Effect of Microbial Seed Treatment on Root Growth of Wheat under Compacted Soil Condition

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
SURAJIT MONDAL ◽  
DEBASHIS CHAKRABORTY ◽  
SANGEETA PAUL
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Microbial Culture ◽  
Compacted Soil ◽  
Microbial Cultures

Soil compaction can seriously restrict root growth both in surface and subsurface soil layers, preventing the root system to uptake water and nutrients from deeper layers in wheat due to intensive puddling in rice. To understand the effect of compaction (BD1 = bulk density 1.4 g cm-3 and BD2 = 1.8 g cm-3) on root growth of wheat, a pot experiment was conducted in ambient condition during wheat growing period (November-April) in 2017-18. This experiment was done with microbially treated wheat seeds (M1 to M6) to observe the effects of microbial cultures on root growth under compacted soil condition in comparison to control where no seed treatment was done. BD1 registered a marginally 28% higher root length density than BD2. Among seed treatment with microbial cultures (MC), MC5 resulted in highest root length density (23% higher than the control). Unlike root length density, root volume density was influenced significantly (p less than 0.05) by microbial seed inoculation, although soil compaction had marginal impact. Average diameter of root varied significantly among treatments due to both soil compaction and microbial seed treatment (p less than 0.01). Average diameter was significantly higher (20%, p less than 0.01) in BD2 than BD1. MC2 recorded higher (45-33%, p less than 0.01) root diameter than other treatments but was comparable with MC3. It can be concluded that Seed treatment with suitable microbial culture can promote the crop growth in general and root growth in particular under compacted soil condition.

scholarly journals CORN ROOT LENGTH DENSITY AND ROOT DIAMETER AS AFFECTED BY SOIL COMPACTION AND SOIL WATER CONTENT

Irriga ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Duruoha ◽  
Cassio Roberto Piffer ◽  
Paulo Arbex Silva
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Root Diameter

CORN ROOT LENGTH DENSITY AND ROOT DIAMETER AS AFFECTED BY SOIL COMPACTION AND SOIL WATER CONTENT  Charles Duruoha1; Cassio Roberto Piffer2; Paulo Arbex Silva2(1) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Auburn, AL - U.S.A, [email protected] (2) Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Botucatu, SP  1 ABSTRACT Negative effects of soil compaction have been recognized as one of the problems restricting the root system and consequently impairing yields, especially in the Southern Coastal Plain of the USA. Simulations of the root restricting layers in green house studies are necessary for the development of mechanism which alleviates soil compaction problems in these soils. The selection of three distinct bulk densities based on the standard proctor test is also an important factor to determine which bulk density restricts the root layer. The experiment was conducted to assess the root length density and root diameter of the corn (Zea mays L.) crop as a function of bulk density and water stress, characterized by the soil density (1.2; 1.4, and 1.6 g cm-3), and two levels of the water content, approximately (70 and 90% field capacity). The statistical design adopted was completely randomized design, with four replicates in a factorial pattern of (3 x 2). The PVC tubes were superimposed with an internal diameter of 20 cm with a height of 40 cm (the upper tube 20 cm, compacted and inferior tube 10 cm), the hardpan with different levels of soil compaction were located between 20 and 30 cm of the depth of the pot. Results showed that: the main effects of subsoil mechanical impedance were observed on the top layer indicating that the plants had to penetrate beyond the favorable soil conditions before root growth was affected from 3.16; 2.41 to 1.37 cm cm-3 (P<0.005). There was a significant difference at the hardpan layer for the two levels of water and 90% field capacity reduced the root growth from 0.91 to 0.60 cm cm-3 (P<0.005). The root length density and root diameter were affected by increasing soil bulk density from 1.2 to 1.6 g cm-3 which caused penetration resistance to increase to 1.4 MPa. Soil water content of 70% field capacity furnished better root growth in all the layers studied. The increase in root length density resulted in increased root volume. It can also be concluded that the effect of soil compaction impaired the root diameter mostly at the hardpan layer. Soil temperature had detrimental effect on the root growth mostly with higher bulk densities. KEYWORDS: Soil compaction, water, bulk density, soil strength, root growth.  DURUOHA, C.; PIFFER, C. R.; SILVA, P. A. COMPRIMENTO E DIÂMETRO RADICULAR DO MILHO, EM FUNÇÃO DA COMPACTAÇÃO E DO TEOR DE ÁGUA NO SOLO     2 RESUMO Os efeitos negativos da compactação do solo vêm sendo reconhecidos como um dos problemas que restringe o sistema radicular e conseqüentemente, impede a produção agrícola, especialmente no sudoeste dos Estados Unidos. Simulações de camadas de restrição de raízes, em casa de vegetação, são necessárias para desenvolver mecanismos que reduzam problemas de compactação dos solos. A seleção de três diferentes densidades de solo, baseadas no ensaio de Proctor é também um fator importante para determinar qual densidade restringe a penetração da raiz. O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o comprimento e diâmetro radicular da cultura do milho (Zea mays L.), em função da densidade do solo e do estresse hídrico, caracterizado pelas densidades (1,2; 1,4 e 1,6 cm-3) e dois níveis de teor de água (70 e 90 % da capacidade de campo). O método estatístico utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial (3 x 2). Os vasos foram montados em tubos de PVC, com diâmetro interno de 20 cm, sobrepostos, totalizando 40 cm de altura (anel superior com 20 cm e anéis compactado e inferior com 10 cm), a camada com diferentes níveis de solo compactado foi instalada entre 20 e 30 cm de profundidade nos vasos. Os resultados indicaram, através da resistência mecânica que na camada superior as raízes conseguiram penetrar até onde havia condições favoráveis do solo, antes que o sistema radicular fosse afetado de 3,16; 2,41 e 1,37 cm cm-3 (P<0.005). Ocorreu diferença significativa na camada compactada para os dois níveis de teor de água, sendo que a 90 % da capacidade de campo houve uma redução do crescimento radicular de 0,91 para 0,60 cm cm-3 (P<0,005). O comprimento e o diâmetro radicular foram afetados pelo aumento da densidade do solo de 1,2 a 1,6 g cm-3, com resistência à penetração de 1.4 MPa. O teor de água de 70 % da capacidade de campo proporcionou maior comprimento radicular em todas as densidades estudadas.  O aumento no comprimento radicular resultou em maior volume radicular. Concluiu-se também que os efeitos da compactação do solo prejudicaram o diâmetro radicular, principalmente na camada compactada. A temperatura do solo afetou o crescimento radicular, principalmente nas camadas com densidade elevada. UNITERMOS: compactação do solo, teor de água, densidade do solo, resistência à penetração, crescimento radicular.

