scholarly journals De n.v. Vlaamsche Deposito- en Leenbank. Het Leenbank. Het financiële luik van de zuilvorming in dienst van het Vlaams-nationalisme

2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-266
Author(s):  
Luc Vandeweyer
Keyword(s):  
Banking System ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
Nineteen Thirties ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Savings And Loan ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First World

Het financiële luik van de zuilvorming in dienst van het Vlaams-nationalisme Vanaf 1930 was er in het arrondissement Aalst een spaar- en leenbank actief die uitdrukkelijk positie koos binnen de Vlaams-nationalistische sfeer. Die ideologische profilering was zo sterk dat de bank in 1937 bereid was de partij, het Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond (VNV), financiële middelen te bezorgen. Deze bank was een uitvloeisel van het organisatienetwerk dat in het arrondissement Aalst was opgericht vanaf het einde van de 19de eeuw en dat zich afzette tegen de katholieke partij. Deze politieke stroming stond bekend als de ‘daensisten’. Onder invloed van de collaboratie met de Duitse bezetter tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog gingen de daensisten grotendeels over naar het Vlaams-nationalisme. Deze kringen vonden het noodzakelijk een eigen Vlaams bankwezen te ontwikkelen. Dat was onder meer nodig om de eigen sociale organisaties en bedrijven financieel te ondersteunen. Omwille van de versnippering en onder invloed van de grote depressie van de jaren dertig kreeg dit Vlaams-nationalistische bankwezen nooit een grote omvang. ________De n.v. Vlaamsche Deposito- en Leenbank. The Financial segment of compartmentalisation in the service of Flemish NationalismFrom 1930 a savings and loan bank operated in the district of Alost, which specifically selected a position within the Flemish Nationalist atmosphere. That ideological profile was so strong that the bank was prepared to provide financial means to the party of the VNV (Vlaams Nationaal Verbond) in 1937. This bank was founded as a consequence of the organisational network that had been set up in the district of Alost from the end of the 19th century, and that set itself apart from the Catholic Party. This political movement was known as the ‘Daensists’. Under the influence of their collaboration with the German Occupiers during the First World War the ‘Daensists’ mostly transferred to the Flemish Nationalists. These groups considered that it was essential to develop their own Flemish Banking system. This was required among other things to provide financial support to their own social organisations and enterprises. Because of the fragmentation and under the influence of the Great Depression of the nineteen-thirties this Flemish Nationalist Banking system never achieved a major expansion.  

The Industrialization of India

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietmar Rothermund
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World ◽  
Historical Periods

This volume deals with the industrialisation of India by taking a closer look at ten important historical periods, such as the beginning of industrialisation in the 19th century, the impact of the First World War and the Great Depression, and the rise of state interventionism in the Second World War, etc. It places particular emphasis on the general political atmosphere in each period, which influenced the pattern of industrialisation. All relevant industries are discussed for each period, and the last chapter on the 21st century sums up all recent developments.

scholarly journals Mental healthcare in Poland

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-12
Author(s):  
Jacek Bomba
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

Modern mental healthcare in Poland has its foundations in the 19th century, when the country was subject to three different organisational and legal systems — of the Austrian, Prussian and Russian Empires. These differences prevailed even after the First World War. Professionals lobbying for a mental health act had no success. The Second World War left mental healthcare with significant losses among its professional groups. More than half of all Polish psychiatrists lost their lives; some of them were exterminated as Jews, some as prisoners of the Soviets. The Nazi occupation in Poland had dramatic consequences for people with a mental disturbance, as Action T4 turned into genocide on the Polish territory. The majority of psychiatric in-patients were killed. After the Second World War, the mental health system had to be rebuilt, almost from scratch. Major political changes in the country across the second part of the 20th century and revolutionary changes in mental healthcare around the world influenced psychiatric services. The purpose of this paper is to describe mental healthcare in Poland today.

Interwar Crises and Europe’s Unfinished Empires

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew G. Stanard
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
World War ◽  
Civilizing Mission ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

The period 1914–45 represents the height of European overseas empire even as seeds were sown hastening imperialism’s demise. Colonies were ‘unfinished empires’ in the process of becoming, although frequent resorts to violence in the colonies indicated the limits of Europe’s grasp. Although many emerged from the First World War dubious about European so-called civilization, the civilizing mission survived and flourished, suggesting Europe’s enduring self-confidence. Development became a dominant discourse while the Great Depression quickened colonial exploitation. Emigration and settlement on expropriated lands slowed relative to Europe’s rapid expansion in the 1800s, yet formal colonialism proceeded apace, with few exceptions. Development and exploitation led to forced or voluntary migration of colonial subjects on a large scale. Cold War ideological competition was ‘exported’ to much of the colonial world. Non-Europeans used networks to claim their rights and attack European colonial rule, and they and the colonies influenced Europe, which developed various ‘colonial cultures’.

