scholarly journals Meta-Strategic Lobbying: The 1998 Steel Imports Case

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Brook
Keyword(s):  
Steel Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Governmental Response ◽  
Comparative Examination ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
The U.S

In 1998, the domestic steel industry in the United States devised and executed a complex and sophisticated effort to achieve an effective non-market response to a sudden, persistent, and damaging surge of imported steel. This campaign lasted until 2002, when President George W. Bush invoked Section 201 of the U.S. trade laws to impose tariffs on imports of most steel products. This case of the steel industry's trade policy campaign provides an opportunity to examine selected models of protection-seeking industries and lobbying to ask why and how the steel coalition achieved this extraordinary governmental response. These questions are explored though a descriptive case of the steel industry's protection-seeking campaign followed by a comparative examination of previous models of protection-seeking firms, and lobbying to achieve protectionist policies. A comparison with selected models of the determinants of protection-seeking and factors affecting lobbying strategies show that most, almost all, were present in the steel case. In fact, a meta-strategic approach that transcends the customary understanding of lobbying is suggested in a complex policy environment. Such an environment can be characterized by: the need to influence multiple governmental entities – legislative, regulatory, executive; the desire for multiple outcomes with varying levels of specificity – laws or resolutions, administrative rulings, policy choices; interactions between different levels and branches of government; employment of coordinated interrelated lobbying techniques; and simultaneity of these factors.

The United States, the International Criminal Court, and Afghanistan: The Rupturing of Mutual Accommodation

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1068-1107
Author(s):  
Kevin S. Robb ◽  
Shan Patel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
National Security ◽  
International Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Chief Prosecutor ◽  
The U.S

Abstract In September 2018, then U.S. National Security Advisor John Bolton delivered a speech that ushered in a new, more aggressive era of U.S. foreign policy vis-à-vis the International Criminal Court (icc). Washington’s disapprobation over the icc’s interest in the alleged crimes of U.S. personnel in Afghanistan has been seen as the cause for this change. While this is certainly partly true, little attention has been paid to Fatou Bensouda’s prosecutorial behaviour as an explanatory factor. Using the framework from David Bosco’s Rough Justice, this article demonstrates that a distinct shift in prosecutorial behaviour occurred when Fatou Bensouda took over as Chief Prosecutor. In contrast to Luis Moreno Ocampo’s strategic approach, avoidant of U.S. interests, Bensouda’s apolitical approach directly challenged the U.S. This shift in prosecutorial behaviour ruptured the ‘mutual accommodation’ that previously characterised the icc-U.S. relationship and, in turn, produced the shift in U.S. policy that now marginalises the Court.

Food or Fuel—Will We Have to Choose?

Worldview ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
Norman Rask
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Agricultural Resources ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
The U.S

Milton Freidman is said to have defined economics in its simplest form with the expression, “there is no such thing as a free lunch.” Recent energy price increases have raised the production cost of food, making that lunch even more expensive. In addition, high energy prices have created incentives for several countries to turn directly to agriculture as a source of energy, extracting alcohol from several crops, including sugar cane and corn. Continued political instability in the Middle East intensifies this interest in domestic alternatives to oil. But most countries do not have the agricultural ability to produce a significant portion of liquidfuel needs and still provide adequate food supplies. This raises concern about how agricultural resources should be used. The resulting food/fuel choice depends on a unique set of conditions in each country.The United States has a key role to play in both energy and food matters. The U.S. consumes almost a third of all petroleum produced in the world, imports almost 50 per cent of its domestic petroleum needs, and is the major exporter of agricultural products. The sheer magnitude of both the U.S.'demand for liquid fuels and its share of world agricultural trade makes U.S. policy choices on the food/fuel interface of critical importance domestically and in other areas as well.

scholarly journals Emergence of an early SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Zeller ◽  
Karthik Gangavarapu ◽  
Catelyn Anderson ◽  
Allison R. Smither ◽  
John A. Vanchiere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mardi Gras ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThe emergence of the early COVID-19 epidemic in the United States (U.S.) went largely undetected, due to a lack of adequate testing and mitigation efforts. The city of New Orleans, Louisiana experienced one of the earliest and fastest accelerating outbreaks, coinciding with the annual Mardi Gras festival, which went ahead without precautions. To gain insight into the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in the U.S. and how large, crowded events may have accelerated early transmission, we sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Louisiana. We show that SARS-CoV-2 in Louisiana initially had limited sequence diversity compared to other U.S. states, and that one successful introduction of SARS-CoV-2 led to almost all of the early SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Louisiana. By analyzing mobility and genomic data, we show that SARS-CoV-2 was already present in New Orleans before Mardi Gras and that the festival dramatically accelerated transmission, eventually leading to secondary localized COVID-19 epidemics throughout the Southern U.S.. Our study provides an understanding of how superspreading during large-scale events played a key role during the early outbreak in the U.S. and can greatly accelerate COVID-19 epidemics on a local and regional scale.

