Parasitism of The Rice Brown Planthopper Eggs in Various Periods of Time of The Day

The rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is an important pest of rice. Since at the early stage, this pest is infested by parasitoids, but most cultural practices do not consider the existences of parasitoids in rice ecosystem. This study was aimed to determine the level of parasitism on N. lugens with regard to the time of the day. This information would be useful to minimize the effect of insecticide application to the parasitoids. Trapping of egg parasitoids in rice ecosystem was conducted every two hours from 05.00 a.m. until 04.00 p.m. Parasitism occured as early as at 05.00 a.m. (12.26% of the total parasitoid found), reached the peak abundance at 11.00 a.m. (36.13%), and decreased at 01.00 p.m. The parasitism level varied from 1.12 to 8.51% at 66 days after planting. The highest number of parasitoids and the highest parasitism level occured when trapping was conducted between 11.00 a.m.−01.00 p.m.. Before and after this period of time, the number of parasitoid emerged and parasitism were low. This suggest that if insecticide is necessary, it should be applied in the early morning or late afternoon. INTISARIWereng batang padi cokelat, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), merupakan salah satu hama penting padi. Praktik budidaya pertanian padi belum memperhatikan aktivitas parasitoid dalam ekosistem. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui tingkat parasitasi telur N. lugens pada beberapa waktu dalam sehari. Informasi ini akan bermanfaat untuk mengurangi dampak aplikasi insektisida terhadap parasitoid. Pemerangkapan parasitoid telur N. lugens di lahan padi dilakukan setiap dua jam yang dimulai pada pukul 05.00 sampai pukul 16.00. Parasitoid telur N. lugens mulai aktif pada pukul 05.00 (12,26%), mencapai puncaknya pukul 11.00 (36,13%), dan mulai mengalami penurunan pada pukul 13.00. Tingkat parasitasi pada tanaman padi umur 66 hari setelah tanam berkisar mulai 1,12−8,51%. Hasil pemerangkapan menunjukkan bahwa jumlah parasitoid yang paling banyak muncul dan tingkat parasitisme tinggi terjadi pada waktu pemerangkapan yang dilakukan pada pukul 11.00−13.00. Sebelum dan sesudah waktu pemerangkapan tersebut jumlah parasitoid dan tingkat parasitisme rendah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa apabila aplikasi insektisida diperlukan, maka harus dilakukan di pagi hari atau sore hari.

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EFFECTS OF POPULATION DENSITY AND HOST AVAILABILITY ON THE MIGRATION PROCESS OF BROWN PLANTHOPPER FED USING SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT RICE VARIETIES (PENGARUH KEPADATAN POPULASI DAN KETERSEDIAAN PAKAN TERHADAP PROSES MIGRASI WERENG BATANG COKELAT PADA PADI VARIETAS RENTAN DAN TAHAN)

Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia ◽

10.22146/jpti.17732 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 72

Author(s):

Imam Habibi ◽

Witjaksono Witjaksono ◽

Arman Wijonarko

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens ◽

Susceptible Variety ◽

Resistant Variety ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Host Availability ◽

