scholarly journals Nilai Edukasi Metafora Teks-teks Seksual dalam Serat Centhini Karya Pakubuwana V

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurnaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning ◽  
Literal Expression

Tema mengenai ajaran seks yang termuat dalam SC karya Pakubuwana V banyak dituangkan dalam bentuk bahasa-bahasa metafora. Masyarakat Jawa masih menganggap tabu masalah seks. Pembicaraan tentang seks dianggap tidak senonoh. Akan tetapi di dalam SC penulis mampu menampilkan model penyampaian pendidikan seks secara baik dan santun. Penulis SC berkomunikasi  tidak hanya menggunakan ungkapan harfiah (literal meaning) saja, melainkan terkadang juga menggunakan ungkapan yang bermakna figuratif (metaphorical meaning). Pemahaman hakikat seks yang benar akan menjadikan seseorang mengerti pada sangkan ‘asal usul’ dan paran ‘tujuan akhir hidup’ yang akan dilalui oleh setiap manusia. Pemahaman sangkan paraning dumadi ini akan lebih mudah diajarkan jika mempergunakan gaya bahasa metafora.Kata kunci: Pakubuwana V, Serat Centhini, metafora, seks. AbstractThe theme of the teaching of sex contained in the SC's work poured Pakubuwana V many languages in the form of a metaphor. Java community is still taboo subject of sex. Talks about sex are considered indecent. But in SC authors were able to show a model of delivering good sex education and manners. Author SC communicates not only use literal expression (literal meaning) only, but sometimes also used the phrase meaningful figurative (metaphorical meaning). Understanding the nature of sex are really going to make someone understand the sangkan 'origin' and famine 'the ultimate goal of life' which will be passed by every human being. Sangkan paraning dumadi understanding of being taught this will be easier if you use the metaphor language style.Keywords: Pakubuwana V, Serat Centhini, metaphor, sex.

scholarly journals IDIOM ‘SARU’ SEBAGAI REFLEKSI KONSEP PEMIKIRAN MASYARAKAT JEPANG TERHADAP MONYET

IZUMI ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Devita Widyaningtyas Yogyanti
Keyword(s):  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Japanese People ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning ◽  
Magical Power ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
The Relationship

(Title: Idiom ‘Saru’ as a Reflection of Japanese People Thinking Concept Towards Monkey ). This research is an anthropological linguistic study that is conducted by examining the idioms that use the word "saru" (monkey) as the object of study. This study aims at analyzing the basic concepts of people's thought about the word "saru" (monkey) through the use of its idioms. The researcher collected the data of the idioms that use the word "saru" through literature studies that cover the literature containing Japanese idioms and interviews of Japanese people living in Yogyakarta. The focus of this research is the correlation between literal meaning and metaphorical meaning in idioms that contain the word "saru". The correlation of the meaning is traced using a diachronic perspective to see the concept of Japanese people's thought towards monkeys. According to the results of the study, the researcher found 11 idioms that use the word "saru", namely Sansaru, Sarugi, Sarugutsuwa, Sarushibari, Sarutsunagi, Sarujie, Sarugashikoshi, Sarumane, Sarushibai, Saruboo, and Saruni. From the relationship between the literal meaning and the metaphorical meaning of the 11 idioms, the result shows that Japanese people have 3 concepts towards monkey, which are as a holy and sacred animal, as an animal that possesses the magical power to make something quiet, and as an animal resembling the human being.

scholarly journals The Equivalence and Nonequivalence of Proverbs Across Cultures (Indonesian and English)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Syahron Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning ◽  
Lexical Items

The aim of the present study is to examine whether or not proverbs, culturally-related medium of communication, are equivalent across cultures. The proverbs compared are derived from Indonesian and English cultures, as two distinct cultures. Fifteen Indonesian proverbs and fifteen English proverbs have been compared to find out whether or not they are equivalent in terms of meaning, linguistic structure and culture. The proverbs are collected from a list of well-known Indonesian and English proverbs. Since almost the thirty proverbs are expressed in metaphorical meaning and since Indonesian is still foreign to many international readers the literal meaning of lexical items found in the proverbs have been glossed in brackets followed by the explanation of the metaphorical meaning of the thirty proverbs. Ten Indonesian proverbs are found to be equivalent in terms of meaning to ten English proverbs. In terms of linguistic structure they are almost equivalent that is they are expressed mostly in the form of sentence. But they are different in the use of lexical items that constitute the proverbs. Five Indonesian proverbs are found to be nonequivalent to five of English in terms of meaning and the lexical items used to build the metaphor. Thus it is found out that fifteen Indonesian proverbs are equivalent to fifteen English proverbs and five Indonesian proverbs are found to be nonequivalent to five English proverbs.

