scholarly journals Heavy Metals Characterization of Sludge from a Philippine Recycling Paper Mill

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Lorraine A. Carrillo ◽  
Susan M. Gallardo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Paper ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
Maximum Allowable Content

Wastewater treatment sludge, which is the largest volume residual waste stream generated by the pulp and paper industry, is generally disposed of in a dedicated landfill. Composting the sludge is an alternative method proposed by the Asian Regional Research Program on Environmental Technology-De La Salle University (ARRPET-DLSU) Minor Issue Group. The Philippine Department of Agriculture's (DA) standards for an organic fertilizer's maximum allowable content of heavy metals provided the legislative regulation for the conversion of sludge to compost. The research was designed to characterize the sludge samples from TIPCO, a Philippine paper-recycling mill, and establish whether the sludge contained the heavy metals cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (MS). Sampling was done for four weeks during newsprint and white paper production. Three discharge terminals were established as sampling points. The samples showed that the metal content of the sludge vary from point to point and was highest throughout the manufacture of white paper. Chromium, mercury, and nickel, however, were nondetectable in all the samples, while cadmium was detectable only in very few samples. Lead and zinc were present at all three points and were highest at the de inking sludge. Comparing the results with Part 503 of the United States EPA and the DA's guidelines for organic fertilizers yield significantly lower parameter values. Composting the sludge was, therefore, found to be a feasible option for recycling paper-mill sludge since the metal content were very low compared to local and international standards.

scholarly journals Heavy metal content in compost and earthworms from home composters

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Bożym
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Heavy Metal Content ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Allotment Gardens ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Polish Law

Abstract The paper presents the results of compost tests from home composters and earthworms living there, that treating waste into compost. The samples were taken from home composters and allotment gardens from Opole Region. The composting material was green waste. The total content of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni Cr) in compost and compost earthworms’ samples were determined. It was found that the compost samples were not contaminated with heavy metals. According to the Polish classification of composts from municipal wastes, the composts met the requirements for first class of quality. The composts did not exceed the limits of heavy metals specified in the Polish law for solid organic fertilizers. The degree of metal accumulation by compost earthworms depended on the type of metal. The high value of the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was obtained for Cd, Pb and Zn. No accumulation of other metals (Ni, Cr, Cu) in earthworm bodies was found. It has been found that earthworm species, naturally occurring in Poland, can also be used as potential bioindicators of metals in the environment, such as the species Eisenia fetida. The aim of the study was to evaluate the heavy metal content in composts from home composters and ability to accumulate metals by compost earthworms.

Treatment of Different Wastewaters from Pulp and Paper Industry in Methane Reactors

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
P K Latola
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Granular Sludge ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Plastic Foam ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

A wastewater from an integrated paper mill with a COD of 1200 mg/dm3 was anaerobically treated in a multi-stage reactor. The BOD7 removal efficiencies of 60-75 % were achieved at maximal loading rates of 5-6 kg COD/m3d and HRT of 4-6 hours due to the granular sludge. Industrial sulphite evaporator condensates from Ca- and Na-processes were treated in anaerobic filters containing light gravel, plastic foam and power plant slag as filter media. The BOD7 removals of 78 % on average were achieved at loading rates of 1.8-3.3 kg COD/m3d with Ca-process evaporator condensates and 80 % BOD7 removals were achieved with Na-process condensates at loading rates of 3.5-4.1 kg COD/m3d.

Audit Practices of PricewaterhouseCoopers

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry N. Winograd ◽  
James S. Gerson ◽  
Barbara L. Berlin
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
International Federation ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Certified Public Accountants ◽  
American Institute ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
International Firms ◽  
New Development ◽  
Auditing Standards ◽  
Audit Approach

This paper discusses the development of the PricewaterhouseCoopers Audit Approach (PwCAA), identifies distinctive features of this approach, and provides information on new development areas. The discussion will provide a summary of each of these items and will focus on the distinctive features of the PwCAA. The article will not cover elements that appear to be consistent with other firm methodologies. Significant consistencies exist since all of the major international firms essentially operate under generally accepted auditing standards, i.e., the International Standards on Auditing (ISA) as established by the International Federation of Accountants. In the United States, they also comply with generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS) as established by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA).

scholarly journals Trends in educational mobility: How does China compare to Europe and the United States?

