Treatment of Antidepressant-Resistant Bulimia with Naltrexone

1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Jonas ◽  
Mark S. Gold
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Endogenous Opioids ◽  
Opiate Antagonist ◽  
Percent Reduction ◽  
Bulimic Symptoms ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Insight Into

Ten individuals with antidepressant-resistant bulimia were treated with the long-acting opiate antagonist naltrexone. Seven of the ten experienced at least a 75 percent reduction of their bulimic symptoms, and have maintained their improvment on three to five month follow-up. These preliminary data suggest that naltrexone may be of use in bulimia unresponsive to standard antidepressant therapy, and may provide insight into the role of endogenous opioids in the etiology of eating disorders.

Endogenous opioids and ventilatory responses to hypercapnia in normal humans

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 1415-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Weinberger ◽  
R. A. Steinbrook ◽  
D. B. Carr ◽  
E. R. von Gal ◽  
J. E. Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Peptides ◽  
Endogenous Opioids ◽  
Opiate Antagonist ◽  
Endogenous Opioid Peptides ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Endogenous Opioid ◽  
Beta Endorphin ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Normal Humans

Though administration of opioid peptides depresses ventilation and ventilatory responsiveness, the role of endogenous opioid peptides in modulating ventilatory responsiveness is not clear. We studied the interaction of endogenous opioids and ventilatory responses in 12 adult male volunteers by relating hypercapnic responsiveness to plasma levels of immunoactive beta-endorphin and by administering the opiate antagonist naloxone. Ventilatory responsiveness to hypercapnia was not altered by pretreatment with naloxone, and this by itself suggests that endogenous opioids have no role in modulating this response. However, there was an inverse relationship between basal levels of immunoactive beta-endorphin in plasma and ventilatory responsiveness to CO2. Furthermore, plasma beta-endorphin levels rose after short-term hypercapnia but only when subjects had been pretreated with naloxone. We conclude that measurement of plasma endorphin levels suggests relationships between endogenous opioid peptides and ventilatory responses to CO2 that are not apparent in studies limited to assessing the effect of naloxone.

Opioids and breathing

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1675-1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Santiago ◽  
N. H. Edelman
Keyword(s):  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Endogenous Opioids ◽  
Opiate Antagonist ◽  
Endogenous Opioid ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Neonatal Life ◽  
Opiate Drugs ◽  
Recent Developments

This review summarizes recent developments on the effects of opiate drugs and the various endogenous opioid peptides on breathing. These developments include demonstration of receptors and site-specific effects of application of opioids in the pons and medulla, demonstration of variable tolerance of respiratory responses in addicted individuals as well as their offspring, and demonstration of an endogenous opioid influence on breathing in early neonatal life and in certain physiological settings and disease states. The validity and limitations of using naloxone as a tool to uncover postulated endogenous opioid influences are also discussed as well as the potential problems imposed by the various settings in which this opiate antagonist drug is used. It is concluded that some parallelism exists between the role of endogenous opioids in pain modulation and their role in respiration especially in adults. Although more studies are needed especially with regard to defining specific effects of the various opioid receptors and ligands, it is felt that the effects of endogenous opioids on the control of breathing will probably be one of modulating the responses to drugs or nociceptive respiratory stimuli through inhibitory pathways.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of UK Military Exercise SAIF SAREEA 3: future planning for hot climates

2020 ◽  
Vol 166 (6) ◽  
pp. 391-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
S L Chase ◽  
M Kavanagh Williamson ◽  
M B Smith
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Future Planning ◽  
Common Coding ◽  
Military Exercises ◽  
Host Nation ◽  
Insight Into

IntroductionEpidemiological data captured from military exercises and operations can highlight treatment requirements specific to operating in certain environmental conditions. Such data is invaluable to enable accurate planning for future exercises. Epidemiological data were collected during Exercise SAIF SAREEA 3 (SS3) to provide an insight into medical provision requirements for low-tempo military operations in hot, desert climates.MethodEpidemiological data was collected from all consultations conducted during the exercise within the LAND Medical Reception Station, 24 August–14 November 2018, using Epi-NATO surveillance systems.ResultsOf the 1414 total consultations recorded, 759 were first presentations and 665 were follow-up consultations, with 35 referrals made to hospitals. 1348 days of limited duties were given and 258 working days were lost. The most common coding reported for consultations were ‘non-battle non-sport related injuries’, ‘sport related injuries’ and ‘dermatological'.DiscussionThe data highlight the most common cause of injuries and the role of assets such as dental, sexual and mental health services for future deployments. A number of explanations are considered in relation to the patterns identified and the effect on future planning for working in hot climates. Furthermore, Exercise SS3 had reduced numbers of personnel requiring deployed Role 2 or host nation hospital services, which again raises further considerations for future deployments.