scholarly journals Root architecture, rooting profiles and physiological responses of potential slope plants grown on acidic soil

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9595
Author(s):  
Deivaseeno Dorairaj ◽  
Muhammad Fahmi Suradi ◽  
Nursyamimi Syafiqah Mansor ◽  
Normaniza Osman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Acidic Soil ◽  
Melastoma Malabathricum ◽  
Root Anchorage ◽  
Healthy Growth

Globally, there has been an increase in the frequency of landslides which is the result of slope failures. The combination of high intensity rainfall and high temperature resulted in the formation of acidic soil which is detrimental to the healthy growth of plants. Proper plant coverage on slopes is a prerequisite to mitigate and rehabilitate the soil. However, not all plant species are able to grow in marginal land. Thus, this study was undertaken to find a suitable slope plant species. We aimed to evaluate the effect of different soil pH on root profiles and growth of three different potential slope plant species namely, Melastoma malabathricum, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Syzygium campanulatum. M. malabathricum showed the highest tolerance to acidic soil as it recorded the highest plant height and photosynthetic rate. The root systems of M. malabathricum, H. rosa-sinensis and S. campanulatum were identified as M, VH- and R-types, respectively. The study proposed M. malabathricum which possessed dense and shallow roots to be planted at the toe or top of the slope while H. rosa-sinensis and S. campanulatum to be planted in the middle of a slope. S. campanulatum consistently recorded high root length and root length density across all three types of soil pH while M. malabathricum showed progressive increase in length as the soil pH increased. The root average diameter and root volume of M. malabathricum outperformed the other two plant species irrespective of soil pH. In terms of biomass, M. malabathricum exhibited the highest root and shoot dry weights followed by S. campanulatum. Thus, we propose M. malabathricum to be planted on slopes as a form of soil rehabilitation. The plant species displayed denser rooting, hence a stronger root anchorage that can hold the soil particles together which will be beneficial for slope stabilization.