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-240
Author(s):  
Rob J Gruijters ◽  
Tak Wing Chan ◽  
John Ermisch
Keyword(s):  
Educational Opportunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Educational Mobility ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Economic Boom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Large Decline ◽  
Inequality Of Educational Opportunity

Despite an impressive rise in school enrolment rates over the past few decades, there are concerns about growing inequality of educational opportunity in China. In this article, we examine the level and trend of educational mobility in China, and compare them to the situation in Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and the USA. Educational mobility is defined as the association between parents’ and children’s educational attainment. We show that China’s economic boom has been accompanied by a large decline in relative educational mobility chances, as measured by odds ratios. To elaborate, relative rates of educational mobility in China were, by international standards, quite high for those who grew up under state socialism. For the most recent cohorts, however, educational mobility rates have dropped to levels that are comparable to those of European countries, although they are still higher than the US level.

Health risk assessment of occupational exposure to heavy metals in a steel casting unit of a steelmaking plant using Monte–Carlo simulation technique

2021 ◽  
pp. 074823372110195
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Dehghani ◽  
Fariborz Omidi ◽  
Reza Ali Fallahzadeh ◽  
Bahman Pourhassan
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Steel Casting ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation Technique ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Casting Unit

The present work aimed to evaluate the health risks of occupational exposure to heavy metals in a steel casting unit of a steel plant. To determine occupational exposure to heavy metals, personal air samples were taken from the workers’ breathing zones using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health method. Noncancer and cancer risks due to the measured metals were calculated according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency procedures. The results indicated that the noncancer risks owing to occupational exposure to lead (Pb) and manganese were higher than the recommended value in most of the workstations. The estimated cancer risk of Pb was also higher than the allowable value. Moreover, the results of sensitivity analysis indicated that the concentration, inhalation rate, and exposure duration were the most influencing variables contributing to the calculated risks. It was thus concluded that the present control measures were not adequate and further improvements were required for reducing the exposure levels.

scholarly journals North European Export Industry and the Shadows of Sulphur Directive

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esa Hämäläinen ◽  
Olli-Pekka Hilmola ◽  
Andres Tolli
Keyword(s):  
Paper Industry ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Export Industry ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Oil Markets ◽  
Regulation Change ◽  
European Export

Abstract EU Directive of MARPOL Annex VI and its economic impact on the Nordic paper industry is theme of this research work. Empirical data for analysis purposes was gained from a large Nordic paper mill that exports bulk products mainly to Europe (70 % of its volume). The study shows that in the end the industry’s location still has an economical effect, and that the location has a distinct impact on competition through rising transportation costs. Environmental regulation continues and fosters long-term upwards trajectory of transportation cost, which has been experienced by the paper mill earlier during years 2001-2009. Sulphur regulation change to cleaner grades of maritime diesel did not turn as heavy cost increase in the 2015, however, possibility to gain cost benefits in rapidly deteriorating oil markets were not reached either. Therefore, in depressed industrial product markets, like paper industry, implications were such that margins of export industry remained low.

Measuring paper industry's ecological performance in an imprecise and vague scenario: a fuzzy DEA-based analytical framework

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar Jauhar ◽  
Natthan Singh ◽  
A. Rajeev ◽  
Millie Pant
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Efficiency Score ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ecological Performance ◽  
Fuzzy Dea ◽  
Desirable And Undesirable Outputs

