Learning to Write Titles for Research Articles

The article discusses the basic guidelines for writing titles of articles intended for publication in scientific journals. The relevance of the topic touched upon in this article is due to the fact that currently teachers are faced with the need to train master degree students at both linguistic and non-linguistic faculties to write scientific articles in English. The title is a very important part of the article, since it presents in a concise form the main information about the content of the publication. A well-formulated title can interest the reader and make him or her eager to read the article. On the contrary, titles which are too complicated to understand, cumbersome, and vague are unlikely to attract attention and arouse the interest of a potential reader. The aim of the study is to provide an overview of guidelines for writing titles that can be found in the English-language literature. The author also analyzes the typical mistakes that Russian-speaking authors make when writing titles of articles in English. Research methods include analysis, description, observation, comparison. The results of the study showed that the most common causes of errors in the formulation of titles are linguistic interference and ignorance of the peculiarities of the English-speaking communicative culture related to written communication in the scientific field. It is concluded that the course «Written academic communication in English» should be included in the Master course program, which will familiarize students with the main features of scientific articles in English and teach future authors to correctly formulate the titles of their publications.

Modelling of the Electron Density and Total Electron Content in the Quiet and Solar X-ray Flare Perturbed Ionospheric D-Region Based on Remote Sensing by VLF/LF Signals

Many analyses of the perturbed ionospheric D-region and its influence on the propagation of ground-based and satellite signals are based on data obtained in ionospheric remote sensing by very low/low frequency (VLF/LF) signals. One of the most significant causes of errors in these analyses is the lack of data related to the analysed area and time period preceding the considered perturbation. In this paper, we examine the influence of the estimation of the quiet ionosphere parameters on the determination of the electron density (Ne) and total electron content in the D-region (TECD) during the influence of a solar X-ray flare. We present a new procedure in which parameters describing the quiet ionosphere are calculated based on observations of the analysed area by a VLF/LF signal at the observed time. The developed procedure is an upgrade of the quiet ionospheric D-region (QIonDR) model that allows for a more precise analysis of the D-region intensively perturbed by a solar X-ray flare. The presented procedure is applied to data obtained in ionospheric remote sensing by the DHO signal emitted in Germany and received in Serbia during 30 solar X-ray flares. We give analytical expressions for the dependencies of the analysed parameters on the X-ray flux maximum at the times of the X-ray flux maximum and the most intense D-region perturbation. The results show that the obtained Ne and TECD are larger than in the cases when the usual constant values of the quiet ionosphere parameters are used.

Effect of Categorizing EFL Shaqra University Students' Writing Errors on Writing Improvement

This paper aims at using a strategy of categorizing EFL Shaqra University students' writing errors and identifying its effect in improving students' writing. The study hypothesized that categorizing students' errors into main headings related to the types of error, frequencies of error, examples of errors, and causes of errors will provide precise insight into the nature of students' errors. Moreover, providing students with models to read and extract the difficult vocabularies from them, understanding their meanings, and using them in their writing will improve students' writing. Hence, the researcher gave 65 female students a title to write about in lecture number one as a pre-test. The title was "women driving in Saudi Arabia", and in lecture number eleven, she gave them a post-tester in the same title after applying the hypothesized teaching strategy. The findings of students' essay analysis in the pre-test proved that students had many grammatical and lexical mistakes but in the post-test the students writing improved significantly in terms of style, diction, developing ideas, spelling, and punctuation. Even their errors decreased from 936 errors in the pre-test to 57 errors in the post-test which indicates the success of the teaching strategy adopted by the researcher. Accordingly, the researcher recommended that: firstly, instructors should categorize their students' writing errors to have a clear insight into the nature of their students' errors hence specifying much time in explaining the areas of students' weaknesses. Secondly, instructors should provide students with a well-written model to read; and then ask them to criticize those reading models. The students will learn through criticizing and imitating the style of reading models. Moreover, the instructors of Shaqraa should specify much time explaining morphology since it was the branch that the students make many errors in it.