Important Pest ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens Stål ◽

Field Failure

Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal. (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is an important pest of rice. This pest can cause hopperburn and field failure. This research aimed to determine the effects of population density and host availability on migration of N. lugens. The criteria used to justify the effects of host availability and population density on migration of N. lugens were based the hardness and tannin tests of the rice stems, fecundity of N. lugens, and the life cycle of N. lugens. The research was conducted under the temperature of 29.42°C with relative humidity of 61% and Light 12: Dark 12 times, using ten pairs of N. lugens brachypterous (F0 constant) and then was added with five male adults on fifth days after the first infestation (F0 changed). The varieties used were IR64, as a resistant variety, and Ketan Lusi, as a susceptible variety. The results showed that the adding of the macropterous males did not affect the number of macropterous, because of that has been preplanned by the F0. Therefore, the percentage of existing macropterous was 51−52%. Wereng Batang Cokelat (WBC) merupakan salah satu hama tanaman padi yang sangat penting. Kerusakan parah dapat menyebabkan hopperburn dan puso (gagal panen). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh kepadatan populasi dan tanaman inang sebagai tempat migrasi WBC. Parameter yang dikaji untuk mengetahui pengaruh kepadatan populasi WBC dan tanaman inang tempat migrasi WBC berdasarkan tingkat kekerasan dan kandungan tanin batang tanaman padi, fekunditas WBC, dan siklus hidup WBC. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada temperatur 29.42˚C dengan kelembapan relatif 61% dan durasi siang hari 12 jam: durasi malam hari 12 jam. Metode yang dilakukan adalah dengan menggunakan 10 pasang imago WBC brakhiptera (F0 konstan), kemudian dilakukan penambahan 5 ekor imago jantan pada hari kelima setelah infestasi awal (F0 diubah). Varietas padi yang digunakan yaitu padi varietas IR64 sebagai varietas tahan dan ketan Lusi sebagai varietas rentan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan imago jantan makroptera tidak berpengaruh terhadap jumlah keturunan makroptera yang dihasilkan, karena imago (F0) telah merencanakan terlebih dahulu keturunan yang akan dihasilkan. Oleh karena itu, persentase terbentuk keturunan imago makroptera berkisar antara 51−52%.

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Salivary Protein NlSP7 of The Brown Planthopper Functions As An Effector for Mediating Tricin Metabolism in Rice Plants

10.21203/rs.3.rs-675382/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gu Gong ◽

Long-Yu Yuan ◽

Yi-Feng Li ◽

Hang-Xiang Xiao ◽

Yan-Fang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Food Intake ◽

Rice Plant ◽

Artificial Diet ◽

Mrna Level ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens ◽

Salivary Protein ◽

Rice Plants ◽

Important Pest

Abstract The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is an important pest that affects rice (Oryza sativa) production in Asia. The flavone tricin (5,7,4ʹ-trihydroxy-3ʹ,5ʹ-dimethoxy flavone) is a valuable secondary metabolite commonly found in rice plants that can defend rice plants against infestation by BPH. BPH damage can reduce the metabolic level of tricin in rice. Our preliminary transcriptome research results showed that BPH salivary protein 7, NlSP7, is highly responsive to tricin stimuli. However, the function of NlSP7 in mediating the interaction between the rice plant and the BPH is unknown. In this study, we cloned the NlSP7 gene in N. lugens and found that its mRNA level was greater in the presence of high tricin content than low tricin content, regardless of whether the BPHs were fed a rice plant diet or an artificial diet containing 100 mg/L tricin. Knocking down NlSP7 resulted in BPH individuals spending more time in the non-penetration and pathway phase, and less time feeding on the phloem of rice plants. These changes decreased BPH food intake, feeding behavior, and fitness, as well as the tricin content of the rice plants. These findings demonstrate that the salivary protein NlSP7 of BPH functions as an effector for tricin metabolism in rice.

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Evaluation of Rice Landraces for Brown Planthopper Resistance Based on Phenotypic Reactions and Biochemical Attributes

10.21203/rs.3.rs-430749/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Debashis Roy ◽

Abhisek Biswas ◽

Sukamal Sarkar ◽

Gautam Chakraborty ◽

Pijush Kanti Sarkar

Keyword(s):

