scholarly journals A Comparative Morphological Approach to Class Maintaining Derivational Affixes in English and Kurdish

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Muhsin Hama Saeed Qadir ◽  
Saza Ahmed Fakhry Abdulla
Keyword(s):  
Concrete Noun ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Ordinal Numbers ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Morphological Approach ◽  
Concrete Nouns ◽  
Similarity And Difference

This paper is a comparative morphological study of some class maintaining derivational affixes that do not alter the grammatical categories lexemes in Standard English and Central Kurdish from the standpoints of Generative Morphology. For the comparative analysis of the two languages, some of the derivational affixes that form new meanings from the existing lexemes and retain the grammatical categories of the newly derived lexemes have been classified. The main aim of the study is to identify the points of similarity and difference of class maintaining derivational affixes in both languages. The findings indicate that in the addition of nominal affixes, English and Kurdish are similar in that ‘concrete nouns’ could remain concrete nouns, as well as could convert into abstract nouns by adding certain affixes. In English, a prefix can also be added to a concrete noun to derive a new concrete noun, whereas in Kurdish, only a prefix can be added to an abstract noun to form a concrete noun. In the addition of adjectival affixes, both languages are similar in that adjectives can derive new adjectives by attaching some prefixes and some suffixes to the existing lexemes. In English, the cardinal numbers remain cardinals when the suffixes –teen and –ty are attached to them, whereas in Kurdish the only rare case can be seen when the suffix –a is attached to the two cardinal numerals hawt/ haft ‘seven’ and hašt ‘eight’. The suffixes –th in English and -(h)am and -(h)amin  in Kurdish can be attached to the cardinal numbers to form the ordinal numbers.

scholarly journals Morphological Criterion for Distinguishing between Abstract and Concrete Nouns: An Experimental Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 163 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-129
Author(s):  
Yu.A. Volskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
English Language ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Index Number ◽  
Morphological Criterion ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Concrete Nouns ◽  
The Russian Language

In this paper, the problem of using a morphological criterion for distinguishing between abstract nouns and other lexico-grammatical categories of the Russian language was studied. The experimental data were obtained as part of the work on compiling an electronic semantic dictionary of Russian abstract nouns with the help of the methodology used to create a similar dictionary for the English language. To date, the dictionary has had 1000 entries, each provided with the abstractness/concreteness index number. During the study, the nouns with the highest degree of abstractness (from 3.5 to 5) were selected. Based on the Large Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.A. Kuznetsov and the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by D.N. Ushakov, the plural forms of these nouns and their usage were analyzed. It was revealed that the plural forms of the nouns under consideration can be used in at least one meaning. It was also discovered that the morphological criterion for distinguishing between the lexico-grammatical categories of concreteness/abstractness is not stable and, therefore, turns out to be inapplicable to a number of words.

The development of noun definitions: a metalinguistic analysis

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty McGhee-Bidlack
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Concrete Noun ◽  
Abstract Noun ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Concrete Nouns ◽  
The Way

ABSTRACTDefining is a metalinguistic skill. This study charts the development of the ability to define. A total of 120 participants (40 at each of the ages of 10, 14 and 18 years) defined eight concrete and eight abstract nouns. Each definition was coded to identify the types of responses present in it. Results indicate that there are significant differences in the way concrete and abstract nouns are defined. All three age-groups defined concrete nouns mainly by class and characteristic responses. But it was not until age 18 that abstract nouns were defined by class and characteristic responses. The development of abstract noun definitions follows the development of concrete noun definitions. The ability to define is dependent upon knowledge of the meaning of the word but it is also dependent upon implicit or explicit knowledge of the definitional form. The ability to define abstract nouns is a late developing metalinguistic skill.

scholarly journals Comparative Approach to Class Changing Derivational Affixes in English and Kurdish

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-121
Author(s):  
Saza F. Abdulla ◽  
Mohsin H. S. Qadir
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Similarity And Difference

