scholarly journals Using Facebook Advertisements for Women’s Health Research: Methodology and Outcomes of an Observational Study

10.2196/31759 ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e31759
Author(s):  
Deeonna E Farr ◽  
Darian A Battle ◽  
Marla B Hall
Keyword(s):  
Health Research ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Survey Respondent ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Health Care Experiences ◽  
Recruitment Challenges ◽  
Survey Sample ◽  
Study Participants

Background Recruitment of diverse populations for health research studies remains a challenge. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these challenges by limiting in-person recruitment efforts and placing additional demands on potential participants. Social media, through the use of Facebook advertisements, has the potential to address recruitment challenges. However, existing reports are inconsistent with regard to the success of this strategy. Additionally, limited information is available about processes that can be used to increase the diversity of study participants. Objective A Qualtrics survey was fielded to ascertain women’s knowledge of and health care experiences related to breast density. This paper describes the process of using Facebook advertisements for recruitment and the effectiveness of various advertisement strategies. Methods Facebook advertisements were placed in 2 rounds between June and July 2020. During round 1, multiple combinations of headlines and interest terms were tested to determine the most cost-effective advertisement. The best performing advertisement was used in round 2 in combination with various strategies to enhance the diversity of the survey sample. Advertisement performance, cost, and survey respondent data were collected and examined. Results In round 1, a total of 45 advertisements with 5 different headlines were placed, and the average cost per link click for each headline ranged from US $0.12 to US $0.79. Of the 164 women recruited in round 1, in total 91.62% were eligible to complete the survey. Advertisements used during recruitment in round 2 resulted in an average cost per link click of US $0.11. During the second round, 478 women attempted the survey, and 87.44% were eligible to participate. The majority of survey respondents were White (80.41%), over the age of 55 years (63.94%), and highly educated (63.71%). Conclusions Facebook advertisements can be used to recruit respondents for health research quickly, but this strategy may yield participants who are less racially diverse, more educated, and older than the general population. Researchers should consider recruiting participants through other methods in addition to creating Facebook advertisements targeting underrepresented populations.

scholarly journals Using Facebook Advertisements for Women’s Health Research: Methodology and Outcomes of an Observational Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deeonna E Farr ◽  
Darian A Battle ◽  
Marla B Hall
Keyword(s):  
Health Research ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Survey Respondent ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Health Care Experiences ◽  
Recruitment Challenges ◽  
Survey Sample ◽  
Study Participants

BACKGROUND Recruitment of diverse populations for health research studies remains a challenge. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these challenges by limiting in-person recruitment efforts and placing additional demands on potential participants. Social media, through the use of Facebook advertisements, has the potential to address recruitment challenges. However, existing reports are inconsistent with regard to the success of this strategy. Additionally, limited information is available about processes that can be used to increase the diversity of study participants. OBJECTIVE A Qualtrics survey was fielded to ascertain women’s knowledge of and health care experiences related to breast density. This paper describes the process of using Facebook advertisements for recruitment and the effectiveness of various advertisement strategies. METHODS Facebook advertisements were placed in 2 rounds between June and July 2020. During round 1, multiple combinations of headlines and interest terms were tested to determine the most cost-effective advertisement. The best performing advertisement was used in round 2 in combination with various strategies to enhance the diversity of the survey sample. Advertisement performance, cost, and survey respondent data were collected and examined. RESULTS In round 1, a total of 45 advertisements with 5 different headlines were placed, and the average cost per link click for each headline ranged from US $0.12 to US $0.79. Of the 164 women recruited in round 1, in total 91.62% were eligible to complete the survey. Advertisements used during recruitment in round 2 resulted in an average cost per link click of US $0.11. During the second round, 478 women attempted the survey, and 87.44% were eligible to participate. The majority of survey respondents were White (80.41%), over the age of 55 years (63.94%), and highly educated (63.71%). CONCLUSIONS Facebook advertisements can be used to recruit respondents for health research quickly, but this strategy may yield participants who are less racially diverse, more educated, and older than the general population. Researchers should consider recruiting participants through other methods in addition to creating Facebook advertisements targeting underrepresented populations.

Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Submandibular Gland Preservation With Sialendoscopy for the Management of Sialolithiasis

2021 ◽  
pp. 019459982110268
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Acevedo ◽  
Ashley C. Hsu ◽  
Jeffrey C. Yu ◽  
Dale H. Rice ◽  
Daniel I. Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Submandibular Gland ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Markov Decision Model ◽  
The Cost

Objective To compare the cost-effectiveness of sialendoscopy with gland excision for the management of submandibular gland sialolithiasis. Study Design Cost-effectiveness analysis. Setting Outpatient surgery centers. Methods A Markov decision model compared the cost-effectiveness of sialendoscopy versus gland excision for managing submandibular gland sialolithiasis. Surgical outcome probabilities were found in the primary literature. The quality of life of patients was represented by health utilities, and costs were estimated from a third-party payer’s perspective. The effectiveness of each intervention was measured in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). The incremental costs and effectiveness of each intervention were compared, and a willingness-to-pay ratio of $150,000 per QALY was considered cost-effective. One-way, multivariate, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to challenge model conclusions. Results Over 10 years, sialendoscopy yielded 9.00 QALYs at an average cost of $8306, while gland excision produced 8.94 QALYs at an average cost of $6103. The ICER for sialendoscopy was $36,717 per QALY gained, making sialendoscopy cost-effective by our best estimates. The model was sensitive to the probability of success and the cost of sialendoscopy. Sialendoscopy must meet a probability-of-success threshold of 0.61 (61%) and cost ≤$11,996 to remain cost-effective. A Monte Carlo simulation revealed sialendoscopy to be cost-effective 60% of the time. Conclusion Sialendoscopy appears to be a cost-effective management strategy for sialolithiasis of the submandibular gland when certain thresholds are maintained. Further studies elucidating the clinical factors that determine successful sialendoscopy may be aided by these thresholds as well as future comparisons of novel technology.

scholarly journals 1300Associations between self-reported or measured anthropometric variables and cardiometabolic biomarkers in a Danish cohort

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Anja Olsen ◽  
Jytte Halkjær ◽  
Kristina Elin Nielsen Petersen ◽  
Anne Tjønneland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Anthropometric Indices ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Multivariable Regression Models ◽  
Metabolic Biomarkers

Abstract Background It is easy and cost-effective to ask study participants to self-report height and weight and self-reported anthropometry is therefore widely used in epidemiological studies. However, it is questioned to what degree self-reported adiposity indices are a solid proxy of measured indices in terms of estimates of health outcomes. The current study aimed to quantify the agreement between self-reported and measured anthropometrics, including height, weight, body mass index (BMI), weight circumference (WC), and weight-to-height ratio (WHtR) in a contemporary cohort of adults, and to assess whether anthropometric indices misreporting yielded inaccurate estimates of associations with cardiometabolic biomarkers. Methods Self-reported and measured anthropometric variables were obtained from the Diet, Cancer, and Health-Next Generation Cohort (n = 39,514). Pearson correlations and Lin’s concordance correlations evaluated the correlation between self-report and measured anthropometrics. Misreporting in relation to age, sex and smoking status was investigated. Multivariable regression models and ROC analyses were used to assess the associations of cardiometabolic biomarkers with self-reported and measured general obesity and abdominal obesity. Results Self-reported height was overreported by 1.07 cm, weight was underreported by 0.32 kg on average, which led to self-reported BMI 0.42 kg/m2 lower than measured. Self-reported and measured height, weight, BMI, WC and WHtR were highly correlated (r = 0.98, 0.99, 0.98, 0.88, 0.86, respectively). Associations between self-reported indices and cardiometabolic biomarkers were comparable to associations assessed with measured anthropometrics. Conclusions The self-reported anthropometric indices were reliable when estimating associations with metabolic biomarkers. Key messages This study found overall agreement between self-reported and measured anthropometric variables.

scholarly journals Measuring socioeconomic position in New Zealand

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Salmond ◽  
Peter Crampton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Socioeconomic Deprivation ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Individual Level

