scholarly journals SHODHANA DECREASES NOOTROPIC ACTIVITY OF SEMECARPUS ANACARDIUM

2016 ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Pratap Kumar Sahu ◽  
Mishra Sk ◽  
Rout K ◽  
Prusty Sk
Keyword(s):  
Radial Maze ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Nootropic Activity ◽  
Alternation Behavior ◽  
Spontaneous Alternation Behavior ◽  
Semecarpus Anacardium ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze

<p>ABSTRACT<br />Objective: To evaluate the nootropic activity of methanolic extract of pre-shodhit and shodhit Semecarpus anacardium (SA) nuts and to observe the<br />effect of shodhana on nootropic activity of SA.<br />Methods: Spatial learning and working memory was considered for evaluation. The parameters used were spontaneous alternation behavior<br />(Y-maze), number of correct responses (radial maze), and transfer latency in day 1 (elevated plus maze). Scopolamine, an anticholinergic drug, was<br />used to induce cognitive deficit. % inhibition of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) was measured in vitro.<br />Results: Both pre-shodhit and shodhit drug reversed the scopolamine-induced a decrease in percentage spontaneous alternation behavior in Y-maze<br />and number of correct responses in radial maze. Scopolamine-induced increase in transfer latency in elevated plus maze was significantly decreased<br />by pre-shodhit drug only. Shodhit drug has no significant effect on transfer latency. Both pre-shodhit and shodhit drug showed dose-dependent<br />inhibition of AChE activity in vitro. Pre-shodhit drug showed a more nootropic activity than shodhit drug.<br />Conclusion: Methanolic extract of the nuts of S. anacardium possesses nootropic activity which may be attributed to inhibition of cholinesterase<br />activity. Shodhana of the nuts decreases nootropic activity.<br />Keywords: Semecarpus anacardium, Acetylcholine esterase, Shodhana, Nootropic.</p>

scholarly journals Amelioration of Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic, Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effects of Ficus benghalensis in Behavioral Experimental Models

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Humna Malik ◽  
Sana Javaid ◽  
Muhammad Fawad Rasool ◽  
Noreen Samad ◽  
Syed Rizwan Ahamad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Ficus Benghalensis ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Phytochemical Studies

Background and Objectives: Ficus benghalensis (FB) is a commonly found tree in Pakistan and its various parts have folkloric importance in managing neurological ailments. In the present study, methanolic extract of its bark has been tested on an experimental animal model to evaluate memory-enhancing, anxiolytic and antidepressant activities to validate the claimed therapeutic potential. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extract of freshly isolated bark was prepared and subjected to preliminary phytochemical studies and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis for the presence of phytocomponents. To evaluate its effect on spatial learning, passive-avoidance test–step through (PAT-ST), Y-maze and Morris water maze (MWM) tests were carried out. Open-field (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests were employed to explore the anti-anxiety potential of FB while a forced swimming test (FST) was utilized to assess its anti-depressant prospective. FB doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg with positive and negative controls given to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Results: phytochemical studies showed the presence of various phytoconstituents including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, phenolics and anthraquinones. The presence of synephrine, aspargine, glucose, fructose and fatty acids was revealed by GC–MS analysis. FB administration led to significant improved memory retention when evaluated through passive avoidance (p < 0.05), Y-maze (p < 0.05) and Morris water maze (p < 0.05) tests in a scopolamine model of amnesic rats. When tested by open field and elevated plus maze tests, FB demonstrated anxiety-resolving characteristics (p < 0.05) as animals dared to stay in open areas more than a control group. Mobility time was increased and immobility time was reduced (p < 0.05–0.01) in rats treated with FB, unveiling the anti-depressant importance of F. benghalensis. Conclusion: methanolic extract of F. benghalensis bark furnished scientific proof behind folkloric claims of the memory improving, anxiety-reducing and depression-resolving characteristics of the plant. These activities might be possible due to interaction of its phytoconstituents with serotonergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic and GABAergic systems in the brain.

scholarly journals High-Fat Diet Enhances Working Memory in the Y-Maze Test in Male C57BL/6J Mice with Less Anxiety in the Elevated Plus Maze Test

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaichi Yoshizaki ◽  
Masato Asai ◽  
Taichi Hara
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze

Obesity is characterized by massive adipose tissue accumulation and is associated with psychiatric disorders and cognitive impairment in human and animal models. However, it is unclear whether high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity presents a risk of psychiatric disorders and cognitive impairment. To examine this question, we conducted systematic behavioral analyses in C57BL/6J mice (male, 8-week-old) fed an HFD for 7 weeks. C57BL/6J mice fed an HFD showed significantly increased body weight, hyperlocomotion in the open-field test (OFT) and Y-maze test (YMZT), and impaired sucrose preference in the sucrose consumption test, compared to mice fed a normal diet. Neither body weight nor body weight gain was associated with any of the behavioral traits we examined. Working memory, as assessed by the YMZT, and anxiety-like behavior, as assessed by the elevated plus maze test (EPMT), were significantly correlated with mice fed an HFD, although these behavioral traits did not affect the entire group. These results suggest that HFD-induced obesity does not induce neuropsychiatric symptoms in C57BL/6J mice. Rather, HFD improved working memory in C57BL/6J mice with less anxiety, indicating that an HFD might be beneficial under limited conditions. Correlation analysis of individual traits is a useful tool to determine those conditions.

