scholarly journals Numerical Games and Official's Achievements

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Qingyu Ma
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political System ◽  
County Level ◽  
Senior Leaders ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Common People ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Government

This case study describes the conditions under which some local Chinese officials may use annual statistics work to overstate their achievements in order to earn praise and promotions.Dan Jiangjou, a county-level city in Hubei province o China, reported that the average income of its villagers steadily increase since 1996. For this the county officials were praised and rewarded time and again. But behind this achievenet lies the plot o stretching the veracity of the numbers.This paper examines weaknesses in the system that have permitted the officials to falsely report the statistics: Agricultural statistics data is not derived from an independent agency; the measure of economic growth in the countryside is too closely tied to the measure of the achievement of the government officals; and the present political system is one of excessive centralization, keeping the professional future of the local officials under the control of the more senior leaders, as opposed to the common people who have elected them. These three factors have worked together to create a numbers game in Dan Jiangkou City. 

Zambia's Second Republic —the Establishment of a One-Party State

1974 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Pettman
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Political System ◽  
The State ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Common Enemy ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Party State

Zambia inherited a system of government and administration in 1964 which was ill-suited to the tasks of political development to which her new leaders were dedicated. What little national unity and mobilisation had been achieved in the independence struggle declined with the removal of the common enemy. The Government rested on a fragile base, without the support of agreed rules and practices to limit and contain conflict, and without adequate instruments available for the implementation of its policies. So the search began for a more suitable political system, which could cope with the new needs of independence, and provide for the stability of the state and the survival of the Government.

Shintō Shrines and Secularism in Modern Japan, 1890–1945

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-156
Author(s):  
Karli Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Secular Institution ◽  
The Government ◽  
Academic Discourses

From the late eighteenth century to WWII, shrine Shintō came to be seen as a secular institution by the government, academics, and activists in Japan (Isomae 2014; Josephson 2012, Maxey 2014). However, research thus far has largely focused on the political and academic discourses surrounding the development of this idea. This article contributes to this discussion by examining how a prominent modern Shintō shrine, Kashihara Jingū founded in 1890, was conceived of and treated as secular. It also explores how Kashihara Jingū communicated an alternate sense of space and time in line with a new Japanese secularity. This Shintō-based secularity, which located shrines as public, historical, and modern, was formulated in antagonism to the West and had an influence that extended across the Japanese sphere. The shrine also serves as a case study of how the modern political system of secularism functioned in a non-western nation-state.

Agrarian Policy and Instability in Porfirian Mexico

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Fithian Stevens
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Common People ◽  
Porfirio Diaz ◽  
Agrarian Policy ◽  
The People ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Revolution

In the struggle sustained from time immemorial by the people with the haciendas, I shall be on the side of the people, once I obtain power.— Porfirio Díaz, 1876Given the importance of rural unrest in the destabilizing of Porfirian Mexico, it seems at least ironic to find these words attributed to Díaz during his Tuxtepec revolt. And, given the attention paid to the repressive elements of the Díaz dictatorship, one might easily argue that Díaz never intended to fulfill that promise, vague though it may be. A number of works seem to blame Díaz personally for the land problem which lead to his overthrow. Others maintain that Díaz remained aloof and was isolated from the common people; but by far the greatest number of works employ such amorphous or monolithic concepts as the “State,” the “Díaz regime,” “porjirismo,” or simply “the government” and focus exclusively on evidence of repression in Porfirian Mexico. Repression has attracted attention in part because it has been important in explaining dissatisfaction which lead to the Revolution of 1910 and in part because violence attracted a great deal of attention from contemporaries. This interest provides historians with more accessible sources while evidence of a more conciliatory attitude has remained hidden in the collection of Porfirio Díaz's presidential papers.

The Local Environmental State in China: A Study of County-Level Cities in Suzhou

2011 ◽  
Vol 205 ◽  
pp. 115-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-wai Li ◽  
Bo Miao ◽  
Graeme Lang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
County Level ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
National Model ◽  
Environmental Good ◽  
Local Leaders

AbstractLocal administration in China remains a contested territory of environmental governance. Economic growth often comes with high environmental cost; the central government's environmental regulations are implemented unevenly. This article examines the experience of policy uptake and adoption of the National Model City of Environmental Protection programme in the county-level cities of the Suzhou Municipality. It analyses the rationales for these cities' adoption of the policy, and implications for the emergence of the “environmental state” in local China. It suggests that while economic development remains an important priority of local officials, this preference is not immutable and is now complemented in some areas by substantial local commitments to environmental good practice, often under the influence of local leaders as well as provincial authorities.

