scholarly journals The Equivalence and Nonequivalence of Proverbs Across Cultures (Indonesian and English)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Syahron Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning ◽  
Lexical Items

The aim of the present study is to examine whether or not proverbs, culturally-related medium of communication, are equivalent across cultures. The proverbs compared are derived from Indonesian and English cultures, as two distinct cultures. Fifteen Indonesian proverbs and fifteen English proverbs have been compared to find out whether or not they are equivalent in terms of meaning, linguistic structure and culture. The proverbs are collected from a list of well-known Indonesian and English proverbs. Since almost the thirty proverbs are expressed in metaphorical meaning and since Indonesian is still foreign to many international readers the literal meaning of lexical items found in the proverbs have been glossed in brackets followed by the explanation of the metaphorical meaning of the thirty proverbs. Ten Indonesian proverbs are found to be equivalent in terms of meaning to ten English proverbs. In terms of linguistic structure they are almost equivalent that is they are expressed mostly in the form of sentence. But they are different in the use of lexical items that constitute the proverbs. Five Indonesian proverbs are found to be nonequivalent to five of English in terms of meaning and the lexical items used to build the metaphor. Thus it is found out that fifteen Indonesian proverbs are equivalent to fifteen English proverbs and five Indonesian proverbs are found to be nonequivalent to five English proverbs.

scholarly journals IDIOM ‘SARU’ SEBAGAI REFLEKSI KONSEP PEMIKIRAN MASYARAKAT JEPANG TERHADAP MONYET

IZUMI ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Devita Widyaningtyas Yogyanti
Keyword(s):  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Japanese People ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning ◽  
Magical Power ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
The Relationship

(Title: Idiom ‘Saru’ as a Reflection of Japanese People Thinking Concept Towards Monkey ). This research is an anthropological linguistic study that is conducted by examining the idioms that use the word "saru" (monkey) as the object of study. This study aims at analyzing the basic concepts of people's thought about the word "saru" (monkey) through the use of its idioms. The researcher collected the data of the idioms that use the word "saru" through literature studies that cover the literature containing Japanese idioms and interviews of Japanese people living in Yogyakarta. The focus of this research is the correlation between literal meaning and metaphorical meaning in idioms that contain the word "saru". The correlation of the meaning is traced using a diachronic perspective to see the concept of Japanese people's thought towards monkeys. According to the results of the study, the researcher found 11 idioms that use the word "saru", namely Sansaru, Sarugi, Sarugutsuwa, Sarushibari, Sarutsunagi, Sarujie, Sarugashikoshi, Sarumane, Sarushibai, Saruboo, and Saruni. From the relationship between the literal meaning and the metaphorical meaning of the 11 idioms, the result shows that Japanese people have 3 concepts towards monkey, which are as a holy and sacred animal, as an animal that possesses the magical power to make something quiet, and as an animal resembling the human being.

Metaphor

2019 ◽  
pp. 297-315
Author(s):  
Nausicaa Pouscoulous ◽  
Giulio Dulcinati
Keyword(s):  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Metaphor Comprehension ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Metaphor Processing

Metaphors are pervasive in literature and everyday speech. This chapter explores how metaphors are interpreted both by adults and by children. It reviews recent findings and directions of research on four main issues: What is the relation between figurative and literal meaning in metaphor processing? How is the metaphorical meaning arrived at and which factors are at play in the interpretative process? What are the differences and similarities in processing between different types of metaphors and between metaphors and other tropes? How does metaphor comprehension develop through childhood? The chapter concludes with a few fairly clear answers the psycholinguistic literature has provided and a lot of open questions to be investigated in future research.