Metaphor

2019 ◽  
pp. 297-315
Author(s):  
Nausicaa Pouscoulous ◽  
Giulio Dulcinati
Keyword(s):  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Metaphor Comprehension ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Metaphor Processing

Metaphors are pervasive in literature and everyday speech. This chapter explores how metaphors are interpreted both by adults and by children. It reviews recent findings and directions of research on four main issues: What is the relation between figurative and literal meaning in metaphor processing? How is the metaphorical meaning arrived at and which factors are at play in the interpretative process? What are the differences and similarities in processing between different types of metaphors and between metaphors and other tropes? How does metaphor comprehension develop through childhood? The chapter concludes with a few fairly clear answers the psycholinguistic literature has provided and a lot of open questions to be investigated in future research.

Iconicity in the interplay of the literal and the metaphorical: An example from William Blake's Jerusalem

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Yu Tseng
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning

AbstractThis paper aims to explore how iconicity is entwined in an intricate relationship between the literal and the metaphorical. Two particular issues are under scrutiny here. Firstly, the traditionally assumed dichotomy – literal versus metaphorical meaning – needs reconsidering. This study proposes that the literal and the metaphorical are best seen as on a continuum rather than as dichotomous. Secondly, studies of the link between metaphor and iconicity have not received sufficient attention, and are therefore examined critically here. Iconicity, which is part and parcel of the process of representation and communication, plays a significant role in understanding metaphor, and indeed in understanding the interplay between the literal and the metaphorical. Overall, this paper makes the case for an integrational view of iconicity, metaphor, and literalness. The literal and the metaphorical are seen as an interplay, in which not only do metaphors interact with one another but they also interact with literal meaning. In addition, metaphor and iconicity are not treated separately but in interaction with each other. By way of illustration, this paper analyzes a passage from Plate 9 of William Blake's

scholarly journals Sex Education and Religion

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Young People ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Multicultural Society ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
Religious Concept

The far-reaching implications of the debate surrounding sex education instate schools are summed up by the late Professor Syed Ali Ashraf in hisForeword to this book: "We are up against a tremendous conspiracy todethrone the religious concept of a human being from the minds of people."Sex education is "just a modus operandi" of the "secularist philosophy" underpinningthis conspiracy (p. 3).1n presenting a number of essays on sex education from different faith andnonfaith perspectives, the editors have succeeded in introducing readers notonly to Islamic concepts of sexual relationships and sex education, but also tothe ideological battle that is being played out with children's education. At thevery heart of this debate we find unanswered and unanswerable questions about liberal democracy and how liberal it can be in allowing minorities toflourish in its midst.The argument basically revolves around the liberal push for increasing individualrights and to see how far such rights can go in relation to responsibilities.As Carole Ulanowsky notes in her contribution titled "Sex Education:Beyond Information to Values," the balance has tipped in favor of rights - aposition that is (perhaps) suitable for the mature educator but which "can leaveyoung people morally adrift" (p. 22).In his overview titled "Values and Sex Education in a Multicultural Society,"Mark Halstead demonstrates that this issue is complex and laced with difficulties;however, "the promotion of 'responsible sexual behavior' has become adominant motif in contemporary sex education in Britain as in other westerncountries" (p. 236). But who is to decide what is "reasonable"? Parents?Educators? Or that thorn in the side of liberal sex educators: religion?In stating Islamic positions on this subject, Noibi and Abdul Mabud coverground that has been well-presented elsewhere; however, the fact that theircontributions are neither out of place nor dated illustrates how little educatorshave learnt from earlier publications by Muslims on this subject. An alternative,less charitable view might conclude that the liberal sex education lobbyhas learnt too much about the Islamic position and has, as a result, strengthenedefforts to undermine it.For example, Michael Reiss proposes that "the way forward may be for societyto make it easier for homosexuals to live in lasting and mutually faithfulsexual relationships" (p. 146), and David Carr asks, "How could any civilizedperson see it as other than a moral advance over bygone tyrannies that homosexualmen and women are no longer persecuted?" (p. 170). Going further,Carr says that "liberal modernity has at least freed us from a range of irrationalprohibitions." This stand taken by both men demonstrates how "liberal values"can in fact be imposed on young people and, in doing so, force them to altertheir own beliefs (and possibly practices). Carr's implication is that the prohibitionof homosexuality in scriptures is "irrational," thereby making his ownstatement "rational." But on what grounds can he make such a judgment? As anumber of contributions remind us, education is not value-free, and it is a mythto suggest that the liberal view of sex education is either neutral or morallysuperior to other views. Abdul Mabud puts it succinctly: "Passivity [and] neutrality"in sex education are themselves "values" (p. 110) ...

