Nervous system disorders in a patient with Adie syndrome (a clinical case)

Holmes-Adie syndrome, or tonic pupil syndrome, is a condition characterized by a triad of main symptoms: unilateral tonic pupil dilation, accommodative paresis without or with a significant reduction in pupillary light reflex, and decreased tendon reflexes. The disease is based on dysfunction of the parasympathetic nervous system. The syndrome results from damage to the ciliary ganglion, which carries parasympathetic innervation to the m.sphincter pupillae, cornea, and eyeball. Often the condition is accompanied by dysfunction of the spinal ganglia and, as a consequence, autonomic dysfunction in the form of sweating disorders, usually on one side of the body, rarely — by heart rhythm disorders, lability of blood pressure. A frequent sign of Adie syndrome is the absence or reduction in patellar, rarely Achilles, reflexes. The etiology of the disease is not definitively determined, bacterial or viral factors are not excluded. The diagnosis of Adie syndrome is mainly based on a clinical comparison of the symptoms of the disease, as well as on a thorough and comprehensive examination by a neuroophthalmologist with mandatory testing of pupillary responses with low doses of pilocarpine (narrowing of the pupil is characteristic). Despite the positive prognosis for the patient’s life and his ability to work, the condition belongs to the group of difficult-to-treat ones, and the management consists in symptomatic vision correction.

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Individual-typological features of regulation of cardiorhythm in foreign students during education process

Heart Vessels and Transplantation ◽

10.24969/hvt.2019.155 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Issue 4) ◽

pp. 199 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ainura M. Satarkulova ◽

Shadiya Yu Aisaeva ◽

Almaz S. Shanazarov

Keyword(s):

Foreign Students ◽

Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽

Heart Rhythm ◽

The Body ◽

Type I ◽

Central Regulation ◽

Type Iii ◽

Type Iv ◽

Autonomous Regulation ◽

Education Process

Objective: In studies of the mechanisms of human adaptation to professional and educational activities, as well as in clinical practice, the method of mathematical analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is widely used. Based on this, the aim of this paper is to determine the typology and characteristics of the vegetative regulation of the heart as a prenosological control of the functional state of the body of practically healthy foreign students. Methods: In 2018, 389 male students from India and Pakistan, which are studying at the International higher school of medicine (ISM) aged 17-24, served as test subjects. For each student, the main HRV parameters were recorded in a sitting position for 5 minutes by means of “PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIST” software and hardware company Medicom MTD (Russia). Results: In total, 52% of young men had type I (with a moderate predominance of central regulation), 5% - type II (with a pronounced predominance of central regulation), 36% - type III (with a moderate predominance of autonomous regulation), and 7% - type IV (with a pronounced predominance of autonomous regulation). Students with a predominance of central regulation (types I and II) compared with types III and IV (predominance of autonomous regulation) have an excess of sympathetic influences on the heart, as indicated by reliably low values of the SDNN, Mo, TP and high level of SI, which leads to various dysfunctional disorders, especially with severe centralization. In the group of persons with type III, a balance is maintained between the tone of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, while type IV shows a significant prevalence of parasympathetic effects on the heart rhythm. Conclusion: The results indicate a risk of developing disadaptation in the students' body during education process and the importance of systematic monitoring to detect early cardiac arrhythmias.

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Direct effect of CNS on insulin hypersecretion in obese Zucker rats: involvement of vagus nerve

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1989.256.3.e439 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 256 (3) ◽

pp. E439-E444 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H. C. Lee ◽

D. L. Curry ◽

J. S. Stern

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Insulin Secretion ◽

Vagus Nerve ◽

Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽

Zucker Rats ◽

Parasympathetic Innervation ◽

Pancreas Perfusion ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Obese Rats ◽

