INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL DEMAND FOR CAR SHARING IN MATSUYAMA METROPOLITAN AREA FOCUSING ON THE COST OF VEHICLE OWNERSHIP AND USE

We present the vehicle routing problem with potential demands and time windows (VRP-PDTW), which is a variation of the classical VRP. A homogenous fleet of vehicles originated in a central depot serves customers with soft time windows and deliveries from/to their locations, and split delivery is considered. Also, besides the initial demand in the order contract, the potential demand caused by conformity consuming behavior is also integrated and modeled in our problem. The objective of minimizing the cost traveled by the vehicles and penalized cost due to violating time windows is then constructed. We propose a heuristics-based parthenogenetic algorithm (HPGA) for successfully solving optimal solutions to the problem, in which heuristics is introduced to generate the initial solution. Computational experiments are reported for instances and the proposed algorithm is compared with genetic algorithm (GA) and heuristics-based genetic algorithm (HGA) from the literature. The comparison results show that our algorithm is quite competitive by considering the quality of solutions and computation time.

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Car Sharing In a Compact City: Pinning Down the Benefits and Barriers

Passive Remote Study of the Aerosol in the Upper Atmosphere of the Earth ◽

10.47363/jeesr/2020(2)123 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Ralph Chapman ◽

◽

Lucia Sobiecki ◽

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Urban Development ◽

Full Advantage ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Policy Support ◽

Sustainable Transport ◽

Vehicle Ownership ◽

Compact City ◽

Car Sharing ◽

Transport Patterns

New Zealand’s sprawling urban development and high levels of car dependency have resulted in significant environmental impacts, including increased carbon emissions and pollution. Car sharing can support sustainable transport patterns by offering an alternative to private vehicle ownership. Internationally, it has become increasingly popular but is still in the early stages of development in New Zealand. A survey of 356 Wellington residents and interviews with 13 car share stakeholders collected data on interest in car sharing and barriers facing the service in New Zealand’s capital. The results suggest that car sharing could become an important mobility option in Wellington and further policy support for car sharing could enable Wellington to take full advantage of its benefits.

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Identifying and Predicting the Expenditure Level Characteristics of Car-Sharing Users Based on the Empirical Data

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11236689 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (23) ◽

pp. 6689 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sai ◽

Bi ◽

Xie ◽

Guan

Keyword(s):

Prediction Methods ◽

Multi Layer Perceptron ◽

Vehicle Ownership ◽

Car Sharing ◽

Positive Role ◽

Healthy Development ◽

User Management ◽

High Investment ◽

Management Method ◽

Scientific Decision

Car-sharing plays a positive role in reducing vehicle ownership and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the developmental contradictions between high investment and low revenues hinder the development of the car-sharing industry. Fully understanding car-sharing users can effectively ensure the healthy development of car-sharing companies and promote the development of the entire industry. To this end, this study attempts to develop a user management method that is based on user layering and prediction methods. By using order data from the Lan Zhou car-sharing company in China, this paper develops a clustering method for layering car-sharing users. A multi-layer perceptron model is also developed to categorize these users into different expenditure level categories while considering periodic features. Results show that new users can be divided into three categories according to their expenditures to car-sharing companies within 84 days. After 5 weeks of observation, the 84-day category of new users can be predicted with an accuracy of over 85%. These results provide scientific decision support for the user management and profitability of car-sharing companies.

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Electric Vehicle Fleets as Balancing Instrument in Micro-Grids

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14227616 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (22) ◽

pp. 7616

Author(s):

Giambattista Gruosso ◽

Fredy Orlando Ruiz

Keyword(s):

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Linear Optimization ◽

Car Sharing ◽

Distributed Resources ◽

Data Set ◽

System A ◽

Flexible Load ◽

Micro Grid ◽

The Cost ◽

Micro Grids

Micro-grids have become the building block of modern energy systems, where distributed resources are the characterizing feature. The charging operation of electric vehicles can be exploited as a flexible load to achieve operational goals of the micro-grid. In the particular case of car-sharing fleets, the degrees of freedom in the charging procedures are reduced when compared to private users. In this work, we illustrate how a car sharing fleet can be incorporated as a flexible load in the micro-grid management system. A linear optimization problem is formulated, where the cost function makes a trade-off between the gain in flexibility in the micro-grid and the loss incurred by the car-sharing service for delaying the recharging procedure of the EV. The proposed approach is evaluated on a data set of charging events generated by a real car-sharing fleet showing that the EMS allows reducing the daily peak demand requested to the public grid and diminishes the operational costs.