Detecting Healthcare Fraud and Abuse in the United States

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Jesilow ◽  
Bryan Burton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Corporate Behavior ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The U.S

Healthcare fraud involves wide-ranging illegal behaviors. It includes such activities as individual physicians who bill insurance companies or the government for services that were never provided, as well as corporate behavior, such as pharmaceutical companies that falsify clinical tests in order to get unsafe drugs approved for use. Thousands die each year in the United States due to these behaviors, including deaths from incorrectly prescribed medications or from tainted drugs that were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration based upon fraudulent testing and reporting. Thousands of additional patients likely are injured and killed by unnecessary surgeries performed by physicians who want to maximize their reimbursements. The illegal activities also add billions of dollars each year to the total healthcare cost in the U.S. Despite these costs, there is relatively little outrage as a result of the behaviors, largely because they remain hidden from public view. Healthcare fraud, as with almost all white-collar crime, is rarely detected and that prevents the frauds from becoming known to victims, law enforcement, and policy makers, which in turn prevents analysts from compiling a complete picture of the behaviors and prevents policymakers and law enforcement from developing efficient enforcement strategies. Moreover, the lack of detection assures perpetrators that they will get away with their crimes and limits the potential preventative effects of punishment. Lack of detection and reporting has been a particularly strong problem for those trying to control healthcare fraud and abuse in the United States and elsewhere. The enforcement mechanisms that have evolved have been strongly influenced by the difficulties of detecting the illegal behaviors.

The State-Based Factors Affecting Inward FDI Employment in the U.S.

2014 ◽  
pp. 85-103
Author(s):  
Lucyna Kornecki ◽  
E. M. Ekanayake
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The U.S

The descriptive part of this research focuses on the latest trends in U.S. inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and describes the U.S. inward FDI flows and stock as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and includes geographic and sectoral distribution of inward U.S. FDI. The important part of U.S. inward FDI profile relates to inward U.S. FDI employment and inward U.S. FDI financial flows, which include equity, reinvested earnings, and intercompany debt. The corporate players, Mergers and Acquisitions(M&A’s) and green field investment are discussed briefly. The empirical part of this research investigates state-based factors affecting the inward FDI employment among 50 states of the United States and is based on data collected by the Commerce Department’s Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). This study identifies several state-specific determinants of FDI employment. The results indicate that the major factors exerting positive impact on inward U.S. FDI employment are: real wages, infrastructure, unionization level, educational attainment, FDI stock, and manufacturing density. In addition, the results show that gross state product growth rate, real per capita taxes has negative impact on FDI employment.

scholarly journals Income Inequality Across the Rural-Urban Continuum in the United States, 1970-2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Thiede ◽  
Jaclyn L.W. Butler ◽  
David L. Brown ◽  
Leif Jensen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Metropolitan Counties ◽  
The U.S

Since the 1970s, the U.S. has experienced dramatic increases in income inequality. Although this macro-level trend is well-established in research literature, less is known about subnational patterns of income inequality in the U.S., particularly as they vary between and within rural and urban localities. Using Census and ACS data, this study produces Gini estimates of within-county income inequality and examines these trends across a six-strata urban-rural typology from 1970 to 2016. This study finds the following. Income inequality has remained consistently higher in nonmetropolitan counties than metropolitan counties throughout the study period. However, levels of inequality have converged by 2016, a convergence that has been driven by increases in metropolitan counties. There are notable exceptions to the secular trend of increasing inequality. The central Plains region has experienced decreasing levels of inequality, and inequality in large, peripheral metropolitan counties lags noticeably behind other types of counties. Almost all low-inequality counties in 1970 have shifted to moderate- or high-inequality, such that almost no one lives in low-inequality places by 2016. This increase in exposure to inequality has been particularly dramatic among residents of large, central metropolitan counties. As the only county-level analysis to track income inequality across the rural-urban continuum from 1970 to 2016, this study lays the foundation for more sophisticated analyses that explain spatial variation in income inequality and that account for the demographic and economic diversity of the rural and urban United States.

