scholarly journals THE TRADE GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK PROVIDED BY TRIPS AND CLAIM OF ‘PRO­-DEVELOPMENT’ AGENDA

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Karina Dwi Nugrahanti Putri
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Trade Liberalisation ◽  
Differential Treatment ◽  
Governance Framework ◽  
Development Framework ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Industrialised Countries

Having encountered objection from developing countries during previous negotiations, the WTO has tried to soften the framework of trade liberalisation in subsequent negotiations, held in Doha in 2001. In this round, the WTO gave rise to the ‘pro-development framework’ to attract fuller participation by developing countries. However, the development agenda had been assumed as a strategy in maintaining the superiority of advanced industrialised countries in applying ‘organised imbalance. This essay will discuss the implementation of special and differential treatment (SDT) for developing countries within TRIPS provisions. The promise of help through SDT for developing countries (as the majority of importer country of patented rights) is merely used as the medium with which to prioritise MNCs from developed countries which operate in developing countries.

scholarly journals Impact of Trade Reforms on Poverty

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1127-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usman Qadir ◽  
Muhammad Ali Kemal ◽  
Hasan Mohammad Mohsin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Trade Liberalisation ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Trade Reforms ◽  
Trade Regimes ◽  
Short Run ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Industrialised Countries ◽  
The Impact

Trade plays a vital role in determining the growth process of any country. Trade liberalisation and openness of the economy are now almost universally accepted as the main ingredients of successful economic growth and welfare of the population. These are believed to be responsible for the exceptional growth of industrialised and newly industrialised countries. Many developing countries, under the auspices of the WTO are taking major steps to liberalise their trade regimes. However, in the short run, the impact of these policy changes is generally perceived to be painful for both the producers and the consumers; and especially so for the latter. A key question here is the impact of trade reforms on poverty, which has persisted in most developing countries despite concerted efforts on many fronts to eradicate this social evil. Like many developing countries, Pakistan has undertaken far-reaching trade reforms aimed at creating an open international trading environment. Pakistan’s dependence on international trade, as measured by the total trade to GDP ratio, has increased significantly from 13.3 percent in 1960-61, to 32.47 percent in 1992-93. As such, it is important to determine if there is a relationship between trade liberalisation and poverty alleviation; do trade reforms lead to reduction in country wide poverty levels or not.

scholarly journals How to be an Asian Tiger

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-108
Author(s):  
Anis Alam
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Small Country ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Asian Tiger ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Industrialised Countries

In 1995 the Republic of Korea (ROK) was officially admitted to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This organisation groups together industrially developed countries of the world. Recently, the World Bank has also released a study of China that predicts that China is going to become the second biggest economy in the next fifteen years if its economic growth follows the pattern of the last fifteen years. ROK is the only country from among the developing countries to join the ranks of the developed industrialised countries in the last thirty years. However, it is still a small country compared to China. Hence when China completes its transformation into an industrialised country the whole world will be affected.

scholarly journals Improving the effectiveness of the special and differential treatment of the World Trade Organization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Fitria Anindhita H. Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Differential Treatment ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
The World ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

<p>This paper deals with the subject of Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) of the World Trade Organization (WTO), a special right that allows developing countries preferential treatment by other member countries, particularly developed countries. The paper more specifically discusses the ineffectiveness of the SDT owing to its structure and formulation, and explores the factors that have caused such ineffectiveness. It touches upon the provisions and the ways in which they are formulated and implemented, which deemed to have lead to the ineffectiveness. An observation of the way that negotiations are conducted and the underlying interests that direct those negotiations also contribute to the slow progress of introducing changes to the provisions. Furthermore, this paper analyses and identifies steps that may be taken to improve the concept, formulation, and implementation of SDT, inter alia through amendments of the provisions and conduct of negotiations. The paper also looks at several dispute cases which highlight the ineffectiveness of the existing provisions in advancing the interests of developing countries in particular and in fulfilling its purpose in general.</p>

scholarly journals The ‘Development’ Discourse in Multilateral Trade Lawmaking

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICOLAS LAMP
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Differential Treatment ◽  
Development Discourse ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe impact of the idea of ‘development’ in multilateral trade lawmaking is often reduced to the principle of ‘special and differential treatment’, which exempts developing countries from certain obligations imposed by the trade regime. The article shows that ‘development’ has always presented a much wider challenge to the vision of the trade regime championed by the major trading nations. The development discourse has conceived the trade regime's historical significance, the regime's aims, and the relationships among its members in ways that were often fundamentally at odds with the conception preferred by most developed countries. The article explores how the development discourse has informed lawmaking initiatives by developing countries throughout the history of the trade regime. While not all of these initiatives were successful or necessarily fruitful, they show that the pursuit of development in trade lawmaking has always been more than an effort to seek exemption from trade rules.

scholarly journals A Demand-Side Approach for Linking the Past to Future Urban–Rural Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-174
Author(s):  
Schuman Lam ◽  
Heng Li ◽  
Ann Yu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
World Population ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Development Framework