scholarly journals The Roles of Familiarity and Context in Processing Chinese Xiehouyu: An ERP Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolu Wang ◽  
Yizhen Wang ◽  
Wanning Tian ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Xiaoli Chen
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Information ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Idiomatic Expressions ◽  
Language Construct ◽  
Processing Mechanism ◽  
Access Model

AbstractThis study conducts an ERP experiment to explore the online processing mechanism of Chinese xiehouyu, a subcategory of Chinese idiomatic expressions with a metaphorical two-part allegorical saying, regarded as a non-literal language construct. Using a 2 × 2 design, (high familiarity (HF)/low familiarity (LF)) × (literally-biasing context (LC)/metaphorically-biasing context (MC)), the researchers have obtained the following findings: (1) familiarity plays an important role in Chinese xiehouyu processing, i.e. the metaphorical meaning of a HF Chinese xiehouyu can be directly activated while that of a LF one has to be derived from its literal meaning first; (2) contextual information also weighs in the process, i.e. the metaphorical meaning of a Chinese xiehouyu can be promoted in MC condition but suppressed in LC condition; (3) the interactive effect of familiarity and contextual information can be explained by the career of metaphor hypothesis; and (4) the Standard Pragmatic Model (SPM) of non-literal languages can explain the processing of LF xiehouyu, and the Direct Access Model (DAM) may to some extent account for the mechanism of HF one but fails to explain the case of LF one, while the Graded Salience Hypothesis (GSH) can provide an acceptable explanation for the processing mechanism of Chinese xiehouyus of varied familiarity.

Augustinian Puzzles about Body, Soul, Flesh, and Death

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Catherine Byers
Keyword(s):  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Human Being ◽  
City Of God ◽  
Body Form ◽  
The Core ◽  
Single Substance

Augustine’s employment of some (ultimately) Aristotelian concepts and distinctions, such as from the work On the Soul, helped him to develop his own account of the human being as a single-substance body-soul compound, and a correlative theory of death. The recovery of his view involves some work, because he does not always explain how he thinks the core theses to which he is committed play out in detail. Nevertheless it is possible when we use his Literal Meaning of Genesis to illuminate the City of God, Book 13. The former text contains the most extended presentation of Augustine’s natural philosophy. It employs concepts from classical metaphysics—such as matter, body, form, and potentiality—which, along with some of the Aristotelian categories, are recognizable again in the City of God, a work that he commenced as he was completing the Genesis commentary.