Feeding Rate ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens ◽

Egg Hatchability ◽

Rice Landraces ◽

Indian Origin ◽

Important Pest ◽

Brown Planthopper Resistance ◽

Adult Preference ◽

Moderately Resistant

Abstract Brown planthopper (BPH), [Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.)] is an economically important pest of rice (Oryza sativa L.) throughout Asia, where the damage caused by nymphs and adults, especially during post-tillering to milking stages, significantly reduces grain yield. There is, thus, a pressing need to develop varieties that are resistant to BPH. In this study, the reaction of various rice landraces from Indian origin were assessed (both phenotypically and biochemically) in response to BPH infestation. It was found that the landraces, viz. Badshabhog, Gamra, Haldichuri, Janglijata, Kalabhat, Khara, Adanshilpa, Chikonmashuri, Kerala sundari and Lal dudheshwar exhibited resistance to BPH consistently along with the standard check Ptb33, for three consecutive years under both greenhouse and open-field conditions. These phenotypically resistant rice landraces including Ptb33 exhibited lowest feeding rate, least nymphal and adult preference, minimum survival and higher frequency (%) of unhatched eggs when compared with the susceptible check (Swarna). Higher levels ascorbic acid, oxalic acid (OA), crude silica (CS), while lower levels of phenols, reducing sugar and total free amino acid (TFA) were expressed in un-infested resistant and moderately resistant landraces. The resistant plants exposed to herbivory by BPH produced higher levels of phenolic compounds, potassium and TFA than plants of susceptible cultivar Swarna. The feeding rate, settling behaviour and survivability of BPH correlated significantly and negatively with OA and CS, whereas the latter showed a significant and positive correlation with egg hatchability.

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Effects of Insecticide Stress on Expression of NlABCG Transporter Gene in the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects10100334 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 334 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yang ◽

Zhou ◽

Yang ◽

Long ◽

Jin

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Transmembrane Domain ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens ◽

Molecular Transporters ◽

Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽

Important Pest ◽

Baseline Information ◽

Response To Stress ◽

Important Means

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is an important pest of rice that severely affects production. Insecticides are an important means of controlling BPH, but their long-term use has led to resistance. To provide insight into BPH responses to insecticide stress, we determined the expression levels of BPH ABCG transporter genes under treatment with thiamethoxam, abamectin, and cyantraniliprole at LC10, LC25, LC50, and LC90. We cloned 13 BPH ABCG transporters, named NlABCG1 to NlABCG13. Conservative domain analysis showed that all 13 transporters have one nucleotide binding domain and one transmembrane domain, typical of semi-molecular transporters. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that thiamethoxam, abamectin, and cyantraniliprole stress increased the expression of some NlABCG transporters gene in BPH. However, after treatment with thiamethoxam at LC25 and abamectin at LC10, there was no significant upregulation of NlABCG. These results indicate that the expression of NlABCG varies in response to stress from different insecticides. These findings provide baseline information for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in BPH.

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Respon Hama Wereng Coklat Nilaparvata lugens Stal. (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) Terhadap Ketahanan Dan Kerentanan Varietas Padi

JURNAL BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN ◽

10.30598/jbdp.2020.16.1.51 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 51-55

Author(s):

Rein Estefanus Senewe ◽

Silvia Permatasari ◽

Marietje Pesireron

Keyword(s):