GEORGIAN ATTEMPTS TO BECOME INDEPENDENT. 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF DECLARATION OF DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA (1918)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (XVIII) ◽  
pp. 109-130
Author(s):  
Adam Lityński
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Republic ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Set Up ◽  
First World

After February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, the nations of the previous Russian Imperium began their efforts to get their independency, among them were three nations of Transcaucasia: Armenians (Armenia), Azeris (Azerbaijan), Georgians (Georgia). After the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 3rd March 1918, Bolshevik Russia in reality handed over the territory of Transcaucasia to Germans and Turks. Especially Turkey became aggressive and expansive. Armenia together with Azerbaijan and then together with Georgia set up Trans-caucasian Federal Democratic Republic which collapsed soon. There were significant discrepancies among the nations. Azerbaijan wanted to get union with Turkey, but Georgia preferred Germany and Armenia counted on “white” Russia (ge¬neral Denikin). Each of these three countries set up own independent republics, among other Democratic Republic of Georgia. Soon Germany and Turkey lost the First World War, but north Caucasus was attacked by troops of General Denikin supported by England and France. Later on, in 1920, Bolsheviks entered this territory. The Red Army of Bolsheviks conquered each of the independent republics one by one, set up own governments and in¬corporated the territories into Russian Socialistic Federal Soviet Republic [RSFSR]. On 16 March 1921, RSFSR signed friendship agreement with Turkey. As a result of this agreement, Russia and Turkey divided the territory of Transcaucasian between them.

Minority Rights as an International Question

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Fink
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
World War ◽  
International Protection ◽  
East European ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Supranational Institutions ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

In response to the atrocities committed during and after the First World War and the need to create a stable east European settlement, the diplomats in Paris constructed the world's first system of international protection for minorities. The League of Nations, charged with the enforcement of the Minority Treaties, set up a cautious ‘political’ system, which failed either to shield minorities or pacify their governments. No international system was revived after the Second World War, but since the fall of communism, Europe – looking forward to the future as well as back to the past – has organised new supranational institutions to protect endangered religious and national groups.

Institutional reversals and economic growth: Palestine 1516–1948

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW SCHEIN
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Private Property ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First World

Abstract:This study examines the type and quality of institutions in Palestine and the correlation between the institutions and economic growth in Palestine from 1516 to 1948. Initially in the 16th century, with the Ottoman conquest of the area, institutions in Palestine involved de facto private user-rights. The level of expropriation by elites was low, and this enabled the people to develop the lands that they had acquired the right to cultivate. In the 17th and 18th centuries, with the exception of the Galilee in the middle of the 18th century, institutions became extractive due to tax farming, rapacious governors and Bedouin raids. From the middle of the 19th century until 1948, there was a second reversal back to private property institutions, first slowly until the First World War, and then more rapidly under the British Mandate after the First World War. When there were private property institutions the economy prospered, while when there were extractive institutions, the economy stagnated.

scholarly journals German propaganda in the Balkans during the First World War

Balcanica ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
Stratos Dordanas
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Commercial Networks ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Publishing Groups ◽  
First World

Immediately after the outbreak of the First World War Germany mobilized hu?man resources from all fields and put up all the necessary funds to counter British and French propaganda. In a very short period of time, it was in a position to organize its own propaganda networks abroad, to a large extent, by using the respective commercial networks and the pre-war enterprises operating in various countries. It was the neutral countries around the world that were among the primary targets of German propaganda. In the Balkans particular effort was made to create a favourable climate for the Central Powers and prevail over the adverse British and French influence. With the assistance of commercial circles and the appropriation of large sums of money, newspapers, journalists and publishing groups were bought off, information offices set up, agents recruited, politi?cal parties and politicians bribed, and pro-German parties founded. The aim was to influ?ence public opinion, promote the German version of war developments, and manipulate political leaders to give up their stance of neutrality and make the decision for their coun?try to take part in the war on the side of Germany. However, even though Berlin focused its attention on the Balkans where the major propaganda networks were organized, the propaganda campaigns proved to be essentially ineffective. Following Bulgaria?s entry into the war on the side of the Central Powers and the destruction of Serbia, first Romania and then Greece joined the Entente, finding themselves on the winning side at the war?s end.

scholarly journals The Origin of the Polish National Loan Fund and Its Operation on the Polish Lands

