Parasympathetic neurons originate from nerve-associated peripheral glial progenitors

Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 345 (6192) ◽  
pp. 82-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Dyachuk ◽  
Alessandro Furlan ◽  
Maryam Khatibi Shahidi ◽  
Marcela Giovenco ◽  
Nina Kaukua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Schwann Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parasympathetic System ◽  
Glial Progenitors ◽  
Parasympathetic Neurons

The peripheral autonomic nervous system reaches far throughout the body and includes neurons of diverse functions, such as sympathetic and parasympathetic. We show that the parasympathetic system in mice—including trunk ganglia and the cranial ciliary, pterygopalatine, lingual, submandibular, and otic ganglia—arise from glial cells in nerves, not neural crest cells. The parasympathetic fate is induced in nerve-associated Schwann cell precursors at distal peripheral sites. We used multicolor Cre-reporter lineage tracing to show that most of these neurons arise from bi-potent progenitors that generate both glia and neurons. This nerve origin places cellular elements for generating parasympathetic neurons in diverse tissues and organs, which may enable wiring of the developing parasympathetic nervous system.

scholarly journals Autonomic dystonia syndrome in conditions of failure of the Bauhinia valve and after its surgical correction as a possible link in the etiopathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 01-05
Author(s):  
Martynov Vladimir Leonidovich
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Peptic Ulcer Disease ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surgical Correction ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

The classic works of I.P. Pavlov shows strong communication mechanisms between the two most important life-supporting systems of the body - the nervous and the digestive. The role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the occurrence of acute gastroduodenal erosions and ulcers has been proven [1]. The flow of sympathetic impulses causes an excessive release of mediators (catecholamines), which leads to disruption of tissue trophism. An important role in ulceration belongs to the parasympathetic nervous system.

Neuron-glia relationship during the early postembryonic development of the nervous system in some oligochaetes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
Wiktor Djaczenko ◽  
Carmen Calenda Cimmino
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tubifex Tubifex ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

The simplicity of the developing nervous system of oligochaetes makes of it an excellent model for the study of the relationships between glia and neurons. In the present communication we describe the relationships between glia and neurons in the early periods of post-embryonic development in some species of oligochaetes.Tubifex tubifex (Mull. ) and Octolasium complanatum (Dugès) specimens starting from 0. 3 mm of body length were collected from laboratory cultures divided into three groups each group fixed separately by one of the following methods: (a) 4% glutaraldehyde and 1% acrolein fixation followed by osmium tetroxide, (b) TAPO technique, (c) ruthenium red method.Our observations concern the early period of the postembryonic development of the nervous system in oligochaetes. During this period neurons occupy fixed positions in the body the only observable change being the increase in volume of their perikaryons. Perikaryons of glial cells were located at some distance from neurons. Long cytoplasmic processes of glial cells tended to approach the neurons. The superimposed contours of glial cell processes designed from electron micrographs, taken at the same magnification, typical for five successive growth stages of the nervous system of Octolasium complanatum are shown in Fig. 1. Neuron is designed symbolically to facilitate the understanding of the kinetics of the growth process.

Emotional processing and the autonomic nervous system: a comprehensive meta-analytic investigation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Silva Moreira ◽  
Pedro Chaves ◽  
Nuno Dias ◽  
Patrício Costa ◽  
Pedro Rocha Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Skin Conductance Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Analytic Investigation ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Conductance Level

Background: The search for autonomic correlates of emotional processing has been a matter of interest for the scientific community with the goal of identifying the physiological basis of emotion. Despite an extensive state-of-the-art exploring the correlates of emotion, there is no absolute consensus regarding how the body processes an affective state.Objectives: In this work, we aimed to aggregate the literature of psychophysiological studies in the context of emotional induction. Methods: For this purpose, we conducted a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analytic investigation, comparing different measures from the electrodermal, cardiovascular, respiratory and facial systems across emotional categories/dimensions. Two-hundred and ninety-one studies met the inclusion criteria and were quantitatively pooled in random-effects meta-analytic modelling. Results: Heart rate and skin conductance level were the most reported psychophysiological measures. Overall, there was a negligible differentiation between emotional categories with respect to the pooled estimates. Of note, considerable amount of between-studies’ heterogeneity was found in the meta-analytic aggregation. Self-reported ratings of emotional arousal were found to be associated with specific autonomic-nervous system (ANS) indices, particularly with the variation of the skin conductance level. Conclusions: Despite this clear association, there is still a considerable amount of unexplained variability that raises the need for more fine-grained analysis to be implemented in future research in this field.