Filter Paper ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Rice Plants ◽

Average Value ◽

Important Pest ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens Stål ◽

Filter Papers

Brown planthopper (BPH) is one of the important pest insects that attack rice plants, which indirectly becomes a vector for the spread of grassy dwarf and empty dwarf diseases caused by viruses, and can consume a lot of food in a short time so that it can cause damage explosions and great losses. The aim of this study was to compare the eating response of brown planthopper to resistant and vulnerable rice varieties through the measurement of secreted honeydews. The study was conducted at the Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. Rice seedlings for honeydew testing were 30 days after sowing. Testing was done by infesting 3 female BPH into a plastic cage with filter paper (Whatman No.40 9 cm in diameter) placed on the bottom, which had been sprayed with a solution of Ninhydrin 0.01 mg/ml in acetone. The treatment consisted of 3 rice varieties (Ciherang, IR-64 dan Pelita) on each ovened and non-ovened filter paper, with three replicates so that a total of 18 treatments were used by infesting each with the 3 female BPH nymphs. Whereas, 3 treatments with non-ovened papers, with 3 replicates, were infested with 3 female BPH imago each. So that the treatments involved a total of 27 feeding tubes. Honeydews released by BPH that ate on the test varieties for 24 hours were collected on filter papers and formed blue/purple spots. The extent of the honeydew spots formed was measured and analyzed. The results showed that the average value of phloem consumption in Ciherang, IR-64, and Pelita rice varieties showed that these three varieties were very susceptible to BPH sucking pests. The more food nutrients sucked by BPH pests from rice plants, the greater the number of honeydew spots and the wider the honeydew spots that were produced. The areas of honeydew spots of Pelita variety was 33.78 m2, IR-64 28.26 mm2, and Ciherang 22.44 mm2, respectively. Pelita rice varieties had a high susceptibility to BPH pests when compared to Ciherang and IR-64 because Pelita does not have resistance genes to BPH pests. Keywords: Ciherang, IR-64, Pelita, planthopper, rice, honeydew ABSTRAK Wereng batang coklat (WBC) merupakan salah satu serangga hama penting yang menyerang tanaman padi, yang secara tidak langsung menjadi vektor bagi penyebaran penyakit kerdil rumput dan kerdil hampa oleh virus, serta dapat mengkonsumsi makanan yang banyak dalam waktu singkat sehingga dapat menimbulkan ledakan kerusakan dan kerugian yang besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan respon makan WBC pada varietas padi tahan dan rentan melalui pengukuran embun madu yang disekresikan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Toksikologi, Departemen Proteksi Tanaman Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bibit padi untuk pengujian embun madu digunakan saat berumur 30 hari setelah semai. Pengujian dengan menginfestasikan WBC betina ke dalam kurungan plastik yang di bagian bawahnya diletakkan kertas saring (Whatman No. 40 berdiameter 9 cm) yang telah disemprot dengan larutan Ninhidrin 0,01 mg/mL aseton. Perlakuan yang terdiri dari 3 varietas padi (Ciherang, IR-64 dan Pelita) pada masing-masing kertas saring oven dan tidak oven dan dengan tiga ulangan sehingga total terdapat 18 perlakuan dengan menginfestasikan masing-masing 3 ekor nimfa betina WBC. Sedangkan pada 3 perlakuan kertas saring tanpa oven, dengan tiga ulangan, yang diinfestasikan masing-masing berupa 3 ekor imago betina WBC. Sehingga total perlakuan seluruhnya meliputi sebanyak 27 tabung makan. Embun madu yang dikeluarkan oleh WBC yang makan pada varietas uji selama 24 jam tertampung pada kertas saring dan membentuk bercak berwarna biru/ungu. Luas bercak embun madu yang terbentuk diukur dan dianalisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata tingkat konsumsi floem pada varietas padi Ciherang, IR-64 dan Pelita, menunjukkan bahwa ketiga varietas ini sangat rentan terhadap hama pengisap WBC. Semakin banyak nutrisi makanan yang disedot oleh hama WBC dari tanaman padi, maka semakin banyak jumlah spot bercak honeydew dan semakin luas spot bercak honeydew yang dihasilkan. Luas spot untuk varietas Pelita adalah 33,78 m2, IR-64 28,26 mm2, dan Ciherang 22,44 mm2. Varietas padi Pelita memiliki kerentanan yang tinggi terhadap hama WBC, bila dibandingkan dengan varietas Ciherang dan IR-64, karena varietas Pelita ini tidak memiliki gen ketahanan terhadap hama WBC. Kata kunci: Ciherang, honeydew IR-64, padi, Pelita, wereng

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Multiple Genome Wide Association Mapping Models Identify Quantitative Trait Nucleotides for Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) Resistance in MAGIC Indica Population of Rice

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8040608 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 608

Author(s):

Vanisri Satturu ◽

Jhansi Lakshmi Vattikuti ◽

Durga Sai J ◽

Arvind Kumar ◽

Rakesh Kumar Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Genes ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Significant Snps ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens ◽

