popular movies has been suggested as a potential cultural influence on this behavior. Nevertheless, homicide rates have not increased over recent decades in the US, suggesting that media portrayals have had little influence on gun violence. Here we challenge this interpretation by examining trends in the proportion of violence that are attributable to firearms, a measure that should be more sensitive to media violence. In addition, we examine trends in the portrayal of guns in popular television (TV) dramas, which are viewed more frequently than movies. We ask (a) whether gun violence has increased in these TV shows not only on an absolute basis but also as a proportion of violent scenes and (b) whether trends in gun portrayal on these shows are associated with corresponding trends in the proportion of real-world violence attributable to firearms in the US from 2000 to 2018. To answer these questions, we coded annual instances of violence, gun violence, and proportion of violence involving guns for each 5-minute segment of 33 popular TV dramas in the police, medical, and legal genres from 2000 to 2018. Trends in annual rates of violence, gun violence and proportion of violence involving guns were determined over the study period and were compared to annual rates of homicide attributable to firearms in three age groups: 15–24, 25–34 and 35 and older. Although violence on TV dramas peaked in 2011, gun use steadily increased over the study period both in absolute terms and in relation to other violent methods. The latter metric paralleled trends in homicides attributable to firearms for all three age groups, with the strongest relationship for youth ages 15–24 (R2 = .40, P = .003). The positive relation between relative amount of TV violence involving guns and actual homicides due to firearms, especially among youth, is consistent with the hypothesis that entertainment media are contributing to the normative acceptance of guns for violent purposes. Future research is needed to study the influence of media violence on gun acquisition at the individual level.

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Regional Personality Differences Predict Variation in COVID-19 Infections, Deaths and Social Distancing Behavior

10.31234/osf.io/sqh98 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Heinrich Peters ◽

Friedrich Martin Götz ◽

Tobias Ebert ◽

Sandrine Müller ◽

Jason Rentfrow ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Critical Role ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Death Rates ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Individual Level ◽

Personality Differences ◽

The Us ◽

The Individual ◽

Objective Indicators ◽

Insight Into

Social and compliance behaviors play a critical role in the transmission of COVID-19. Consequently, regional variation in personality traits that capture individual differences in these behaviors may offer new insight into the spread of COVID-19. We combine self-reported personality data (3.5M people), COVID-19 prevalence and death rates, and behavioral mobility observations (29M people) to show that regional personality differences in the US and Germany predict COVID-19-related outcomes and behaviors incremental to a conservative set of socio-demographic, economic, and pandemic-related control variables. Earlier onsets of COVID-19 and steeper initial growth rates were related to higher levels of Openness and lower levels of Neuroticism. We also show that (i) regional personality is associated with objective indicators of social distancing, (ii) the effects of regional personality can change over time (Openness), and that (iii) the effects of regional personality do not always converge with those observed at the individual level (Agreeableness and Conscientiousness).

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The Role of National Culture Values and Trust in Online Sharing Hospitality Platform Acceptance

Journal of Global Information Management ◽

10.4018/jgim.2021050105 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 103-130

Author(s):

Cong Zhang ◽

Mark Srite

Keyword(s):

Technology Acceptance ◽

Cultural Values ◽

Survey Methodology ◽

Sharing Economy ◽

Uncertainty Avoidance ◽

Cultural Dimensions ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Us ◽

Acceptance Model ◽

The Individual

The sharing economy, as an emerging business model, has grown greatly in the last decade. However, the acceptance rate of the sharing economy varies from country to country. Researchers have noted the importance of cultural values on technology acceptance in different countries. This study investigates the influence of national cultural values and trust on the acceptance of online sharing hospitality platforms by users in the US and China via a survey methodology. The four espoused national cultural dimensions of individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, and power distance were measured at the individual level. Extending from the technology acceptance model (TAM), the research model integrates both direct and moderating effects of culture and trust. The two constructs of trust both have significant direct effects on intention to use. Uncertainty avoidance has a significant moderating effect. The results emphasize the importance of trust and cultural values, especially uncertainty avoidance in online hospitality platforms adoption.

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