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3 ENGLISH ONLINE VERSION) ◽  
pp. 45-69
Author(s):  
Eliza Komierzyńska-Orlińska
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Loan Fund ◽  
Monetary Unit ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Government ◽  
First World

The idea of establishing the Bank of Poland as the central bank of the Second Polish Republic and introducing a new currency appeared shortly after Poland regained its independence. At the beginning of 1919, in the economic circles it was believed that one of the initial steps taken by the government would be to establish a new issuing bank in place of the Polish National Loan Fund, which had appeared on the Polish territory in an emergency situation—during the First World War, and which, contrary to the original (both German and Polish) plans survived for 7 years and was transformed after the war into the first bank of issue in the now independent Polish State. The Polish National Loan Fund established by the Germans as an issuing institution by way of the ordinance of December 9, 1916 establishing the Polnische Landes Darlehnskasse was granted the privilege of issuing a new currency, that is a new monetary unit under the name marka polska. The German authorities were guided by various objectives when creating the new issuing institution—first of all, the aim was to limit the area of circulation of the German mark and to create an instrument that would draw in the occupied area of the Polish territory to finance the war, contrary to the assurances of the occupying authorities that the PKKP would be an institution supporting the economy and banking system of the country—the Kingdom of Poland, whose creation was envisaged after the end of World War I.

scholarly journals THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LEGAL AND REGULATORY LEGISLATION ON PRESERVATION OF HEALTH IN QUARANTINE CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 465-468
Author(s):  
Oksana Shukatka ◽  
Illya Kryvoruchko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
First World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First World

The article raises an issue of preservation and strengthening health in pandemic conditions, because self-isolation and restrictions on the movement of people cause the loss of physical activity and the emergence of chronic diseases. It is known that all quarantine restrictions and rules are being created and regulated by the state at the legislative level. We appeal to the primary sources of quarantine legislation for deeper understanding of the issue. The purpose of the article is to investigate the historical background of legal and regulatory legislation on preservation of health in quarantine conditions. The following methods of analysis have been used: comparison and synthesis of theoretical data. The period of formation of quarantine legislation is divided into 3 phases: the period of the Middle Ages, the period before the First World War (the 19th century) and the postwar period. The article investigates the history of conduction of the first quarantine measures in Europe during the Middle Ages and the history of creation of the first quarantine legislation in Venice, Hetmanshchyna and the Russian Empire during the 14th – 18th centuries. It has been revealed that the rules of the fight against the spread of epidemiological diseases were established in the 19th century, the first international sanitary conventions and medical authorities in the Russian and Ottoman Empires were created to slow the spread of such dangerous diseases as cholera, plague and yellow fever, not harming the free international trade at that time. The article analyses the results of the first (1851), the fourth (1874) and the seventh (1892) International Sanitary Conferences and the positive and negative consequences of them. It also describes the creation of the first international medical organisations, such as the Office International d'Hygiène Publique (L'Office International d'Hygiene Publique), established in 1907, the Health Organization of the League of Nations, established in 1923 after the First World War, the Hygiene Committee of the League of Nations, established in 1926, and the World Health Organisation (WHO), established in April, 7, 1948 as the medical authority of the United Nations Organisation. The article generalizes the aims of the above-mentioned organisations and their contribution to the combat against the epidemiological diseases of the first half of the 20th century. It has been concluded that we should adhere to the classical principles of the preservation of health in the conditions of coronavirus pandemic to effectively withstand the spread of this virus.

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW OF THE ACTIVITIES OF TESKILAT-I MAHSUSA IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (48) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Core ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Military Activity ◽  
First World

The Ottoman Empire signed an alliance agreement with Germany right after the start of the First World War. After the Alliance treaty, political and military targets were determined in the meeting held among the leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress to determine the policy to be followed. In this meeting, it was also decided to set up an Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa, which would carry out a guerilla war for the army. Establishment of Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa, immediately after the alliance signed with Germany, shows that Germany is also looking at this kind of initiative. It was established under the proposal of Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa Enver Pasha under the Ministry of War. Süleyman Askeri Bey, who dealt with the guerilla war, was brought to the head of the Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa. The next two presidents were elected among soldiers of military origin. Unionist officers formed the core of the organization. Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa carried out activities in the Balkans, Caucasus, Morocco, Tripoli, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq and Syria during the First World War. However, during the war, the Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa underwent some changes. After Ali Başhampa, a civilian, became the president, the name of Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa became Umur-ı Şarkiyye Dairesi, and Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa became more central and civil. Following this change, Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa started to conduct propaganda rather than military activity. In this article, the activities carried out by Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa during the First World War will be evaluated. Keywords: Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa, Enver Pashaa, the Committee of Union and Progress, the Ottoman Empire

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