The Duty to Consult and Accommodate Aboriginal Peoples: A Primer for Ontario Surveyors Working in Resources Development

GEOMATICA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.W. Roger Townshend ◽  
Michael McClurg
Keyword(s):  
Resource Development ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Resource Extraction ◽  
Government Decision ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Government ◽  
Aboriginal Law ◽  
Natural Resource Development ◽  
Common Understanding

Aboriginal law has developed to require Aboriginal peoples to be “consulted and accommodated” if their rights may be impacted by a government decision, including a government permit or approval of a project of a private proponent. For example, hunting rights often exist throughout a First Nation’s treaty or traditional territory (i.e. far beyond the limits of reserves), and the duty to consult and accommodate can be triggered by mining and other resource development. Contrary to the common understanding of some of those unfamiliar with this area of law, this duty applies not only to activities undertaken under federal authorization, but also to those under provincial authorization. The Crown’s “duty to consult and accommodate” Aboriginal peoples has become a central theme in the discussion of natural resource development in Canada. In response to various decisions of Canadian courts, the Government of Ontario significantly overhauled its Mining Act in 2009 to provide for some consultation with Aboriginal communities. Those changes came in to effect in the spring of 2013. This paper will describe the constitutional duty to consult as it has been described and elaborated on by courts in Canada and some of the implications it has for resource extraction in Ontario. It will then undertake a case study discussing Ontario’s attempt to respond to its duty to consult by amending the Mining Act regime. Finally, the paper will consider the flaws in the Mining Act and the reasons that exploration companies and surveyors working for them should be prudent and pro-active when undertaking intrusive activities in the traditional territories of Aboriginal peoples.

scholarly journals Art. IX.—Observations on the Maráthí Language

1843 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
pp. 84-91
Author(s):  
Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Common People ◽  
The People ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Voice

The study of the vernacular languages of India is every day becoming a subject of more and more importance. The Government, yielding to the voice of reason, has decreed, that in every province the language of the people shall be the language of their rulers. Christians and philanthropists, in every district of the country, are preparing books and communicating the elements of learning to the native inhabitants, in their own dialects. Grammars and dictionaries of the principal vernacular tongues, exist either printed or in manuscript; and the speech of the common people instead of being despised as a jargon, is every where cultivated as a language.

scholarly journals Delay in Justice is an Indicator in the Promotion of Terrorism: A Case Study of Swat

2020 ◽  
Vol V (Winter 2020) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Hashmat Ali ◽  
Nazim Rahim ◽  
Aziz Ur Rehman Ur Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Judicial System ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Common People ◽  
The People ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
Short Span ◽  
First Time ◽  
Death Cases

The pre-merger judicial system of Swat was famous for speedy justice. Even death cases were solved in days. The people of Swat expected the same judicial system from Pakistan. Civil as well as criminal cases take long time for decision with no guarantee of fairness. Maulana Sufi Muhammad raised voice for Islamic Sharia for the first time in 1990. For the sake of Islam and speedy justice the common illiterate people of Swat supported the movement of Sufi Muhammad called TNSM. It was banned after accepting some of their demands. In 2004 another movement named TTP (Swat faction) appeared andgot control of most of the areas of Swatin a short span of time. The clerics of TTP preached their own version of Islam on FM channels and loud speakers. Imposition of Islamic laws and speedy justice were the main points of their agenda which inspired the common people of Swat and Malakand region.

scholarly journals Amar Makruf Nahi Munkar Mu‘tazilah dalam Perspektif al-Zamakhsharî

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Zainul Muhibbin
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Common People ◽  
Present Context ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Government ◽  
Contextual Meaning ◽  
Do So

<p>Islamic command on Amar Makruf Nahi Munkar has been basically intended for all Muslims regardless of their theological affiliation. Mu‘tazila, however, has a typical understanding of it. Al-Zamakhsharî, as one of Mu‘tazilites clerics and mufassir, who wrote <em>al</em>-<em>Kashshâf</em>, discusses the concept of Amar Makruf Nahi Munkar together with its contextual meaning. This problem is investigated and analyzed by using descriptive methodology, content analysis and contextual analysis. From the data collected and analysis conducted it is concluded that Amar Makruf Nahi Munkar in al-Zamakhsharî’s perspective is considered wajib kifayah in a sense that it should be in accordance with the capacity and competence of its doers, with the method of treatment ranging from soft to firm action, even with fight whenever necessary to do so. In the present context, al-Zamakhsharî’s perspective on Amar Makruf Nahi Munkar has turned out to be relevant to be implemented in more actual. The appeal applies to all levels, from the Government, the ulama and intellectuals to the common people.</p>

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