Obese Zucker Rats

It is hypothesized that the vagus nerve makes a major contribution to pancreatic insulin hypersecretion in the genetically obese rat (fa/fa) via direct pancreatic innervation. An in situ brain-pancreas perfusion model with intact pancreatic central nervous system (CNS) innervation was used in these studies. The dynamics of insulin secretion in response to a 40-min glucose stimulus (200 mg/dl) was investigated in CNS intact (INT), bilateral cervical vagotomized (VGX), and CNS functionally ablated (ABL) 11- to 12-wk-old homozygous lean (Fa/Fa) and obese (fa/fa) female Zucker rats. The overall pattern of insulin secretory dynamics from obese and lean rats was similar. However, insulin released during the entire 40-min perfusion period by pancreata from obese rats was significantly greater than in lean rats. In lean rats, there was no significant difference in insulin secretion from pancreata of CNS-INT, VGX, and ABL rats. In obese rats, CNS-INT pancreata secreted almost twice as much insulin as pancreata from obese ABL rats and four times as much insulin as CNS-INT lean rats. This demonstrates that hypersecretion of insulin in obese Zucker rats is comprised of a significant direct CNS component. Although vagotomy had little effect on CNS-INT lean rats, it reversed the CNS component of hypersecretion present in CNS-INT obese rats. Because insulin secretion in CNS-INT obese rats was lowered by vagotomy to that equivalent to values of CNS-ABL obese rats, this demonstrates a significant contribution by the parasympathetic nervous system to the hyperinsulinemia seen in the Zucker obese rat that is attributed to direct parasympathetic innervation of the pancreas.

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Modulation of sympathetic nervous system by means of renal denervation for treatment of atrial fibrillation

Patologiya krovoobrashcheniya i kardiokhirurgiya ◽

10.21688/1681-3472-2014-4-113-122 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

A. B. Romanov ◽

Ye. A. Pokushalov ◽

D. A. Zamanov ◽

A. Yu. Dmitriev ◽

N. V. Shilnikov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Cardiac Electrophysiology ◽

Renal Denervation ◽

Heart Rhythm ◽

Autonomous Nervous System ◽

Functional Relations ◽

Heart Rhythm Disorders ◽

Great Body ◽

Sympathetic Nervous ◽

Resistant Arterial Hypertension

The autonomous nervous system plays a key role in modulation of cardiac electrophysiology. Despite a great body of data on the presence of anatomic and functional relations between the nervous system and the heart, there remain a number of questions unanswered. Denervation of renal arteries or renal denervation (RDN) has become a crucial interventional technique when treating resistant arterial hypertension (AHT). Since the latter is the most prevailing cardiovascular disease complicating the course of heart rhythm disorders, atrial fibrillations in particular, it would be a good idea to study a potential value of RDN as antiarrhythmic therapy.

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Estradiol Serum Levels in Menopausal Women With and Without Vasomotor Syndrome in Medan

KnE Medicine ◽

10.18502/kme.v1i1.542 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fidel Ganis Siregar

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Serum Levels ◽

The Body ◽

Vasomotor Symptoms ◽

Obstetrics And Gynecology ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Menopausal Women ◽

Significant Difference

<p>Vasomotor syndrome is the most commonly complained syndrome in menopause women. The main mechanism is the decrease in estrogen which causes increasing of body's core temperature and overactivity of the parasympathetic nervous system. Estradiol is the most abdudant and most potent estrogen derivate that works in major receptors throughout the body. This study aimed to determine difference of estradiol serum levels between women with and without vasomotor syndromes and among the symptoms severity. This study was conducted in 50 menopausal women in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology H. Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, Indonesia. Vasomotor symptoms was assessed by interview using three options of answers. Estradiol serum was analyezed using chemiluminescent principle in Prodia Laboratory. Data were tabulated and analyzed by SPSS. This study showed significant difference of mean estradiol serum levels between women with and without vasomotor syndromes (17.5 and 47.5 pg/ml, respectively; p=0.0001). Women with mild vasomotor syndromes had higher estradiol serum levels (23.9-29 pg/ml) than those with moderate (12-19.7 pg/ml) and severe (11.8 pg/ml) degree of syndromes. By using estradiol level as a marker, the presence vasomotor symptoms even its severeity should have been predicted earlier. Therefore, women can prepare to overcome those debilitating symptoms. Further and larger reseach is needed to make this study applicable in all clinical settings.</p>

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Autonomic dystonia syndrome in conditions of failure of the Bauhinia valve and after its surgical correction as a possible link in the etiopathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease

Journal of Surgical Case Reports and Images ◽

10.31579/2690-1897/067 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 01-05

Author(s):

Martynov Vladimir Leonidovich

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Peptic Ulcer ◽

Autonomic Nervous System ◽

Peptic Ulcer Disease ◽

Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽

The Body ◽

Surgical Correction ◽

Ulcer Disease ◽

Autonomic Nervous

The classic works of I.P. Pavlov shows strong communication mechanisms between the two most important life-supporting systems of the body - the nervous and the digestive. The role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the occurrence of acute gastroduodenal erosions and ulcers has been proven [1]. The flow of sympathetic impulses causes an excessive release of mediators (catecholamines), which leads to disruption of tissue trophism. An important role in ulceration belongs to the parasympathetic nervous system.