scholarly journals Endothelin-1 Induces Mesothelial Mesenchymal Transition and Correlates with Pleural Fibrosis in Tuberculous Pleural Effusions

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhung-Han Wu ◽  
Jie-Heng Tsai ◽  
Cheng-Ying Hsieh ◽  
Wei-Lin Chen ◽  
Chi-Li Chung
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Pleural Diseases ◽  
Pleural Thickening ◽  
Pleural Fibrosis ◽  
Parapneumonic Pleural Effusion ◽  
Insight Into

Endothelin (ET)-1 is involved in various fibrotic diseases. However, its implication in pleural fibrosis remains unknown. We aimed to study the profibrotic role of ET-1 in tuberculous pleural effusion (TBPE). The pleural effusion ET-1 levels were measured among 68 patients including transudative pleural effusion (TPE, n = 12), parapneumonic pleural effusion (PPE, n = 20), and TBPE (n = 36) groups. Pleural fibrosis, defined as radiological residual pleural thickening (RPT) and shadowing, was measured at 12-month follow-up. Additionally, the effect of ET-1 on mesothelial mesenchymal transition (MMT) and extracellular matrix (ECM) producion in human pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) was assessed. Our findings revealed that effusion ET-1 levels were significantly higher in TBPE than in TPE and PPE, and were markedly higher in TBPE patients with RPT >10 mm than those with RPT ≤10 mm. ET-1 levels correlated substantially with residual pleural shadowing and independently predicted RPT >10 mm in TBPE. In PMCs, ET-1 time-dependently induced MMT with upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin and downregulation of E-cadherin, and stimulated ECM production; furthermore, ET receptor antagonists effectively abrogated these effects. In conclusion, ET-1 induces MMT and ECM synthesis in human PMCs and correlates with pleural fibrosis in TBPE. This study confers a novel insight into the pathogenesis and potential therapies for fibrotic pleural diseases.

Effect of Naloxone on the Defective Autonomic Control of Heart Rate in Uraemic Patients

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Zoccali ◽  
M. Ciccarelli ◽  
F. Mallamaci ◽  
Q. Maggiore
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Autonomic Control ◽  
Endogenous Opioids ◽  
Valsalva Manoeuvre ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Opiate Antagonist ◽  
Reflex Bradycardia ◽  
Standing Blood Pressure

1. The role of endogenous opioids on the reflex cardiovascular control of chronic uraemic patients was investigated. 2. The opiate antagonist naloxone administered intravenously caused a significant increase in the abnormal Valsalva manoeuvre ratio in nine chronic uraemic patients, but it had no effect in six diabetic patients with normal renal function, whose response to the Valsalva manoeuvre was similar to that of chronic uraemic patients. Naloxone had no effect in eight normal subjects. 3. The increase in the Valsalva ratio observed in uraemic patients was due to restoration of the parasympathetically mediated reflex bradycardia of the release phase of the manoeuvre. 4. Naloxone did not modify supine and standing blood pressure and heart rate in any group. 5. Endogenous opioids may be involved in the defective autonomic control of heart rate in uraemic patients.

scholarly journals Genome-wide analyses point to differences in genetic architecture of BMI between tall and short people

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bochao D. Lin ◽  
Benjamin H. Mullin ◽  
Scott G. Wilson ◽  
John P. Walsh ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Biological Insight ◽  
Specific Locus ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractTo examine differences in the genetic architecture of BMI between tall and short people, we conducted genome-wide and follow-up analyses using UK Biobank data. We identify 57 loci as height-specific, detect differences in SNP-based heritability between tall and short people and show how genetic correlations between the two rises during the lifespan. Using phenome-wide analyses (PHEWAS), a significant association between a short people-specific locus on MC4R and energy portion size was detected. We identify one locus (GPC5-GPC6) with different effect directions on BMI in short and tall people. PHEWAS indicates this locus is associated with bone mineral density. Transcriptome-wide analyses hint that genes differentially associated with BMI in short vs tall people are enriched in brain tissue. Our findings highlight the role of height in the genetic underpinnings of BMI, provide biological insight into mechanisms underlying height-dependent differences in BMI and show that in short and tall people obesity is a risk factor that differentially increases susceptibility for disease.