Neural Stem Cells to Glial Cells an Important Factor for Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

scholarly journals Effects of exercise on cardiac autonomic modulation in children: literature update

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Henrique de Oliveira Mondoni ◽  
Luiz Carlos Marques Vanderlei ◽  
Bruno Saraiva ◽  
Franciele Marques Vanderlei
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Autonomic Modulation ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Cardiac Autonomic Modulation

AbstractIntroduction It is known that physical exercise is beneficial and precipitates adjustments to the autonomic nervous system. However, the effect of exercise on cardiac autonomic modulation in children, despite its importance, is poorly investigated.Objective To bring together current information about the effects of exercise on heart rate variability in healthy and obese children.Methods The literature update was performed through a search for articles in the following databases; PubMed, PEDro, SciELO and Lilacs, using the descriptors “exercise” and “child” in conjunction with the descriptors “autonomic nervous system”, “sympathetic nervous system”, “parasympathetic nervous system” and also with no descriptor, but the key word of this study, “heart rate variability”, from January 2005 to December 2012.Results After removal of items that did not fit the subject of the study, a total of 9 articles were selected, 5 with healthy and 4 with obese children.Conclusion The findings suggest that exercise can act in the normalization of existing alterations in the autonomic nervous system of obese children, as well as serve as a preventative factor in healthy children, enabling healthy development of the autonomic nervous system until the child reaches adulthood.

DYNAMICS OF SERUM PROTEIN CONTENT AND PRODUCTIVITY OF CHICKENS WITH DIFFERENT TONUS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Studenok ◽  
◽  
E .O. Shnurenko ◽  
V. O. Trokoz ◽  
V. I. Karposkyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

The main role in maintaining the functioning of the body, its growth, and development belongs to protein. It is involved in the formation of the muscular skeleton and is s part of enzymes, neurotransmitters, hormones. The effect of the autonomic nervous system on total protein metabolism has not been sufficiently studied. It is known that the autonomic nervous system is a structure that is responsible for the homeostasis and stability of the whole organism. It participates in the regulation of the heart, endocrine and external secretion glands, gastrointestinal tract, excretory organs, and more. In our studies, it was found that in chickens of Cobb 500 strain with different tones of the autonomic nervous system during the growing period from the 35th to the 60th day, different contents of total protein, albumin, and globulins were observed and different body weights were recorded. Vagotonic chickens showed the lowest protein metabolism at the age of 35 and 45 days (P ˂ 0.05–0.001) compared with sympathicotonics and normotonics, which tended to increase between 35 and 60 days of rearing compared with other groups of birds, where the studied protein fractions on the contrary decreased. Correlations between total protein, albumin, and bird body weight had a high linear relationship in all groups of chickens (P ˂ 0.05–0.001) and a negative relationship between the 45th and 60th days of rearing in sympathicotonics and normotonics. In birds with a predominance of parasympathetic tone of the autonomic nervous system, this correlation maintained its direction with high reliability (P ˂ 0.05) between body weight and total protein on the 60th day of rearing.

Blood Pressure and Orthostatic Hypotension: Faints, Near-Faints, and Lightheadedness

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric Ahlskog
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Orthostatic Hypotension ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Upright Position ◽  
Grocery Store ◽  
The Body ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Neurodegenerative Process

Case example: Mrs. H. feels lightheaded intermittently during the day. This happens exclusively when she is up and about. Sometimes she notes graying of vision with these episodes. The feeling is not spinning (i.e., not vertigo). She has fainted twice when standing in line at the grocery store. If she sits, she feels much better. It is worse in the morning but may recur any time of the day. She feels fine while lying in bed at night. Older adults often worry about high blood pressure (BP), yet the opposite problem, low BP, is common among those with DLB or PDD. This is because the Lewy neurodegenerative process impairs the autonomic nervous system. The specific condition that may afflict those with DLB or PDD is orthostatic hypotension. The term orthostatic implies the upright position (i.e., standing); hypotension translates into low BP. Thus, the low BP occurring in these Lewy disorders develops in the upright position; conversely, it is normal or even high when lying down. When standing or walking, the BP may drop so low that fainting occurs. Among people with orthostatic hypotension, the BP is normal when sitting, although in severe cases, even the sitting BP is low. Whereas most people with DLB or PDD do not experience symptoms of orthostatic hypotension, it is sufficiently frequent to deserve attention. It often goes undiagnosed, even when fainting occurs. Unrecognized orthostatic hypotension may limit activities and impair the person’s quality of life. The first half of this chapter provides further background, with focus on BP measurement and recognition of orthostatic hypotension. The last half addresses treatment. The normal autonomic nervous system senses the position of our body with respect to the pull of gravity. It is able to reflexively counter gravity’s downward pull on the blood volume when standing (gravity tends to draw blood toward our feet when standing). An important mechanism for countering gravity’s pull is the constriction of blood vessel diameter in the lower half of the body. These vessels reflexively constrict during standing, in effect forcing blood up to the brain. The autonomic nervous system mediates these and other reflexive changes to stabilize BP.

The Autonomic Nervous System

Neuroanatomy ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 117-138
Author(s):  
Adam J Fisch
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Cardiac Rhythm ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Baroreceptor Reflex ◽  
Urinary System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
System P ◽  
Hair Fiber ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

This chapter provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system and respective instructions for drawing its various components. These include the, parasympathetic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, lower urinary system, baroreceptor reflex, respiration, and digestive tract. The chapter discusses the various functions of elements of these systems, and it presents conditions and illnesses specifically related to disorders in elements of the autonomic nervous system, such as cardiac rhythm abnormalities (arrhythmias), respiratory failure, gut dysmotility, bladder dysmotility, and skin manifestations, such as hair fiber loss and sweating.

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