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Parasympathetic neurons originate from nerve-associated peripheral glial progenitors

Science ◽

10.1126/science.1253281 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 345 (6192) ◽

pp. 82-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 113

Author(s):

Vyacheslav Dyachuk ◽

Alessandro Furlan ◽

Maryam Khatibi Shahidi ◽

Marcela Giovenco ◽

Nina Kaukua ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Autonomic Nervous System ◽

Schwann Cell ◽

Glial Cells ◽

Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽

Lineage Tracing ◽

The Body ◽

Parasympathetic System ◽

Glial Progenitors ◽

Parasympathetic Neurons

The peripheral autonomic nervous system reaches far throughout the body and includes neurons of diverse functions, such as sympathetic and parasympathetic. We show that the parasympathetic system in mice—including trunk ganglia and the cranial ciliary, pterygopalatine, lingual, submandibular, and otic ganglia—arise from glial cells in nerves, not neural crest cells. The parasympathetic fate is induced in nerve-associated Schwann cell precursors at distal peripheral sites. We used multicolor Cre-reporter lineage tracing to show that most of these neurons arise from bi-potent progenitors that generate both glia and neurons. This nerve origin places cellular elements for generating parasympathetic neurons in diverse tissues and organs, which may enable wiring of the developing parasympathetic nervous system.

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DIVE, SURVIVE OR THRIVE: A Prescription for Post-Traumatic Thriving

Neonatology Today ◽

10.51362/neonatology.today/2021116138 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 3-8

Author(s):

Randall Bell

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽

Brain Activity ◽

The Body ◽

Self Medication ◽

Medical Problems ◽

Post Traumatic ◽

Full Throttle ◽

Unresolved Trauma

Medical problems and procedures, along with a host of other issues, can be traumatizing. The fallout for post-traumatic effects can linger for decades. In any traumatic episode, the body switches off the parasympathetic (rest and digest) nervous system while turning on the sympathetic (fight-flight-freeze) system. In this mode, the body pumps high levels of adrenaline through the bloodstream. This is a basic survival instinct based on the need to escape the trauma and get to safety. Trauma causes a well-researched chain reaction. It shifts the brain activity from the outer "human brain" to the inner "reptilian brain" that governs instincts. This can result in a blurred and distorted mental state, so when the trauma ends, many patients remain stuck in the sympathetic nervous state. It is somewhat like a car at full throttle while parked in neutral.  The human body is not designed to have a continual flow of high adrenaline levels flowing through the bloodstream. Yet, this is precisely what unresolved trauma does. This state of perpetual trauma hurts, so many self-medicate with any of the many harmful activities designed to dull the pain. Of course, self-medication only deadens the hurt but does nothing for the underlying unresolved trauma.   Health care professionals have their specialties, yet all should be versed in the fundamental steps patients can take to flip the parasympathetic nervous system back on. Two of the most effective techniques are "grounding" and "sitting in the fire." They are simple practices, can cost nothing, and get right to the heart of healing the unresolved trauma. When included in the overall prescription, both physical and emotional healing can occur.

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BOTULISM. STUDIES ON THE MANNER IN WHICH THE TOXIN OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM ACTS UPON THE BODY

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.38.4.327 ◽

1923 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 327-346 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Ernest C. Dickson ◽

Eshref Shevky

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Peripheral Nerves ◽

Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽

Motor Nerve ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Nerve Fibers ◽

The Body ◽

Striated Muscles ◽

Organic Destruction ◽

Sensory Fibers

1. In addition to the effect upon the fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system which was described in a previous report (1), the toxin of Clostridium botilinum. Types A and B, exerts an influence upon the endings of the motor fibers of the voluntary nervous system which leads to a marked susceptibility to fatigue. It has not been determined whether the damage is in the anatomical nerve endings of the somatic motor nerve fibers or upon the myoneural junction, but it is not of the nature of an organic destruction of tissue. 2. There is no effect upon the sensory fibers of the peripheral nerves. 3. The muscle cells of the smooth and striated muscles are not affected. 4. The disturbances in function which have been demonstrated in the voluntary and involuntary nervous systems fully explain the characteristic signs and symptoms of botulinus intoxication.