Iconicity in the interplay of the literal and the metaphorical: An example from William Blake's Jerusalem

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Yu Tseng
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning

AbstractThis paper aims to explore how iconicity is entwined in an intricate relationship between the literal and the metaphorical. Two particular issues are under scrutiny here. Firstly, the traditionally assumed dichotomy – literal versus metaphorical meaning – needs reconsidering. This study proposes that the literal and the metaphorical are best seen as on a continuum rather than as dichotomous. Secondly, studies of the link between metaphor and iconicity have not received sufficient attention, and are therefore examined critically here. Iconicity, which is part and parcel of the process of representation and communication, plays a significant role in understanding metaphor, and indeed in understanding the interplay between the literal and the metaphorical. Overall, this paper makes the case for an integrational view of iconicity, metaphor, and literalness. The literal and the metaphorical are seen as an interplay, in which not only do metaphors interact with one another but they also interact with literal meaning. In addition, metaphor and iconicity are not treated separately but in interaction with each other. By way of illustration, this paper analyzes a passage from Plate 9 of William Blake's

scholarly journals The Roles of Familiarity and Context in Processing Chinese Xiehouyu: An ERP Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolu Wang ◽  
Yizhen Wang ◽  
Wanning Tian ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Xiaoli Chen
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Information ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Idiomatic Expressions ◽  
Language Construct ◽  
Processing Mechanism ◽  
Access Model

AbstractThis study conducts an ERP experiment to explore the online processing mechanism of Chinese xiehouyu, a subcategory of Chinese idiomatic expressions with a metaphorical two-part allegorical saying, regarded as a non-literal language construct. Using a 2 × 2 design, (high familiarity (HF)/low familiarity (LF)) × (literally-biasing context (LC)/metaphorically-biasing context (MC)), the researchers have obtained the following findings: (1) familiarity plays an important role in Chinese xiehouyu processing, i.e. the metaphorical meaning of a HF Chinese xiehouyu can be directly activated while that of a LF one has to be derived from its literal meaning first; (2) contextual information also weighs in the process, i.e. the metaphorical meaning of a Chinese xiehouyu can be promoted in MC condition but suppressed in LC condition; (3) the interactive effect of familiarity and contextual information can be explained by the career of metaphor hypothesis; and (4) the Standard Pragmatic Model (SPM) of non-literal languages can explain the processing of LF xiehouyu, and the Direct Access Model (DAM) may to some extent account for the mechanism of HF one but fails to explain the case of LF one, while the Graded Salience Hypothesis (GSH) can provide an acceptable explanation for the processing mechanism of Chinese xiehouyus of varied familiarity.

Abstract and concrete representations in structure-mapping and class-inclusion

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omid Khatin Zadeh ◽  
Sedigheh Vahdat
Keyword(s):  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Structure Mapping ◽  
Abstract Representation ◽  
Metaphor Comprehension ◽  
Class Inclusion ◽  
Mapping Model ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning ◽  
Algebraic Framework ◽  
Concrete Representations

This article presents an Abstract Algebraic framework within which two major theories of metaphor comprehension, the class-inclusion and structure-mapping, are incorporated. Looking at Gentner’s structure-mapping model from this perspective, this article suggests that any comparison between two systems of relations is made by the mediation of an abstract system of relations rather than by a direct comparison between two concrete systems of relations. Regarding class-inclusion model, it is proposed that the class in which the topic is directly included is the class of abstract representation (deep representation) of vehicle. In this way, two levels of meaning are defined for the vehicle of a metaphor. The first level is the abstract representation or deep representation, which includes one or at most several salient semantic features. This is the metaphorical meaning of vehicle, which might be shared by a set of words with different degrees of typicality. The second level of meaning is the surface representation or literal meaning. This level includes a large number of semantic features. Therefore, metaphorical meaning includes one or at most several very salient semantic aspects, while literal meaning includes a large number of semantic features.

scholarly journals Nilai Edukasi Metafora Teks-teks Seksual dalam Serat Centhini Karya Pakubuwana V

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurnaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning ◽  
Literal Expression