This paper is an analytical comparative morphological study of class changing of some of derivational affixes in Standard English and Central Kurdish from the standpoints of Generative Morphology. For the analysis, this work relies heavily on the identification of various class changing affixes between the two languages under study. The main goal is to identify the points of similarity and difference of class changing affixes that change the grammatical categories and the lexical meaning of the existing lexemes. The findings show that English and Kurdish are similar in the formation of nominal and adjectival affixes where certain lexemes can change the lexical categories and the meaning of the newly derived words. In English, in the formation of verbal affixes, a ‘noun’ and an ‘adjective’ can be converted into a ‘verb’ by adding certain prefixes and suffixes. While in Kurdish, no new lexemes can be formed from the root of the verb since the internal structure of the verbs in Kurdish works differently compared to English. In Kurdish, the suffix -a is attached to some cardinal numerals to derive a new noun, whereas in English, no newly derived nouns can be formed by numerals. English and Kurdish are different in the formation of new adverbial affixes. In English, certain adjectives and nouns can derive certain types of adverbs while in Kurdish these lexical categories are unable to derive adverbs by attaching certain derivational affixes.

Are Emotions Abstract or Concrete?

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 315-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Xu ◽  
Chunyan Kang ◽  
Kaia Sword ◽  
Taomei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
N400 Amplitude ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Concrete Nouns ◽  
Emotion Concepts ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract. The ability to identify and communicate emotions is essential to psychological well-being. Yet research focusing exclusively on emotion concepts has been limited. This study examined nouns that represent emotions (e.g., pleasure, guilt) in comparison to nouns that represent abstract (e.g., wisdom, failure) and concrete entities (e.g., flower, coffin). Twenty-five healthy participants completed a lexical decision task. Event-related potential (ERP) data showed that emotion nouns elicited less pronounced N400 than both abstract and concrete nouns. Further, N400 amplitude differences between emotion and concrete nouns were evident in both hemispheres, whereas the differences between emotion and abstract nouns had a left-lateralized distribution. These findings suggest representational distinctions, possibly in both verbal and imagery systems, between emotion concepts versus other concepts, implications of which for theories of affect representations and for research on affect disorders merit further investigation.

The Natural Numbers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øystein Linnebo
Keyword(s):  
Natural Number ◽  
Peano Arithmetic ◽  
Number Sequence ◽  
Natural Numbers ◽  
Ordinal Numbers ◽  
Cardinal Numbers

How are the natural numbers individuated? That is, what is our most basic way of singling out a natural number for reference in language or in thought? According to Frege and many of his followers, the natural numbers are cardinal numbers, individuated by the cardinalities of the collections that they number. Another answer regards the natural numbers as ordinal numbers, individuated by their positions in the natural number sequence. Some reasons to favor the second answer are presented. This answer is therefore developed in more detail, involving a form of abstraction on numerals. Based on this answer, a justification for the axioms of Dedekind–Peano arithmetic is developed.

Type-raising operations on cardinal and ordinal numbers in Quine's “New foundations”

1973 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ward Henson
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Initial Segment ◽  
Initial Section ◽  
Ordinal Numbers ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Basic Facts ◽  
Image Position ◽  
The Axiom Of Choice ◽  
Increasing Function ◽  
Standard Operations

In this paper we develop certain methods of proof in Quine's set theory NF which have no counterparts elsewhere. These ideas were first used by Specker [5] in his disproof of the Axiom of Choice in NF. They depend on the properties of two related operations, T(n) on cardinal numbers and U(α) on ordinal numbers, which are defined by the equationsfor each set x and well ordering R. (Here and below we use Rosser's notation [3].) The definitions insure that the formulas T(x) = y and U(x) = y are stratified when y is assigned a type one higher than x. The importance of T and U stems from the following facts: (i) each of T and U is a 1-1, order preserving operation from its domain onto a proper initial section of its domain; (ii) Tand U commute with most of the standard operations on cardinal and ordinal numbers.These basic facts are discussed in §1. In §2 we prove in NF that the exponential function 2n is not 1-1. Indeed, there exist cardinal numbers m and n which satisfyIn §3 we prove the following technical result, which has many important applications. Suppose f is an increasing function from an initial segment S of the set NO of ordinal numbers into NO and that f commutes with U.

scholarly journals Trudności w opanowaniu odmiany liczebników w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego na przykładzie studentów ukraińsko i rosyjskojęzycznych.