Associations Between Productivity, Root Growth and Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Phaseolus vulgaris Under Water Deficit

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW White ◽  
JA Castillo ◽  
J Ehleringer
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Rainfed Conditions

Recent theoretical and empirical studies have indicated that isotopic discrimination against 13C (Δ) during photosynthesis in C3 plants reflects variation in intercellular CO2 concentration (ci). Under water deficit, cultivar differences in Δ may indicate differences in leaf gas exchange characteristics. Cultivar differences in Δ may also result indirectly from genetic variation in root characteristics affecting the level of water stress experienced by the canopy. Differences in root growth affecting the degree of dehydration postponement could prolong gas exchange activity and the maintenance of relatively high ci and Δ. To evaluate relations between root growth, productivity and Δ in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Δ and crop growth parameters, including biomass production, grain yield and root length density, were determined for ten bean genotypes grown under rainfed conditions at two sites in Colombia which differed primarily in soil fertility and effective rooting depth. The 10 genotypes were also grown under irrigation at the more fertile site. Under rainfed conditions, root length density was positively correlated with Δ in the fertile Mollisol at Palmira, and was also positively correlated with Δ in the infertile Oxisol at Quilichao if one possibly abberent genotype was excluded. At Palmira, reduced crop growth and seed yield were associated with low Δ values. At Quilichao, intermediate Δ values were associated with the greatest growth and yield. Under irrigation at Palmira there was no association between growth or yield and Δ.

An evaluation of the minirhizotron technique for estimating root distribution in potatoes

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Parker ◽  
M. K. V. Carr ◽  
N. J. Jarvis ◽  
B. O. Puplampu ◽  
V. H. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Core Sampling ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
Poor Soil ◽  
Made In

SUMMARYThe minirhizotron technique was evaluated for estimating root length density in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum‘Record’) by comparing observations in angled 45° glass tubes with corresponding root length densities obtained by (a) destructive core sampling, and from (b) counts of root tips on the soil face of excavated trenches. Measurements were made in a field experiment in Bedfordshire, UK, in 1985, with shallow and deep cultivation as variables, and in a glasshouse trial.Only at depths below 0·3 m did root lengths observed with minirhizotrons reflect at all closely those estimated from core sampling and even then there was a tendency to overestimate root density. In the surface cultivated layers, where 80–90% of the total root length was present, results from minirhizotrons were unreliable, probably because of poor soil–tube contact and, in soils which shrink on drying, preferential root growth at the interface between the soil and the glass.Minirhizotrons can provide a realistic estimate of the rate of root growth of potatoes with depth over time when compared with maximum depths of water extraction, but appear to be unreliable for providing a quantitative measure of total root length density.

scholarly journals ROOT GROWTH OF CHINESE JUNIPER DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS AFTER PLANTING

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1064e-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Michael E. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Root Spread

Shoot and root growth were measured on Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.) Var. `Torulosa', `Sylvestris', `Pfitzeriana' and `Hetzii' 1, 2 and 3 years after planting into a simulated landscape from 10-liter black plastic containers. Mean diameter of the root system increased quadratically averaging 1, 2 m/year; whereas, mean branch spread increased at 0, 33 m/year, Three years after planting, root spread was 2, 75 times branch spread and roots covered an area 5.5 times that covered by the branches. Percentage of total root length located within the dripline of the plants remained fairly constant (71-77%) during the first 3 years following planting. Root length density per unit area increased over time but decreased with distance from the trunk. In the first 2 years after planting shoot weight increased faster than root `weight. However, during the third year after planting, the root system increased in mass and size at a faster rate than the shoots. Root length was correlated with root weight within root-diameter classes, Root spread and root area were correlated with trunk area, branch spread and crown area.

scholarly journals Effects of tillage on soil physical properties and root growth of maize in loam and clay in central China  

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ji ◽  
Y. Zhao ◽  
X. Mu ◽  
K. Liu ◽  
C. Li
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Central China ◽  
Deep Tillage

Subsoil compaction can result in unfavourable soil physical conditions and hinder the root growth of maize. The effects of deep tillage and conventional tillage on soil physical properties and root growth of maize were studied during 2010&ndash;2011 at two sites (loam at Hebi and clay at Luohe) in central China. The results showed that soil penetration resistance, bulk density, water content and root length density were significantly affected by tillage, soil depth and year. Deep tillage had lower penetration resistance and lower soil bulk density, but higher soil water content than conventional tillage across years and depths. Averaged over the whole soil profile, deep tillage not only significantly decreased penetration resistance and soil bulk density, but significantly increased soil water content and root length density on loam, while deep tillage only significantly increased the root length density on clay. We conclude that deep tillage on the loam is more suitable for the root growth of summer maize.