Tema mengenai ajaran seks yang termuat dalam SC karya Pakubuwana V banyak dituangkan dalam bentuk bahasa-bahasa metafora. Masyarakat Jawa masih menganggap tabu masalah seks. Pembicaraan tentang seks dianggap tidak senonoh. Akan tetapi di dalam SC penulis mampu menampilkan model penyampaian pendidikan seks secara baik dan santun. Penulis SC berkomunikasi  tidak hanya menggunakan ungkapan harfiah (literal meaning) saja, melainkan terkadang juga menggunakan ungkapan yang bermakna figuratif (metaphorical meaning). Pemahaman hakikat seks yang benar akan menjadikan seseorang mengerti pada sangkan ‘asal usul’ dan paran ‘tujuan akhir hidup’ yang akan dilalui oleh setiap manusia. Pemahaman sangkan paraning dumadi ini akan lebih mudah diajarkan jika mempergunakan gaya bahasa metafora.Kata kunci: Pakubuwana V, Serat Centhini, metafora, seks. AbstractThe theme of the teaching of sex contained in the SC's work poured Pakubuwana V many languages in the form of a metaphor. Java community is still taboo subject of sex. Talks about sex are considered indecent. But in SC authors were able to show a model of delivering good sex education and manners. Author SC communicates not only use literal expression (literal meaning) only, but sometimes also used the phrase meaningful figurative (metaphorical meaning). Understanding the nature of sex are really going to make someone understand the sangkan 'origin' and famine 'the ultimate goal of life' which will be passed by every human being. Sangkan paraning dumadi understanding of being taught this will be easier if you use the metaphor language style.Keywords: Pakubuwana V, Serat Centhini, metaphor, sex.

TOKA-TOKI MELAYU, KUANTAN SINGINGI, RIAU: PENUTUR, WAKTU, BAHASA, DAN FUNGSI

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Yulita Fitriana
Keyword(s):  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning ◽  
The Social ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Research Analysis

There is inadequate number of research on “toka-toki” of Kuantan Singingi at the present time. In consequence, there is insufficient extensive knowledge about the speakers, the time of usage, the language used, and the function of the “toka-toki”. In this study, those elements become the object of the research analysis. The method used in the analysis is qualitative descriptive method. The data was obtained from the field and also literature. The implementation phase of this study were (1) collecting data, namely by asking about the desired data related to the speaker, time, language, and “toka-toki” function to the informant, (2) the phase of analyzing the data, and (3) the phase of making conclusion.From this study, it was concluded that the speakers of “toka–toki” in the Kuantan Singingi are not limited to the age levels, the social levels, and education levels. Actually there is no specific time of the implementation of this “toka-toki”. However, the game is often found when children play, after “mengaji” (reading Koran), or going to sleep in “surau”, drying rice, and looking for lice. The next conclusion, the question words used in implementing “toka-toki” are ‘siapo’; ‘sapo’ 'who' and ‘apo’ 'what' with some variations such as “apo ru”, “apo lo ru”, “apo tu”, “apo jie kilen”. In addition to the use of question words, “toka-toki” of Kuantan Singingi can use literal meaning and metaphorical meaning. Meanwhile, the function of the “toka-toki” Kuantan Singingi is to sharpen the mind and todeliver education and entertainment, and to tease others.AbstrakPenelitian mengenai toka-toki Kuantan Singingi belum banyak dilakukan. Hal tersebut menyebabkan pengetahuan mengenai penutur, waktu penggunaan, bahasa yang digunakan, dan fungsi toka-toki yang hidup di dalam masyarakat Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi juga masih minim. Di dalam penelitian ini, penutur, waktu, bahasa, dan fungsi toka-toki inilah yang dijadikan objek penelitian. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif-deskriptif. Data didapat dari lapangan dan juga kepustakaan. Tahap pelaksanaan penelitian ini adalah (1) pengumpulan data, yaitu dengan bertanya mengenai data yang diinginkan berkaitan dengan penutur, waktu, bahasa, dan fungsi toka-toki kepada informan, (2) tahap penganalisisan data, dan (3) tahap pengambilan simpulan. Dari penelitian ini, disimpulkan bahwa penutur toka-toki di daerah Kuantan Singingi tidak terbatas pada tingkatan usia, tingkatan sosial, dan tingkatan pendidikan tertentu. Sebenarnya tidak ada waktu khusus pelaksanaan toka-toki ini. Akan tetapi, permainan ini sering dijumpai pada saat anak-anak bermain, sesudah mengaji, atau akan tidur di surau, menjemur padi, dan mencari kutu rambut. Simpulan selanjutnya, kata tanya yang dipergunakan di dalam bertoka-toki adalah kata siapo; sapo ’siapa’ dan apo ‘apa’ dengan variasi apo ru, apo lo ru, apo tu, apo jie kilen. Selain penggunaan kata tanya, toka-toki Kuantan Singingi dapat menggunakan bahasa yang literal (harfiah) dan metaforis (kiasan). Sementara itu, fungsi dari toka-toki Kuantan Singingi adalah mengasah pikiran dan menyampaikan pendidikan, hiburan, dan menggoda orang lain.