Prediction of College Students’ Employment Rate Based on Gray System

College students’ employment is affected by many factors such as economy and policy, which makes the prediction error of college students’ employment rate large. In order to solve this problem, a prediction method of college students’ employment rate based on the gray system is designed. Firstly, it analyzes the current research status of college students’ employment rate prediction, finds out the causes of errors, then collects the historical data of college students’ employment rate, fits the change characteristics of college students’ employment rate through the gray system, and establishes the prediction model of college students’ employment rate. Finally, the simulation test is realized by using the employment rate data of college students. The results show that the gray system can reflect the change characteristics of college students’ employment rate and obtain high-precision college students’ employment rate prediction results. The prediction error is less than that of other college students’ employment rate prediction methods. We achieved an average accuracy of 95.22% as compared to 92.3% and 87.7% of other proposed systems. The prediction results can provide some reference information for the university employment management department.

Ieskats TV žurnālistu valodas lietojumā (2019–2020)

As evidenced by the studies referred to in the introduction of the paper, television is the most popular mass medium both in Latvia and throughout the European Union, and it plays a key role in shaping the linguistic environment. Therefore, it is important that at least the speech of journalists and programme hosts on television corresponds to the norms of literary Latvian. Lately, viewers have been particularly concerned about the quality of language. The rather low quality of Latvian used in mass media stems from both the speech commonly used by the society and the journalists’ Latvian language skills. A knowledgeable journalist is regarded as an authority, and viewers put their trust in authoritative and erudite speech. However, journalists sometimes lack awareness of their role and influence on the wide audience watching, evaluating, and quoting them. Examples were gathered from the most popular television channels in Latvia that broadcast in Latvian – LTV1, TV3, Rīga 24TV, S-TV – and the following programmes: “Rīta Panorāma”, “900 sekundes” (broadcast on LNT in 2019), “TV3 Ziņas”, “Bez tabu”, “Tieša runa”, etc. The examples show that there are numerous errors, linguistic inaccuracies, and stylistic shortcomings, particularly regarding lexis. The aim of the paper is to focus on the most common errors, those being lexicostylistic errors and the widespread use of colloquial speech. Although a mixture of styles is common nowadays and colloquial speech has become an integral part of publicist style, its usage in TV programmes cannot always be justified. A short insight into new words coined by journalists is provided as well; however, these words are not included in dictionaries and are unlikely to become neologisms. The conclusion of the paper focuses on the causes of errors and advice regarding the improvement of the journalists’ language.

THE ESSENCE AND UNDERLYING CAUSES OF ERRORS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASS

Errors are an integral and natural part of learning a foreign language. However, they can sometimes be demotivating and lower one’s confidence, thus leading to decline in academic performance. At the same time, teachers are able to instil an optimistic attitude in their students by proper error correction.

An Analysis of Pronunciation Errors In Speaking of 2nd Semester Students of English Educate Department Universitas Bhinneka PGRI

In this study, researchers will examine students' problems in pronunciation errors in English and the causes of students' errors in English pronunciation. This study aims to determine the pronunciation errors and the causes of errors in pronunciation made by students in speaking English. This research is descriptive qualitative research that aims to describe students' pronunciation errors and the causes of students' pronunciation errors. The subjects of this study were second-semester students of the English language study program at the University of Bhinneka PGRI. The reason the researcher chooses this subject is the first subject that the researcher wants to examine and understand because there are some students who experience pronunciation errors and the researcher wants to know where the pronunciation errors are and what causes make their pronunciation errors. Based on the results of observations, the researchers found that students' problems in speaking English were in the vowel they were stamped. The results of the questionnaire that the researchers distributed from the entire 2nd-semester class, both class 2A and class 2B, totaling 44 students, received answers from 39 students. The results obtained from 10 interviews researchers can conclude that there are several causes of difficulty or pronunciation errors in semester 2 students at the Universitas Bhinneka PGRI including Mother Language and Personality.