Genome Wide Association ◽

Phenotypic Data ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Resistant Lines ◽

Important Pest ◽

Mapping Models

Brown planthopper (BPH), one of the most important pests of the rice (Oryza sativa) crop, becomes catastrophic under severe infestations and causes up to 60% yield loss. The highly disastrous BPH biotype in the Indian sub-continent is Biotype 4, which also known as the South Asian Biotype. Though many resistance genes were mapped until now, the utility of the resistance genes in the breeding programs is limited due to the breakdown of resistance and emergence of new biotypes. Hence, to identify the resistance genes for this economically important pest, we have used a multi-parent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) panel consisting of 391 lines developed from eight indica founder parents. The panel was phenotyped at the controlled conditions for two consecutive years. A set of 27,041 cured polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and across-year phenotypic data were used for the identification of marker–trait associations. Genome-wide association analysis was performed to find out consistent associations by employing four single and two multi-locus models. Sixty-one SNPs were consistently detected by all six models. A set of 190 significant marker-associations identified by fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) were considered for searching resistance candidate genes. The highest number of annotated genes were found in chromosome 6 followed by 5 and 1. Ninety-two annotated genes identified across chromosomes of which 13 genes are associated BPH resistance including NB-ARC (nucleotide binding in APAF-1, R gene products, and CED-4) domain-containing protein, NHL repeat-containing protein, LRR containing protein, and WRKY70. The significant SNPs and resistant lines identified from our study could be used for an accelerated breeding program to develop new BPH resistant cultivars.

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Resistance Evaluation of Some Rice Varieties by Feeding Activity of Brown Planthopper Population in Java

SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science) ◽

10.22225/seas.5.2.3913.79-87 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 79-87

Author(s):

Willing Bagariang ◽

Wayan Murdita ◽

Suwarman ◽

Ahmad Imroni

Keyword(s):

Feeding Activity ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Similarity Index ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Resistance Level ◽

Central Java ◽

Important Pest ◽

And Cluster Analysis ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens Stål

Brown Planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stal (Hemiptera: Delpachidae) is the important pest of rice. The infestation of BPH reduced the rice yield on rice producer countries in Asia. In Indonesia, the area of BPH infestation frequently fluctuated over the year. BPH directly caused hopper burn and also vector of rice grassy stunt virus (RGSV) and rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV). This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of some rice varieties to different BPH population in Java. Three BPH populations collected from Karawang (West Java), Pekalongan (Central Java) and Kendal (Central Java) were used in this study. The rice resistance was evaluated by conducting honeydew test. There were eight rice varieties tested i.e Sembada 168, Ciherang, Inpari 32, Inpari 33, IR 64, TN1, Ratu Heenati and PTB 33 with five replications. A number of 200 female adults (five females per plot) were starved for 2 hours before inserting to pot containing one seedling. The BPH adults were allowed to feed 40-day-old plants for 48 hours. The area of honeydew excreted by BPH was measured using software Image J. We used analysis of variance (ANOVA) and cluster analysis with ward method and similarity index of Euclidean distance to analyze the rice resistance to BPH. The study indicated three groups of rice resistance level. The variety of Sembada 168 and TN1 were susceptible to BPH. Variety of Ciherang, Inpari 32, Inpari 33 and IR 64 were moderately resistant to BPH. However, PTB 33 and Ratu Heenati were strongly resistant to BPH population of Java.