Lexical Analysis of Arabic Near-Synonyms in the Holy Qur'an: A Case Study ofسنةsanah and عام‘aam

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Linda S Al-Abbas ◽  
Rajai Khanji
Keyword(s):  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Lexical Analysis ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Near Synonyms ◽  
Different Cultures

Translation is a process that enables communication between different cultures and breaks barriers between languages. Synonymy is equivalence of sense (Griffiths, 2006). It refers to words that mean the same or show semantic resemblance to one another. Words in synonymous pairs can replace each other in sentences with no change of the literal meaning, and therefore, the substitutability test is used to determine whether or not words are synonyms. Translators face many problems in conveying the intended semantic message and finding the exact lexical equivalents in the target language, in addition to the cultural aspects that they need to overcome in the source language. The present study is an attempt to explore the strategies used by different Qur'an translators in rendering an Arabic synonymous pair, namely سنةsanah and عام ‘aam (year) into English, and to find out which translations could be more proper than others. The findings proved that some Qur'anic terms are untranslatable, and choosing an accurate equivalent in the target language is not possible because of the differences in the lexical items available in each language. This study concludes that the Holy Qur'an has distinctive aspects that cannot be delivered in other languages and it impresses the readers with the deep and expressive terms that were used for certain purposes. 

Lexical Comprehension in Young Children With Developmental Delays

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa A. Kouri
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Developmental Delays ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Comprehension Skills ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Lexical Concepts

Lexical comprehension skills were examined in 20 young children (aged 28–45 months) with developmental delays (DD) and 20 children (aged 19–34 months) with normal development (ND). Each was assigned to either a story-like script condition or a simple ostensive labeling condition in which the names of three novel object and action items were presented over two experimental sessions. During the experimental sessions, receptive knowledge of the lexical items was assessed through a series of target and generalization probes. Results indicated that all children, irrespective of group status, acquired more lexical concepts in the ostensive labeling condition than in the story narrative condition. Overall, both groups acquired more object than action words, although subjects with ND comprehended more action words than subjects with DD. More target than generalization items were also comprehended by both groups. It is concluded that young children’s comprehension of new lexical concepts is facilitated more by a context in which simple ostensive labels accompany the presentation of specific objects and actions than one in which objects and actions are surrounded by thematic and event-related information. Various clinical applications focusing on the lexical training of young children with DD are discussed.

ESP corpus design: compilation of the Veterinary Nursing Medical Chart Corpus and the Veterinary Nursing Wordlist

Corpora ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-140
Author(s):  
Yukiko Ohashi ◽  
Noriaki Katagiri ◽  
Katsutoshi Oka ◽  
Michiko Hanada
Keyword(s):  
Word List ◽  
English For Specific Purposes ◽  
Regular Expressions ◽  
Annotation Scheme ◽  
Corpus Design ◽  
As Species ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
General Service

This paper reports on two research results: ( 1) designing an English for Specific Purposes (esp) corpus architecture complete with annotations structured by regular expressions; and ( 2) a case study to test the design to cater for creating a specific vocabulary list using the compiled corpus. The first half of this study involved designing a precisely structured esp corpus from 190 veterinary medical charts with a hierarchy of the data. The data hierarchy in the corpus consists of document types, outline elements and inline elements, such as species and breed. Perl scripts extracted the data attached to veterinary-specific categories, and the extraction led to creating wordlists. The second part of the research tested the corpus mode, creating a list of commonly observed lexical items in veterinary medicine. The coverage rate of the wordlists by General Service List (gsl) and Academic Word List (awl) was tested, with the result that 66.4 percent of all lexical items appeared in gsl and awl, whereas 33.7 percent appeared in none of those lists. The corpus compilation procedures as well as the annotation scheme introduced in this study enable the compilation of specific corpora with explicit annotations, allowing teachers to have access to data required for creating esp classroom materials.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document