Analyzing Elementary English Teachers’ Pronunciation Errors: Are We Intelligible?

Error analysis on students’ language performance has been massively discussed, yet few studies focused on teachers’ errors. Meanwhile, one of the main causes of students’ errors is the errors transferred from teachers. As the learners used to imitate their teachers sounds’ production, EFL teachers need to minimize errors when teaching at elementary school concerning the learners’ best period to acquire and learn a foreign language. The present study investigates EFL teachers’ pronunciation errors, specifically to find out the forms and causes of pronunciation errors in segmented vowels produced by the teachers. The research participants are 20 English teachers selected from various public and private elementary schools in Yogyakarta who were invited to pronounce 62 English words. The teachers were also required to fill out a questionnaire to find out external factors which are assumed can trigger the errors. The findings delineated that the teachers produced various forms of pronunciation errors in English vowels. The causes of errors lie in interlingual transfer, intralingual transfers, pronunciation differences between graphemes and sounds, hypercorrection, and words similarity. The external factors are also scrutinized, which include educational background and teachers’ lack of English practice. The study suggests that elementary EFL teachers in Indonesia should improve their pronunciation by frequently practicing and having intensive pronunciation training to teach better English to their learners.

Analisis Kesalahan dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Cerita Matematika ditinjau dari Gaya Belajar Siswa

This study aims to describe the errors and the causes of errors in solving mathematics word context problem in the topic of absolute value. Based on Newman’s Error Analysis terms of student’s lerning styles. Error analysis must continue to be carried out so that teachers know the types, causes, and solutions to overcome student errors. This type of research is descriptive qualitative.The research subjects of class X MIA 1 SMAN 1 Janapria academic year 2020/2021 were selected by purposive sampling. To deepen the research results, 2 students were selected from each type of learning style. Data collection techniques used are learning style questionnaire, diagnostic tests, and interviews. Data analysis technique used data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. Based on the results of the data is (i) students with visual learning style and audits mostly made errors in stage of transformation, process skill, and encoding. While students with kinesthetic learning style mostly made errors in stage of comprehension, transformation, process skill, and encoding, (ii) the causes of mistakes for both students with visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles are that students less understanding of the prerequisite lessons, cannot make mathematical models, and not know the steps to solve problems.

Wpływ współczesnych migracji terrorystycznych na bezpieczeństwo

The premise of this text is to analyze by means of selected examples the issues related to the broad definition of security, and modern and developing terrorist migration. Moreover, the aim of this paper is to approach the subject in question from the perspective of the current legal state by means of the formal and dogmatic method, but also by means of the method of criticism and analysis of the literature, which will allow a full understanding of the shape, functioning and causes of errors of modern security bodies. The above will influence the formulation of de lege ferenda postulates in the conclusion. The European Union is based on solid foundations. So how does globalisation, in its broadest sense, affect the world around us and the elementary values of the modern world? Modern terrorism, which strikes at the security of developed countries, is undoubtedly a global phenomenon that also sows fear for normal existence in one’s own country. Unrestricted, cross-border terrorist activity is leading to intra-community division. This is the result of internal conflicts over common values. The surveillance and detection of migrants from outside the European community who are criminals is becoming a more difficult task with time. This is due to the fact that terrorist organisations operate according to a well-defined plan, creating extensive networks and recruiting new members for their groups in many countries simultaneously. The fight against terrorism is being waged on Europe’s streets and in the homes and schools of its citizens. The struggle for security begins at the borders of European countries. What is crucial in this fight is the latest equipment and cooperation between security bodies, including the special services of all the countries of the European Union and NATO. It is essential to introduce appropriate legislation to limit the free movement of people who commit crimes and to develop methods to distinguish terrorists from economic migrants or refugees. The state must guarantee the security of its citizens and combat terrorism effectively.