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Impact of Abamectin on Anagrus nilaparvatae, An Egg Parasitoid of Nilaparvata lugens

Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia ◽

10.22146/jpti.24759 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 80 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Edi Eko Sasmito ◽

Y. Andi Trisyono ◽

Tri Harjaka

Keyword(s):

Rice Plant ◽

Rice Variety ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens ◽

Egg Parasitoid ◽

Test Tube ◽

Laboratory Conditions ◽

First Instar ◽

Parasitism Level ◽

The Impact

Anagrus nilaparvatae (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) is an egg parasitoid potential for controlling the major pests on rice, the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens [Hemiptera: Delphacidae]).Abamectin is one of insecticides registered for N. lugens. The research was aimed to investigate the impact of contact application of abamectin on the parasitism level of A. nilaparvatae under laboratory conditions. Adults of A. nilaparvatae and the first instars as well as adults of N. lugens were exposed to the residue of abamection inside the test tube. A. nilaparvatae was much more susceptible to abamectin compared to N. lugens. Application of abamectin at the recommended concentration (22.78 ppm) for 30 min caused 100% mortality, and it reduced to 85% when the concentration was decreased to 0.36 ppm. In contrast, the mortality for the first instar of N. lugens was only 15% at 22.78 and no mortality at 0.36 ppm. No N. lugens adults died even when they were exposed to 22.78 ppm. Furthermore, the parasitism test was conducted using 38 days after planting of IR-64 rice variety. Those plants were infested with 50 females of N. lugens for 2 days. A. nilaparvatae were exposed by contact to 0.02, 0.23, and 2.28 ppm of abamectin. The survivors were released to the rice plant containing eggs of N. lugens. Contact application of abamectin reduced parasitism level of A. nilaparvatae as much as 86.34, 70.01, and 28.43% with concentrations of 2.28 ppm, 0.23 and 0.02 ppm, respectively. In addition, the number of parasitoids emerged decreased with increasing concentration of abamectin. These results suggest that abamectin could be detrimental to A. nilaparvatae due to direct mortality, reduced the parasitism level, and decreased the number of progeny produced. IntisariAnagrus nilaparvatae (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) merupakan salah satu parasitoid telur yang berpotensi untuk mengendalikan hama utama tanaman padi, wereng batang padi cokelat (Nilaparvata lugens [Hemiptera: Delphacidae]). Abamektin adalah salah satu insektisida yang terdaftar untuk pengendalian N. lugens. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak aplikasi kontak abamektin terhadap suseptibilitas dan tingkat parasitasi A. nilaparvatae terhadap telur N. lugens pada kondisi laboratorium. Imago A. nilaparvatae serta instar satu dan imago N. lugens dipapar dengan residu abamektin di dalam tabung reaksi. A. nilaparvatae lebih peka terhadap abamektin dibandingkan N. lugens. Aplikasi abamektin pada konsentrasi anjuran (22,78 ppm) selama 30 menit menyebabkan mortalitas A. nilaparvatae 100%, dan mengurangi sampai dengan 85% pada konsentrasi yang lebih rendah 0,36 ppm. Sebaliknya, mortalitas instar satu N. lugens hanya sebesar 15% pada 22,78 ppm dan tidak menimbulkan kematian pada 0,36 ppm. Konsentrasi 22,78 ppm tidak menimbulkan kematian imago N. lugens. Selanjutnya, uji parasitasi dilakukan menggunakan media tanaman padi varietas IR-64 umur 38 hari setelah tanam. Tanaman diinfestasi dengan 50 ekor betina N. lugens selama dua hari. A. nilaparvatae dipapar abamektin dengan metode kontak pada konsentrasi 0.02, 0,23, dan 2,28 ppm. Parasitoid yang mampu bertahan hidup dilepaskan pada tanaman padi yang telah diinfestasi telur N. lugens. Aplikasi kontak abamektin mengurangi tingkat parasitasi A. nilaparvatae sebesar 86,34, 70.01, dan 28,43% pada konsentrasi 2,28; 0,23; dan 0,02 ppm. Selain itu, jumlah parasitoid yang muncul semakin menurun dengan peningkatan konsentrasi abamektin. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa abamektin dapat merugikan secara langsung terhadap mortalitas serta mengurangi tingkat parasitasi dan jumlah keturunan A. nilaparvatae.

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