Is economy-led urbanization the only answer to urban planning? By 2050, about 70% of the world population will live in urban areas, intensified by rapid urbanization in developing countries. A new urban development framework is critically relevant to investigating urban living’s emerging complexity for advancing human-social-economic-environmental sustainability. The multi-disciplinary study explores a roadmap for solving industrialization’s adverse effects to inform future resilient development in developing countries. The classical Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (MHN) and some scholars have stated that human physiological needs would be prioritized and fulfilled by developing countries, and psychological needs would be satisfied and desired by developed countries after fulfilling physiological needs level. Our study argued that transit-oriented-development (TOD) and ICT could simultaneously fulfill some essential physio-psychological needs with digital-ruralism. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was adopted to test the indicator-based MHN theory developed by literature, urban quality of life (Uqol) evaluation between the developing and developed countries, and backed by digital-ruralism success in developing China. The Uqol evaluation identifies the developing countries’ subjective well-being demand as the health, mobility, governance, environment, social, economy, human capital, technology-ICT, smart living, and lifestyle, which are used to transform the classical MHN model to the indicator-based MHN model. The SEM subsequently illustrates that the observed well-being indicators are positively correlated to the TOD and ICT, defined by the proposed urban-ruralism development framework. The study contributes to an innovative approach to reconnect the classical MHN theory to contemporary sustainable urban planning while narrowing the socioeconomic-environmental gap between the developed (urban) and developing (rural) domains, which encourages a paradigm shift for future resilient urban development in the developing countries.

scholarly journals Improving the effectiveness of the special and differential treatment of the World Trade Organization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Fitria Anindhita H. Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Differential Treatment ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
The World ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

<p>This paper deals with the subject of Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) of the World Trade Organization (WTO), a special right that allows developing countries preferential treatment by other member countries, particularly developed countries. The paper more specifically discusses the ineffectiveness of the SDT owing to its structure and formulation, and explores the factors that have caused such ineffectiveness. It touches upon the provisions and the ways in which they are formulated and implemented, which deemed to have lead to the ineffectiveness. An observation of the way that negotiations are conducted and the underlying interests that direct those negotiations also contribute to the slow progress of introducing changes to the provisions. Furthermore, this paper analyses and identifies steps that may be taken to improve the concept, formulation, and implementation of SDT, inter alia through amendments of the provisions and conduct of negotiations. The paper also looks at several dispute cases which highlight the ineffectiveness of the existing provisions in advancing the interests of developing countries in particular and in fulfilling its purpose in general.</p>

scholarly journals Situating Green Practices within the Context of Sustainable Development Agenda

2017 ◽  
pp. 195-220
Author(s):  
Oludele Mayowa Solaja ◽  
Obatunde Bright Adetola
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Development Framework ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Responsible Consumption ◽  
Green Practices ◽  
Technical Innovations ◽  
Conceptual Meaning

Ecological practices are essential for sustainable development. They cover technical innovations and responsible consumption of environmental resources, along with global efforts to ensure that progress does not impede future generations from achieving a desirable improvement of social and economic conditions based on this momentum. This article aims to place ecological practices in the context of a sustainable development agenda and discusses the conceptual meaning of the term ecological practices. It also examines the determinants of ecological practices in developing countries, including Nigeria. The text developed the Generational Development Framework (GDF) to analyze the connection between green practices and sustainable development. Finally, it concludes by emphasizing that ecological practices are a fundamental force to fulfill sustainable development programs, particularly in developing countries.

A legal principle of special and differential treatment for WTO disputes

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW D. MITCHELL
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Differential Treatment ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
Wto Dispute Settlement ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
The World ◽  
Wto Agreements

Based on the notion that the needs of developing countries are substantially different from those of developed countries, the principle of special and differential treatment (S&D) in the World Trade Organization (WTO) allows a certain degree of discrimination in favour of developing countries. This article considers the potential of this principle in resolving disputes within the WTO. S&D developed in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947 and is today reflected in a series of provisions in various WTO agreements. The meaning of S&D as a broader principle could assist in interpreting such provisions. In addition, the principle of S&D could conceivably be used as part of the inherent jurisdiction of Panels and the Appellate Body in connection with procedural aspects of dispute settlement. However, the article concludes that, due to the incoherence of S&D, as well as the difficulties involved in distinguishing between developing countries and in advancing their interests as an amorphous group, S&D is presently of limited value as an independent principle in WTO dispute settlement.

Doha Development Agenda and Aid for Trade -- Supplement

Policy Papers ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Doha Round ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Consultation Process ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Main Paper ◽  
Aid For Trade ◽  
Development Committee

At their 2005 Spring meetings, the Development Committee and IMFC called on the Bank and Fund to work with others to develop more detailed proposals, for consideration at the Annual Meetings, to help developing countries adjust to and take advantage of the Doha Round. In response, Bank and Fund staff prepared a paper on “The Doha Development Agenda and Aid for Trade” following a consultation process with donors and least developed countries (LDCs) during the summer. This is a Supplement to the main paper.

Commercial Banking in East Africa, 1950–1963

1965 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger L. Engberg
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Industrialised Countries

The monetary evolution in the less developed countries in recent years has led to renewed interest in the functions of financial institutions, particularly in the potential contribution of commercial banks to economic growth. Since many of the developing countries have inherited banks and banking techniques from highly industrialised countries in Europe the question has been asked whether these institutions are capable of performing adequately the varied functions that the growth-conscious new nations now expect of them.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document