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A Contrastive Study on Travel Costs of Car-Sharing and Taxis Based on GPS Trajectory Data

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17249446 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (24) ◽

pp. 9446

Author(s):

Beibei Hu ◽

Yue Sun ◽

Huijun Sun ◽

Xianlei Dong

Keyword(s):

Market Competition ◽

Travel Cost ◽

Cost Calculation ◽

Cost Advantage ◽

Trajectory Data ◽

Car Sharing ◽

Travel Costs ◽

Gps Trajectory Data ◽

Gps Trajectory ◽

The Cost

The emergence and development of car-sharing has not only satisfied people’s diverse travel needs, but also brought new solutions for improving urban traffic conditions and achieving low-carbon and green sustainable development. In recent years, car-sharing has had competition with other ways of getting around, as the acceptance of car-sharing has grown, notably taxis. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore car-sharing travel costs advantages from the perspective of consumers and discover the competitive and complementary spaces between car-sharing and other modes. Therefore, taking Beijing as an example, this paper uses GPS trajectory data based on car-sharing orders to design a travel cost framework of car-sharing and taxis. We calculate and compare the travel cost difference between these two modes under different travel characteristics. The results indicate that car-sharing is a more economical way for consumers to travel for short or medium lengths of time, while people are more inclined to take taxis for distances of long duration. Compared with on workdays, at the weekend, the cost advantage of car-sharing is greater for long-distance trips. Moreover, the cost advantage of car-sharing increases gradually with the increase in travel distance. In addition, the travel costs of car-sharing and taxis are also affected by peak and off-peak traffic periods. Compared with off-peak periods, it is more cost-effective for travelers to take taxis during peak traffic periods for various travel distances. From the perspective of the travel cost, it is of great theoretical significance to discuss the substitution (market competition) and complementary relationship (market cooperation) between car-sharing and taxis in a detailed and systematic way. It provides methods and ideas for the comparative cost calculation of car-sharing and other travel modes. This paper also provides enlightenment and guidance for the development of car-sharing. Enterprises should implement differentiated pricing, designing different charging methods for different traffic periods, travel miles, and rental times, and set up additional stations in the surrounding areas of the city. Relevant government departments should also strictly manage the market access of car-sharing, and add or open car-sharing parking lots in centralized areas and for specific periods.

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Housing Market Access in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area: Between the Financial and the Pandemic Crises

Critical Housing Analysis ◽

10.13060/23362839.2020.7.2.515 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 58-72

Author(s):

Gonçalo Antunes ◽

João Seixas

Keyword(s):

Housing Market ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Market Access ◽

Urban System ◽

Spatial Justice ◽

Synthetic Indicators ◽

Price Increases ◽

External Variables ◽

The Cost ◽

Household Incomes

The Portuguese housing market underwent major transformations between 2010 and 2020. Until then, a delicate but resentful stability had long existed, with distorted rent schemes and low annual price increases proportional to the national economy and the income of the Portuguese population. After the financial crisis, several internal and external variables converged to dramatically change this scenario. In recent years, a growing number of researchers have centred their attention on the difficulties that the Portuguese urban middle-class populations are facing in trying to find homes. This paper analyses these challenges and their impact quantitatively, focusing on the affordability of housing for purchase or rent and considering synthetic indicators for average household incomes in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area between the beginning of 2016 and the end of 2019. The results show that the cost of buying or renting a house in the main Portuguese urban system has become much more detached from local incomes. The article concludes with reflections on the structural reasons for the enduring inequalities in the housing markets and the difficulties recognising territorial cohesion and spatial justice as important elements shaping urban and housing policies in Portugal.

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Techno-Economic Feasibility Study of Small Wind Turbines in the Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12050890 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 890 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Osvaldo Rodriguez-Hernandez ◽

Manuel Martinez ◽

Carlos Lopez-Villalobos ◽

Hector Garcia ◽

Rafael Campos-Amezcua

Keyword(s):

Wind Turbines ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Net Present Value ◽

Flow Analysis ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Social Penetration ◽

Small Wind Turbines ◽

The Cost

The use of small wind turbines (SWTs) is an alternative energy strategy with increasing potential for satisfying in situ electrical demands and should be studied to promote social penetration. The Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area (VMMA) has air pollution issues that need to be addressed. This has resulted in programs for monitoring atmospheric variables, such as wind speed. By selecting and using 3 years’ worth of available data, we developed a methodology to study the technical and economic feasibility of using SWTs in the VMMA. To this end, 28 SWT models were assessed at 18 locations to estimate annual energy production. In light of certain data characteristics, an adjustment to the power production was proposed for the specific case of using SWTs. Cash flow analysis and annualized net present value (ANPV) were used to determine economic feasibility for each location; furthermore, electric home feeds in the VMMA were considered to model local economic conditions. Similar wind conditions were observed within the VMMA; however, only two wind turbine and location models provided positive ANPV values. The extra annual benefit for each project was calculated by associating the cost per mitigation of CO2 emissions, which may provide an economic strategy for promoting the penetration of this technology.