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Ольга Попова
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Ordinal Numbers ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Causes Of Errors ◽  
Syntactic Relations

The aim of this paper is to describe the most common errors made by Ukrainian- and Russian-speaking people while learning infl ection of numerals for person and their causes. The applied comparative method permits a closer look at formal and syntactic relations as well as collocations of numerals and specifi c lexeme classes (this regards primarily agreement between cardinal numbers and masculine personal verbs, compound structures with the numeral jeden (one) and numerals showing adjectival infl ection). This study concentrates on a comparison of cardinal and ordinal numbers in Ukrainian, Russian and Polish, which allowed an analysis of the causes of errors made while learning the infl ection of numerals by Ukrainian- and Russian-speaking students.

scholarly journals A Corpus Stylistic Analysis of Abulhawa's the Blue between Sky and Water

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 83-93
Author(s):  
Zahoor Hussain ◽  
Samiullah Khan ◽  
Muhammad Ajmal
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Concrete Nouns ◽  
Corpus Stylistics ◽  
Method Approach ◽  
Shed Light

Palestinian literature received significance after Nakba (1948 Palestine-Israel war) and Naksa (1967 Arab-Israel war) and it laid an impact on Palestinian writers and there emerged a new form of literature called Palestinian American literature which got recognition in the 1990s internationally. After Nakba and Naksa many Palestinian families migrated to America. These Palestinians wrote literature in English that is called Palestinian-American literature. The aim of the stylistic analysis of Abulhawa's work to trace out how the writer constructs reality through lexical categories. This thesis also analyzes the work of Palestinian-American writer Abulhawa's novel, The Blue between Sky and Water, and focuses specifically on how the writer achieves her aims. At the same time, this stylistic analysis of The Blue between Sky and Water shed light on the use of Arabic words in English fiction which represent the culture and identity of the Palestinian nation. It explores the dilemma of Palestine that they become a foreigner in their native land. The researcher employed a mixed-method approach to conduct the present study. The researcher used Corpus stylistics tools to analyze the novel. The researcher traced around 6288 concrete nouns and 1634 abstract nouns from the sample respectively. The extensive use of concrete nouns showed that the main purpose of the writer was to get homeland and this piece of writing was not only art for art sake rather art for life's sake. The researcher traced out around 1400 adjectives from the sample of study.

Word-Pair Encoding Using Similarity and Contrastive Processing

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1267-1275
Author(s):  
W. Daniel Phillips ◽  
Michael L. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Word Pair ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Recall Accuracy ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Concrete Nouns ◽  
Processing Effects ◽  
Semantic Encoding

Two experiments examined the effects of several kinds of incidental semantic encoding on cued recall through instructions to find similarities or to find differences between pairs of nouns, with and without imagery instructions. Exp. 1 employed concrete and abstract nouns which were related or unrelated in meaning. Processing effects on a subsequent cued recall task occurred only for unrelated concrete items, with finding similarities leading to higher recall. In Exp. 2, two groups of subjects processed unrelated concrete nouns with the same encoding instructions as in Exp. 1. Two additional groups carried out the similarity or contrastive task by forming images containing both items. Again, recall was higher when similarity processing was employed. The addition of imagery instructions affected encoding time but not recall accuracy or response latency. Results suggested that forming a meaningful associative relationship between pair members was the crucial encoding step for successful memory performance.

scholarly journals A Short Research on the use of Selectional Restriction Violations among Lyrics

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
- Lugaoqiang ◽  
Zhang Liu ◽  
Xiao Han
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Noam Chomsky ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Art Form ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Writing Skill ◽  
Concrete Nouns ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

Songs, along with poetry, short stories, novels, and dramas, belong to the language of humanity (literary language). As an art form that began to be popular in the last century, it has come into the view of linguists more frequently today.Between its lines, vivid expressions such as “city can sleep”, “animals can talk to each other” and “memory can dance” often appear. This abnormal writing skill refers to a unique linguistic phenomenon ------ Selective Restriction Violation(SRV) explained by Noam Chomsky and is often associated with “metaphor” according to generative grammarians and cognitive linguists. In this research article, 10 representative sentences from popular musics’ list in recent years were selected in order to explore more about this phenomenon in music field. After a detailed analysis, it is found that it appears frequently and The author prefers to use the technique of “replacing concrete nouns with abstract nouns”(9 from all 10 sentences) although it is a special linguistic phenomenon. The underlying reason for writing in this way might be that metaphorical expressions can not only make the sentence more vivid, but also help readers more accurately understand the ideas which authors want to express.

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