INTRODUCTION: Measures of socioeconomic position (SEP) are widely used in health research. AIM: To provide future researchers with empirically based guidance about the relative utility of five measures of SEP in predicting health outcomes. METHODS: Data from 12 488 adults were obtained from the 2006 New Zealand Health Survey. Seven health-related outcome measures with expected variations by SEP are modelled using five measures of SEP: a census-based small-area index of relative socioeconomic deprivation, NZDep2006; a questionnaire-based individual-level index of socioeconomic deprivation, NZiDep; an index of living standards, ELSI; education, measured by highest qualification; and equivalised household income. RESULTS: After including the individual measure of deprivation, the area-based measure of deprivation adds useful explanatory power, and, separately, the broader spectrum provided by the living standards index adds only a small amount of extra explanatory power. The education and household income variables add little extra explanatory power. DISCUSSION: Both NZiDep and ELSI are useful health-outcome predictors. NZiDep is the cheapest data to obtain and less prone to missing data. The area index, NZDep, is a useful addition to the arsenal of individual SEP indicators, and is a reasonable alternative to them where the use of individual measures is impracticable. Education and household income, using commonly used measurement tools, may be of limited use in research if more proximal indicators of SEP are available. NZDep and NZiDep are cost-effective measures of SEP in health research. Other or additional measures may be useful if costs allow and/or for topic-related hypothesis testing. KEYWORDS: Deprivation; inequalities; living standards; New Zealand; socioeconomic position

The use of hydroxyethyl cellulose as a transparent filling material in finishing polish

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jülide Erkmen
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hydroxyethyl Cellulose ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Alkyd Resins ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This study aims to propose a solution to decrease the environmental pollution caused by alkyd resins that harm the environment during their production and use. Design/methodology/approach A commercially produced polish formulation was used in the study. To reduce the use of this formulation in finishing polish, a water-saturated transparent solution of hydroxyethyl cellulose was used as a transparent filling material. Findings The use of hydroxyethyl cellulose at its optimum concentration in finishing polish only reduced the gloss by 0.027 per cent. The amount of alkyd was reduced by 24 per cent in weight. Research limitations/implications The literature contained highly limited information on this subject. No transparent filling material was found. Thus, no comparison can be made with other studies. Practical implications The results obtained from this study can help manufacturers in the polish industry to produce varnish in a more cost-effective and eco-friendly way. Originality/value Considerable amount of volatile organic compounds released into the atmosphere as a result of the use of solvent-based dye/varnishes in the woodworking industry alone proves the importance of water-based systems. The results of this study indicate both economic and environmental gain.

Abstract T P276: Transient Ischemic Attack Clinic Drives Superior Patient Outcomes While Reducing Cost

Stroke ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Woodard ◽  
Shelby Haschker
Keyword(s):  
Average Cost ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Clinic Visit ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Short Time Interval ◽  
Emergency Rooms ◽  
High Satisfaction ◽  
Ischemic Attack

It is estimated that 40% of all individuals that experience a TIA will ultimately suffer a stroke. As many as 50% of these patients will have a stroke within one week post TIA. Given the short time interval between TIA symptomology and stroke onset, immediate treatment is warranted. Historically treatment of TIA patients has taken place in emergency rooms and as hospital inpatients. A TIA clinic was established in 2011 as an alternative option to traditional TIA treatment. This clinic was designed to expedite diagnosis and treatment while reducing cost. Utilizing the ABCD2 tool, emergency department clinicians, PCPs and ophthalmologists referred low risk patients to the clinic. Clinic patients were scheduled to be seen in the clinic within 24-48 hours. All testing, stroke/TIA education, neurological consultation and secondary treatment plan were completed during the clinic visit. To date, the clinic has evaluated 137 patients. There have been no reports of stroke 90-days post clinic visit. Stroke rates post TIA are estimated to be as high as 17% after 3 months. This data supports the TIA clinic’s success in secondary stroke prevention. Patients seen in the clinic reported high satisfaction scores with the clinic and the care they received. It was initially hypothesized that the TIA clinic would provide care in a more cost effective way. A cost analysis was performed comparing TIA clinic costs and the cost of treating patients admitted to the hospital. Using fiscal year 2014 data, the average cost for treating a patient in the clinic was $423. The average cost for admitting a patient to the hospital was $1,464 per patient. The TIA clinic has shown that patients can receive timely treatment in a setting that produces the highest clinical outcomes, maintains patient satisfaction and reduces cost by 70%.