Abstract and concrete representations in structure-mapping and class-inclusion

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omid Khatin Zadeh ◽  
Sedigheh Vahdat
Keyword(s):  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Structure Mapping ◽  
Abstract Representation ◽  
Metaphor Comprehension ◽  
Class Inclusion ◽  
Mapping Model ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning ◽  
Algebraic Framework ◽  
Concrete Representations

This article presents an Abstract Algebraic framework within which two major theories of metaphor comprehension, the class-inclusion and structure-mapping, are incorporated. Looking at Gentner’s structure-mapping model from this perspective, this article suggests that any comparison between two systems of relations is made by the mediation of an abstract system of relations rather than by a direct comparison between two concrete systems of relations. Regarding class-inclusion model, it is proposed that the class in which the topic is directly included is the class of abstract representation (deep representation) of vehicle. In this way, two levels of meaning are defined for the vehicle of a metaphor. The first level is the abstract representation or deep representation, which includes one or at most several salient semantic features. This is the metaphorical meaning of vehicle, which might be shared by a set of words with different degrees of typicality. The second level of meaning is the surface representation or literal meaning. This level includes a large number of semantic features. Therefore, metaphorical meaning includes one or at most several very salient semantic aspects, while literal meaning includes a large number of semantic features.

TOKA-TOKI MELAYU, KUANTAN SINGINGI, RIAU: PENUTUR, WAKTU, BAHASA, DAN FUNGSI

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Yulita Fitriana
Keyword(s):  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning ◽  
The Social ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Research Analysis

There is inadequate number of research on “toka-toki” of Kuantan Singingi at the present time. In consequence, there is insufficient extensive knowledge about the speakers, the time of usage, the language used, and the function of the “toka-toki”. In this study, those elements become the object of the research analysis. The method used in the analysis is qualitative descriptive method. The data was obtained from the field and also literature. The implementation phase of this study were (1) collecting data, namely by asking about the desired data related to the speaker, time, language, and “toka-toki” function to the informant, (2) the phase of analyzing the data, and (3) the phase of making conclusion.From this study, it was concluded that the speakers of “toka–toki” in the Kuantan Singingi are not limited to the age levels, the social levels, and education levels. Actually there is no specific time of the implementation of this “toka-toki”. However, the game is often found when children play, after “mengaji” (reading Koran), or going to sleep in “surau”, drying rice, and looking for lice. The next conclusion, the question words used in implementing “toka-toki” are ‘siapo’; ‘sapo’ 'who' and ‘apo’ 'what' with some variations such as “apo ru”, “apo lo ru”, “apo tu”, “apo jie kilen”. In addition to the use of question words, “toka-toki” of Kuantan Singingi can use literal meaning and metaphorical meaning. Meanwhile, the function of the “toka-toki” Kuantan Singingi is to sharpen the mind and todeliver education and entertainment, and to tease others.AbstrakPenelitian mengenai toka-toki Kuantan Singingi belum banyak dilakukan. Hal tersebut menyebabkan pengetahuan mengenai penutur, waktu penggunaan, bahasa yang digunakan, dan fungsi toka-toki yang hidup di dalam masyarakat Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi juga masih minim. Di dalam penelitian ini, penutur, waktu, bahasa, dan fungsi toka-toki inilah yang dijadikan objek penelitian. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif-deskriptif. Data didapat dari lapangan dan juga kepustakaan. Tahap pelaksanaan penelitian ini adalah (1) pengumpulan data, yaitu dengan bertanya mengenai data yang diinginkan berkaitan dengan penutur, waktu, bahasa, dan fungsi toka-toki kepada informan, (2) tahap penganalisisan data, dan (3) tahap pengambilan simpulan. Dari penelitian ini, disimpulkan bahwa penutur toka-toki di daerah Kuantan Singingi tidak terbatas pada tingkatan usia, tingkatan sosial, dan tingkatan pendidikan tertentu. Sebenarnya tidak ada waktu khusus pelaksanaan toka-toki ini. Akan tetapi, permainan ini sering dijumpai pada saat anak-anak bermain, sesudah mengaji, atau akan tidur di surau, menjemur padi, dan mencari kutu rambut. Simpulan selanjutnya, kata tanya yang dipergunakan di dalam bertoka-toki adalah kata siapo; sapo ’siapa’ dan apo ‘apa’ dengan variasi apo ru, apo lo ru, apo tu, apo jie kilen. Selain penggunaan kata tanya, toka-toki Kuantan Singingi dapat menggunakan bahasa yang literal (harfiah) dan metaforis (kiasan). Sementara itu, fungsi dari toka-toki Kuantan Singingi adalah mengasah pikiran dan menyampaikan pendidikan, hiburan, dan menggoda orang lain.

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