ROOT DISTRIBUTION OF AND WATER UPTAKE BY FIELD-GROWN BARLEY IN A BLACK SOLOD

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. SOON
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Uptake Rates

A field study was conducted in 1984 and 1985 to determine the spatial distribution with time of root length density of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growing in a Black Solod in northwestern Alberta. The weakly solonetzic Bnt horizon present in the solodic soil appeared not to inhibit root growth, and roots were present to 90 cm depth of soil. Drought in 1985 reduced root growth in general, and in particular in the surface soil (0 – 15 cm depth) between crop rows. Root growth in both years continued well after ear emergence and attained a maximum total length (14.5 and 9.5 km m−2 in 1984 and 1985, respectively) some time into grain-filling. Water uptake rates of up to 1.3 cm3 m−1 d−1 were observed; this maximum rate was associated with younger roots in the 60- to 90-cm depth in 1984. Low availability of subsoil water in 1985, however, resulted in low root density and water uptake rates in the 60- to 90-cm depth. The weighted mean uptake rate for the entire root system was slightly more than 0.4 cm3 m−1 d−1 in 1984 and about half that in 1985. Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., solonetzic soil, water inflow, root growth, root length density

Tillage-induced differences in the growth and distribution of wheat-roots

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
KY Chan ◽  
JA Mead
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Direct Drilling

Root growth and distribution of wheat under different tillage practices was studied in a 4-year-old tillage experimental site at Cowra, N.S.W. Tillage affected root density as well as distribution. Up to 98 days after sowing, root length density was lower (P < 0.05) in the 0.05-0.10 m layer of the direct-drilled soil than the conventionally cultivated soil. Poor root growth found in direct-drilled soils, which was significantly related to the poor shoot growth, was not caused by soil physical conditions, viz. higher bulk density and soil strength. Rather, biological factors were involved because fumigation completely eliminated the poor shoot growth and significantly increased root length density of the direct drilled soils. Compared to a compaction treatment, roots grown under direct drilling, in addition to having lower density, also had impaired function. Under conventional cultivation, significantly lower root length density was found in the surface soil layer (0-0.05 m) and maximum root length density was found in the 0-05-0.10 m layer. Fumigation did not change the root distribution pattern. This tillage-induced difference in root distribution reflected less favourable surface soil conditions as a result of cultivation, e.g. seedbed slumping, compared to the soil under direct drilling.

Root characteristics of vigorous wheat improve early nitrogen uptake

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingtan Liao ◽  
Jairo A. Palta ◽  
Ian R. P. Fillery
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Mapping Technique ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Root Characteristics

Root growth is important for the acquisition of nitrogen (N) and water in deep sandy soil profiles with high leaching potential. Root growth characteristics and the N uptake of wheat genotypes differing in early vigour were investigated in 2 glasshouse experiments. In both experiments the vigorous breeding lines Vigor18 and B18 and the well-adapted commercial cultivar Janz were grown in glass-walled growth boxes in a controlled-temperature glasshouse up to the onset of stem elongation. In Expt 1, rooting parameters and detailed measurements of root growth and proliferation were made at 2-day intervals using a root mapping technique. In Expt 2 the glass-walled growth boxes were segmented into upper (0–0.2 m), middle (0.2–0.7 m), and bottom (0.7–1.0 m) soil layers, and the contribution of N fertiliser uptake by roots from each soil layer to the total plant N uptake was determined by applying 15N-urea to a single soil layer each time. The accumulated total root length across the soil profile from the 1-leaf stage to the onset of stem elongation was 33–83% higher in the vigorous lines Vigor18 and B18 than in Janz. The roots of the 3 genotypes grew vertically down the soil profile at a similar rate, but the roots of vigorous lines branched earlier and grew horizontally faster and more extensively than those of cv. Janz, resulting in a greater root-length density and root number in the top 0.7-m soil layer. Uptake of N fertiliser by roots in the upper 0–0.2 m of the soil profile was 60–68% higher in the vigorous lines than in Janz. Roots of the vigorous lines located in the segment 0.2–0.7 m of the soil profile captured twice as much N fertiliser than those of Janz. Uptake of N fertiliser by roots in the lower 0.7–1.0 m of the soil profile was similar in the vigorous lines and Janz. This indicates that the early and more extensive horizontal growth of the roots in the 0.2–0.7 m of the soil profile was responsible for the superior uptake of N by the vigorous lines. The implications of these genotypic differences in root growth and proliferation and their relationship with the early acquisition of N are discussed with emphasis on their role in improving the efficiency of N fertiliser uptake and reducing nitrate leaching, particularly in the sandy soils of the Mediterranean climatic region of Australia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document