scholarly journals US footprint transformation in Iraq and Bagdad regime’s sustainability prospects

2021 ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Andrey Yevseenko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Regional Factors ◽  
The U.S

U.S. withdrawal from “forever wars” doesn't mean the complete drawdown of U.S. footprint in the Gulf region. That’s one reason why Iraqi political regime won't be toppled. The United States is going to minimize its military presence as well as make it safe for its military personnel. Nevertheless, the U.S. footprint in the Middle East is transforming and adapting for U.S. competition with “revisionist powers.” The United States intends to use their traditional foreign policy toolbox in this struggle. All typical U.S. foreign policy deficiencies, such as absence of the strategic approach, incoherence and lack of foresight, remain. Therefore, all key U.S. issues, which were set on Iraqi direction, will stay unresolved. Their scope and urgency will be contained by objective regional factors and limited U.S. competitors’ potential, not by American influence. 

scholarly journals A comparative examination of career and start-up expectations in South Korea, Ukraine, and the United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Sherrie Human ◽  
Thomas Clark ◽  
Charles H. Matthews ◽  
Julie Stewart ◽  
Candace Gunnarsson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Business Students ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Comparative Examination ◽  
Different Levels

Relatively few comparative studies have examined how perceptions across cultures might converge or diverge regarding careers in general and new venture careers in particular. Our research addresses this gap by providing a comparative study of career perceptions among undergraduate business students in three countries with different levels of experience with capitalism: Ukraine, South Korea, and the United States. Results suggest both surprising differences and interesting similarities between undergraduate students in the three countries with regard to how they perceive characteristics associated with entrepreneurial careers. Findings are discussed in the context of distinct differences and commonalities across cultures and implications for future research provided.

scholarly journals National power measurement (case study: Oceania, Europa and North America)

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 14020
Author(s):  
Samira Motaghi ◽  
Afshin Mottaghi ◽  
Dmitry Pletnev ◽  
Ekaterina Nikolaeva ◽  
Iuner Kapkaev
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Power Measurement ◽  
National Endowment ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
National Power ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Different Levels

There is co-relation between national endowment and acceding to the health industry. The national power of each country reflects the level of influence at different levels of political, economic, and so on in order to advance a country’s major goals. National power is not a mere abstraction, but the national power of a country is the result of a set of variables that all lead to the formation of a nation’s national power. This article focuses on the national strength of the Western European Union (EU) countries of the United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia and New Zealand. As the national power of states determines the extent of their interactions and levels, it is necessary to investigate and measure this issue. In this paper, using the descriptive-analytical and mathematical methods of SAV and TOPSIS and finally averaging these two methods to measure the factors affecting the national power of countries based on the nine components of national power (political, economic, social, cultural, Educational, transboundary, space, territorial and military science).The results show that the United States, Canada, Germany, France, Australia, Luxembourg, Sweden, and Denmark ranksfirst.

A Comparative Examination of Perceived Income Adequacy Among Young and Old in Sweden and the United States

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold L. Sheppard ◽  
Larry C. Mullins
Keyword(s):  
Older Persons ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
The United States ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
Income Adequacy ◽  
Monetary Unit ◽  
Perceived Income Adequacy ◽  
Comparative Examination ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACTThis research examines the comparative perceived income adequacy among older Swedes and older Americans. The persisting issue of ‘poverty’ and income adequacy, and the use of monetary-unit income (dollars, kroner, etc.) as a basis for determining levels of poverty or of income adequacy has severe limitations. In an attempt to simplify the problem of developing standard measures for different monetary-unit systems, i.e. between nations, this study utilises a typology of perceived income adequacy to examine, among older persons in Sweden, the extent to which they believe their incomes support a satisfying standard of living. Additionally, the research examines differences in income adequacy between the U.S. and Sweden. Results from the 1981 NCOA/Harris survey data in the U.S. are compared with findings from a representative survey of older Swedes conducted by SIFO in 1986. Among other results, it is found that for older Swedes only 20% feel financially hard-strapped, compared to 35% of older Americans. Discussion of this and other findings is included. Income adequacy of the elderly in Sweden should be of particular interest to policymakers in the U.S. because of the widely held belief that Sweden has achieved a level of income security beyond the ‘safety net’.

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