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Exploring the Feasibility of Low Cost Technology in Rainfall Monitoring: The TREBOADA Observing System

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2019021005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ignacio Fraga ◽

Alberto Alvarellos ◽

José P. González-Coma

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Temporal Variability ◽

Low Cost ◽

Observation System ◽

Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽

Rain Gauges ◽

Gauge Data ◽

Meteorological Radar ◽

The Cost

In order to characterize the spatial and temporal variability of the rainfall, we have developed an observation system to monitor the precipitation over the metropolitan area of A Coruña. The observation system (called TREBOADA) consists of a network of rain gauges, comprising gauges operated by the regional weather agency and rain gauges deployed specifically for TREBOADA. The latter ones are built using low cost technology, which significantly reduces the cost of each gauge. Data from the rain gauges are combined with rain observations from the meteorological radar to produce high resolution rain products.

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Investigating County and Township Government in Michigan

American Political Science Review ◽

10.2307/1947349 ◽

1933 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 80-84

Author(s):

Arthur W. Bromage

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

School District ◽

Local Government ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Public Works ◽

State College ◽

Area 5 ◽

Economic Trends ◽

The Cost ◽

Township Government

In response to public criticism of the operation of local government in Michigan, particularly in units other than cities and villages, the legislature, by Act 156 of the Public Acts of 1931, authorized the governor to appoint a commission of inquiry into county, township, and school district government. The commission was instructed to give special attention to changes that would reduce the cost of maintenance of such governmental units and increase their efficiency; and authority was given to examine the files and records of any county, township, or school district in the state. The commission's membership consisted of Clarence L. Ayres of Detroit (chairman), C. E. Bement of Lansing, Judge P. C. Gilbert of Traverse City, M. B. McPherson of Lowell, and A. E. Petermann of Calumet. A legislative appropriation of $5,000 was supplemented by financial assistance from the University of Michigan, Michigan State College, the Detroit Bureau of Governmental Research, and the Spelman Fund of New York; and Dr. Lent D. Upson was chosen director of the survey. Committees utilized in the inquiry included those on (1) social and economic trends, (2) organization and cost of county and township government, (3) rural school government, (4) local government in the metropolitan area, (5) school government in the metropolitan area, (6) debt and taxation in local government, and (7) organization and administration of the following services: public welfare, public health, public works, and justice. The report of the commission went to Governor Wilber M. Brucker late in December, 1932, and the expert studies have been transmitted to the legislature during the current session. All will be available in a series to be known as Local Government in Michigan, and will be published as separate documents.

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Business models and cost analysis of automated valet parking and shared autonomous vehicles assisted by internet of things

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering ◽

10.1177/0954407021994445 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095440702199444

Author(s):

Junyan Chen ◽

Haibo Chen ◽

Jianbing Gao ◽

Kaushali Dave ◽

Romina Quaranta

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Business Models ◽

Financial Burden ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Autonomous Driving ◽

Car Sharing ◽

Cost Share ◽

Cost Structures ◽

The Cost

With the rapid development of autonomous vehicles, it is necessary to explore new business opportunities, especially under the assistance of internet of things, which accelerate the penetration in vehicle markets. Automated valet parking and shared autonomous vehicles will be the most active cases promoted by autonomous driving. In this paper, the business models of automated valet parking and shared autonomous vehicles were proposed, further, the cost structures of autonomous vehicles under two cases were investigated from points of car users and owners. In the business models, autonomous driving packages, internet of things devices, and service provider companies are considered as new stakeholders. The cost structure of automated valet parking users changes greatly, with the development of autonomous driving packages whose cost share decreases from ~60% to ~5%. The total cost of automated valet parking users is much higher than conventional parking before 2024. Additionally, the use of shared vehicles relieves financial burden, without trouble of periodical maintenance. For station-based and free-floating car sharing, the price drop of autonomous driving package brings about huge benefits for companies. Peer-to-peer car sharing business effectively decreases financial burden of car owners such that the decrease is less than 20% starting from 2017.

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