PurposeProductivity improvement is key to sustainability performance improvements of organizations. In a real-world scenario, the nature of inputs and outputs is likely to be imprecise and vague, leading to complexity in comparing firms' efficiency measurements. Implementation of fuzzy-logic based measurement systems is a method for dealing with such cases. This paper presents a fuzzy weight objective function to solve Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) CCR model for measuring paper mills' performance in India for 15 years.Design/methodology/approachAn integrated methodology is proposed to solve DEA models having fuzzy weights. The fuzzy DEA methodology is an extended version of the DEA approach that researchers have used for performance measurement purposes in imprecise and vague scenarios. The ecological performance of the paper industry is evaluated, considering some desirable and undesirable outputs. The effect of non-discretionary input on the performance of a paper mill is also analyzed.FindingsAnalysis suggests that the productivity of the paper industry is improving consistently throughout the period. The comparative evaluation of methods suggests that a diverse cluster of DMUs and integration of DEA with the fuzzy logic increases the diversity in the efficiency score while DEA-DE imitates the results of CCR DEA.Originality/valueProposed a fuzzy DEA-based analytical framework for measuring the paper industry's ecological performance in an imprecise and vague scenario. The model is tested on data from the paper industry in a developing country context and comparative performance analysis using DEA, fuzzy DEA and DE algorithm is done.

Evaluation of chemical contamination of surface water and groundwater in the landfill city of Ardabil

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (SE) ◽  
pp. 631-637
Author(s):  
Maliheh Shahmorad Moghanlou ◽  
Ebrahim Fataei
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Surface Water And Groundwater ◽  
Turbidity Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Hydrodynamic Thickness

Todays in our country the problem of waste disposal and the effects of entry alluvial aquifer their leachate and pollution of aquifers by hydrodynamic thickness in the direction of groundwater flow is highly regarded analytical descriptive study was conducted. To this purpose, the concentration of heavy metals plumb and cadmium and some physicochemical and biological parameters of surface water and groundwater around the landfill city of Ardabil in two time periods in spring 2015 and summer seasons were measured. Sampling, preparation and analysis of samples in accordance with the standard method of station 10 to within 5.5 km of landfill were Ardabil. Measurement of heavy metals, plumb and cadmium by atomic absorption were performed. The Results were analyzed by SPSS software, for the comparison of each parameter with drinking water standards and Agriculture tests comparing the average (T-TEST) was used. The results showed that groundwater and surface water of heavy metals, non-contaminated area and their results are below international standards. The mean values ??of microbiological and physicochemical parameters other than normal turbidity level and at the level of 1% were significantly lower than international standards.

scholarly journals A Practical Guide to Whole Slide Imaging: A White Paper From the Digital Pathology Association

2018 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Zarella ◽  
Douglas Bowman; ◽  
Famke Aeffner ◽  
Navid Farahani ◽  
Albert Xthona; ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Digital Pathology ◽  
Executive Leadership ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Basic Function ◽  
Whole Slide Imaging ◽  
Interinstitutional Collaboration ◽  
Glass Slides

Context.— Whole slide imaging (WSI) represents a paradigm shift in pathology, serving as a necessary first step for a wide array of digital tools to enter the field. Its basic function is to digitize glass slides, but its impact on pathology workflows, reproducibility, dissemination of educational material, expansion of service to underprivileged areas, and intrainstitutional and interinstitutional collaboration exemplifies a significant innovative movement with far-reaching effects. Although the benefits of WSI to pathology practices, academic centers, and research institutions are many, the complexities of implementation remain an obstacle to widespread adoption. In the wake of the first regulatory clearance of WSI for primary diagnosis in the United States, some barriers to adoption have fallen. Nevertheless, implementation of WSI remains a difficult prospect for many institutions, especially those with stakeholders unfamiliar with the technologies necessary to implement a system or who cannot effectively communicate to executive leadership and sponsors the benefits of a technology that may lack clear and immediate reimbursement opportunity. Objectives.— To present an overview of WSI technology—present and future—and to demonstrate several immediate applications of WSI that support pathology practice, medical education, research, and collaboration. Data Sources.— Peer-reviewed literature was reviewed by pathologists, scientists, and technologists who have practical knowledge of and experience with WSI. Conclusions.— Implementation of WSI is a multifaceted and inherently multidisciplinary endeavor requiring contributions from pathologists, technologists, and executive leadership. Improved understanding of the current challenges to implementation, as well as the benefits and successes of the technology, can help prospective users identify the best path for success.

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