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Heart-rate changes in asphyxic preconditioning in rats depend on light-dark cycle

Open Medicine ◽

10.2478/s11536-011-0021-5 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 312-319

Author(s):

Pavol Svorc ◽

Ivana Bacova ◽

Roman Benacka ◽

Pavol Svorc ◽

Ruzena Galanova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Nervous System ◽

Heart Rhythm ◽

Protective Mechanism ◽

Electrical Stability ◽

Dark Cycle ◽

Heart Rhythm Disorders ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Light Part

AbstractGenerally, it is assumed that heart-rhythm disorders during hypoxia result from the interplay between the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the direct effect of hypoxia on cardiorespiratory structures of the central nervous system and on the myocardium. Circadian variability in the ANS may substantially influence the electrical stability of the myocardium, and thus it is associated with the preconditioning protective mechanism. We designed our study using anaesthetized Wistar rats (ketamine/xylazine 100 mg/15 mg/kg, i.m., open chest experiments) to evaluate the effect of preconditioning (PC) induced by 1 to 3 cycles (1 PC–3 PC) of asphyxia (5 min. of artificial hypoventilation, VT = 0.5 ml/100 g of b.w., 20 breaths/min.) and reoxygenation (5 min. of artificial ventilation, VT = 1 ml/100 g of b.w., 50 breaths/min.) on the heart rate (HR) during followed exposure 20 minutes of hypoventilation after adaptation to a light-dark (LD) cycle of 12 hours:12 hours. Hypoxic HR increases were only minimally prevented by 1 to 2 PC pre-treatment, particularly during the dark part of the day. A statistically significant HR increase required 3 PC and was seen only in the light part of the day. We concluded that possible ANS participation in asphyxic preconditioning depends not only on the number of preconditioned cycles but also on the LD cycle, when the ANS participation in preconditioning can be effective only in the light (nonactive) period.

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Skeletal parasympathetic innervation communicates central IL-1 signals regulating bone mass accrual

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1206061109 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 109 (38) ◽

pp. 15455-15460 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

Alon Bajayo ◽

Arik Bar ◽

Adam Denes ◽

Marilyn Bachar ◽

Vardit Kram ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Bone Resorption ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Pseudorabies Virus ◽

Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽

Bone Cells ◽

Low Bone Mass ◽

Parasympathetic Innervation ◽

Skeletal Mass ◽

Bone Mass Accrual

Bone mass accrual is a major determinant of skeletal mass, governed by bone remodeling, which consists of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. Bone mass accrual is inhibited by sympathetic signaling centrally regulated through activation of receptors for serotonin, leptin, and ACh. However, skeletal activity of the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) has not been reported at the bone level. Here we report skeletal immune-positive fibers for the PSNS marker vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT). Pseudorabies virus inoculated into the distal femoral metaphysis is identifiable in the sacral intermediolateral cell column and central autonomic nucleus, demonstrating PSNS femoral innervation originating in the spinal cord. The PSNS neurotransmitter ACh targets nicotinic (nAChRs), but not muscarinic receptors in bone cells, affecting mainly osteoclasts. nAChR agonists up-regulate osteoclast apoptosis and restrain bone resorption. Mice deficient of the α2nAChR subunit have increased bone resorption and low bone mass. Silencing of the IL-1 receptor signaling in the central nervous system by brain-specific overexpression of the human IL-1 receptor antagonist (hIL1raAst+/+ mice) leads to very low skeletal VAChT expression and ACh levels. These mice also exhibit increased bone resorption and low bone mass. In WT but not in hIL1raAst+/+ mice, the cholinergic ACh esterase inhibitor pyridostigmine increases ACh levels and bone mass apparently by inhibiting bone resorption. Taken together, these results identify a previously unexplored key central IL-1–parasympathetic–bone axis that antagonizes the skeletal sympathetic tone, thus potently favoring bone mass accrual.

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