Induction of LH hypersecretion in cyclic rats during the afternoon of oestrus by oestrogen in conjunction with progesterone antagonism or opioidergic blockade

1988 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Lustig ◽  
D. W. Pfaff ◽  
J. Fishman
Keyword(s):  
Opiate Antagonist ◽  
Endogenous Opioid ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Ru 486 ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Exogenous Oestrogen ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Lh Secretion

ABSTRACT The pro-oestrous secretion of progesterone that follows the LH surge in the rat limits the expression of the daily signal for LH surge initiation until the following oestrous cycle. This study explored the role of endogenous opioid peptides in the extinction by progesterone of the signal for the LH surge induced by oestrogen. Intact cyclic rats underwent external jugular venous cannulation on dioestrus, and were allowed to elicit a spontaneous pro-oestrous LH surge. On the afternoon of pro-oestrus, rats received an s.c. injection of oestradiol and an s.c. injection of either oil, 17β-hydroxy-11β-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)17α-(prop-1-ynyl)oestra-4,9,dien-3-one (RU 486; a synthetic anti-progestin), or N-cyclopropylmethyl-6-desoxy-6-methylene-noroxy-morphone (nalmefene; a long-acting opiate antagonist). Repeat doses of each were administered on the morning of oestrus to maintain increased oestrogen levels, and either progesterone or opioidergic blockade. Plasma was obtained from 13.00 to 19.00 h on oestrus for determination of the concentration of rat LH. Rats treated with oestradiol alone demonstrated consistently low concentrations of LH throughout the afternoon of oestrus. Rats treated with both oestradiol and either RU 486 or nalmefene demonstrated spontaneous augmentations of rat LH concentration during the afternoon of oestrus, which, although of diminished amplitude as compared with that seen in pro-oestrus, were consistent with a reactivation of the LH surge-generating mechanism. Rats treated with nalmefene in the absence of oestradiol were unable to augment LH secretion spontaneously. These experiments suggest that antagonism of progesterone action at the time of the LH surge prevents the extinction of the LH surge signal, so that it may be reactivated the next day by exogenous oestrogen. They similarly demonstrate that persistent opioidergic antagonism will permit oestrogen to reactivate the daily LH surge signal. The similar properties of an anti-progestin and an anti-opiate in this study suggest that the pro-oestrous progesterone rise extinguishes consecutive daily LH surges, in part, through increases in opioidergic tone. J. Endocr. (1988) 117, 229–235

Involvement of endogenous opiates in regulation of gastric emptying of fat test meals in mice

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (2) ◽  
pp. G158-G161
Author(s):  
J. Fioramonti ◽  
M. J. Fargeas ◽  
L. Bueno
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Endogenous Opioids ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Opiate Antagonist ◽  
Endogenous Opiates ◽  
Arabic Gum ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Cck Antagonist

The role of endogenous opioids and cholecystokinin (CCK) in gastric emptying was investigated in mice killed 30 min after gavage with 51Cr-radiolabeled liquid meals. The meals consisted of 0.5 ml of milk or one of five synthetic meals containing arabic gum, glucose and/or arachis oil and/or casein. Naloxone (0.1 mg/kg sc) significantly (P less than 0.01) accelerated gastric emptying of milk and meals containing fat but did not modify gastric emptying of nonfat meals. The CCK antagonist asperlicin (0.1 mg/kg ip) increased by 25% gastric emptying of milk. The gastric emptying of meals containing glucose and casein but not fat was reduced after administration of the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8, 4 micrograms/kg ip). This decrease was antagonized by both asperlicin (10 mg/kg ip) and naloxone (0.1 mg/kg sc). Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of an opiate antagonist that poorly crosses the blood-brain barrier, methyl levallorphan (10 micrograms/kg), did not modify gastric emptying of milk but accelerated it when peripherally administered (0.1 mg/kg sc). Similarly, asperlicin (icv) administered at a dose of 1 mg/kg did not affect milk emptying. These results indicate that endogenous opiates are involved at peripheral levels in the regulation of gastric emptying of fat meals only and that such regulation involves release of CCK.

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