scholarly journals Rehabilitation Outcomes: Ischemic versus Hemorrhagic Strokes

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Perna ◽  
Jessica Temple
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Pathology ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Rehabilitation Outcomes ◽  
Level Of Functioning ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Brain

Background. Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes have different pathophysiologies and possibly different long-term cerebral and functional implications. Hemorrhagic strokes expose the brain to irritating effects of blood and ischemic strokes reflect localized or diffuse cerebral vascular pathology.Methods. Participants were individuals who suffered either an ischemic (n=172) or hemorrhagic stroke (n=112) within the past six months and were involved in a postacute neurorehabilitation program. Participants completed three months of postacute neurorehabilitation and the Mayo Portland Adaptability Inventory-4 (MPAI-4) at admission and discharge. Admission MPAI-4 scores and level of functioning were comparable.Results. Group ANOVA comparisons show no significant group differences at admission or discharge or difference in change scores. Both groups showed considerably reduced levels of productivity/employment after discharge as compared to preinjury levels.Conclusions. Though the pathophysiology of these types of strokes is different, both ultimately result in ischemic injuries, possibly accounting for lack of findings of differences between groups. In the present study, participants in both groups experienced similar functional levels across all three MPAI-4 domains both at admission and discharge. Limitations of this study include a highly educated sample and few outcome measures.

The Tensions of Unity: Challenges of Community-Centered Research

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Jianghong Li ◽  
Susan Shaw ◽  
Merrill Singer ◽  
Scott Clair
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Social Service ◽  
Health Research ◽  
African American Men ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Support Providers ◽  
Health Support ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Science And Research

Historically, there are numerous examples of how medical and other types of research have not adequately protected the interests of the community (of patients or others) that is studied. The most infamous example is the Tuskegee Project, which examined the progression of syphilis in a group of African-American men. Although improved treatment became available before the end of the project, the researchers chose to continue observing the progress of the disease rather than inform their study participants that effective treatment was now available. This sad story offers perhaps the most salient and now well-known example of how a community was mistreated in the name of science and research, but there are many other examples in the annuals of bioethics. As a result of such incidents, as well as many other factors, communities often view health research as "outsider-centered" rather than focusing on addressing their own needs. Further, "outsider-centered research" often is seen as taking something (e.g., data) away from the community to achieve "outsider" goals, rather than sharing findings with the community and contributing to community well-being. Given this historical context of human research, often conducted with a colonial sense of authority and indisputable importance, we can understand the mistrust of research that we regularly encounter in the communities we study. This mistrust is also present among frontline social service and health support providers, individuals who commonly come from and define them-selves as members of the communities they serve.

scholarly journals Ethics of Managing Unintended Consequences in Global Health Research: A Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa H Gren ◽  
Rachel Jaggi ◽  
Caren J Frost ◽  
Scott Benson
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Global Health Research ◽  
Elective Abortion ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Ghanaian Women

In a study of dietary supplementation among women in Ghana, a disproportionately high number of pregnant study participants were found to no longer be pregnant, leading researchers to suspect that the very early identification of pregnancy status made possible by study participation may have contributed to an elevated incidence of elective abortion among study participants. While abortion is legal in Ghana under certain circumstances, misinformation regarding its legality and persistent stigmatization result in many Ghanaian women choosing abortion methods that are unsafe and often illegal. While the study of the potential benefits of dietary supplementation during pregnancy initially appeared to pose very little risk to participants, the unintended and unforeseen consequence of unsafe abortions required researchers to reevaluate study protocol. In the following discussion of this case, we explore the ethical considerations researchers must address when unintended consequences emerge in global health research. 

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