THE STUDy OF THE NEUROPSyCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE NEW DERIVATIVE OF GLUTAMIC ACID, THE RGPU-197 COMPOUND

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
V V Bagmetova ◽  
M N Bagmetov ◽  
Ivan Nikolaevich Tyurenkov ◽  
О S Vasilieva ◽  
V М Berestovitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Nootropic Activity ◽  
Passive Avoidance Response ◽  
Multiple Comparison Test ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Conditioned Passive Avoidance Response

Proceeding from the proposition about the high productivity of the search of neuropsychotropic substances among the derivatives of natural neuromediators, a study of neuropsychopharmacological effects of the derivative of the glutamic acid, RGPU-197 compound was carried out. The study was carried out on the he-rats of the Wistar line using the following tests: “open field”, elevated plus maze, conditioned passive-avoidance response, the test of extrapolational deliverance, the test of hanging mice by tails; and also the methods of statistic analysis: rank univariate analysis of Cruscal-Wallace, the Dunn multiple comparison test /the multiple comparison test of Dunn, the x2 criterion. The RGPU-197 compound significantly (p<0,05, p<0,01) decreases the duration of immobilization of the animals and expands the latent period of its approach in the test of hanging mice by tails — it possesses antidepressant activity; increases the quantity of the visits of the centre of the open field, the quantity of attendings of the open hoses of elevated plus maze and the time of stay in them — it shows anxiolytic action; increases the quantity of crossed squares in the open field and the quantity of crossings between the hoses of elevated plus maze — it possesses activating effect; during the displays of the avoidance reflex it expands the latent period of the first period of entering the dark compartment and the quantity of enterings of it in conditioned passive-avoidance response, reduces the latent period of diving under in the test of extrapolational deliverance — it shows nootropic action. According to the intensity of antidepressant action RGPU-197 doesn’t yield to melipramin, anxiolytic and activating effects significantly (p<0.05) excels phenibutum and doesn’t yield to it by nootropic activity. Thus, the new derivative of glutamate, the RGPU-197 compound, possesses the marked antidepressant, anxiolytic and activating effects, as well as nootropic activity.

scholarly journals Memory Enhancing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Delonix regia Leaves against Scopolamine induced Amnesia in Swiss Albino Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwathi Ravichandar ◽  
K.A.S. Mohammed Shafeeq ◽  
S. Karpagam Kumara Sundari ◽  
R. Senthamarai
Keyword(s):  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Delonix Regia ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
Memory Enhancing

In traditional system of medicine, various parts of Delonix regia have been used for many ailments. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the memory enhancing activity of Ethanolic Extract of Delonix regia leaves (EEDRL) against scopolamine induced amnesia by using Elevated Plus Maze, Y Maze and Morris Water Maze Models. Ethanolic Extract of Delonix regia was prepared then subjected to phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, phenols and saponins. Acute oral toxicity was performed as per OECD guidelines 423. Based on this, two dose levels of EEDRL were chosen as 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg for pharmacological screening. Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups of six animals each. EEDRL at a dose levels 200 mg/kg & 400 mg/kg showed increase in inflexion ratio in Elevated Plus Maze, increase in Percentage alterations in Y Maze & decrease in Escape latency in Morris Water Maze Model compared to disease control in dose dependent manner which indicates that the EEDRL reverses the scopolamine induced amnesia in mice. The memory enhancing activity in mice might be due to facilitation of cholinergic transmission. Hence it can be concluded that Delonix regia appears to be a promising candidate for improving memory, and it would be worthwhile to explore the potential of this plant in the management of Alzheimer patient.

scholarly journals The ApoE-dependent Neuroprotective Effects of Sesamol on Diet-induced Obese Mice: The Role of Gut Microbiota and SCFAs (P06-049-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Yuan ◽  
Zhigang Liu ◽  
Xuebo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Metabolites ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Synapse Ultrastructure

Abstract Objectives Sesamol, an antioxidant lignan from sesame oil, possesses lipid lowering and neuroprotective bioactivities. Considering the distribution of sesamol in gut is much higher than brain after administration, the present work was aimed to elucidate the systemic protective effects of sesamol on dietary-induced cognitive deficits, and to determine the possible link between gut and brain. Methods Both wildtype and ApoE-/- mice were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) and treated with sesamol (0.05%, w/v) in drinking water for 10 weeks. The cognitive and anxiety behavioral assessment were evaluated by Morris-water maze, Y-maze, and elevated plus maze tests. The synapse ultrastructure was also detected by transmission electron microscope. Moreover, the alteration of gut microbiome and microbial metabolites short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were also determined by 16S rDNA sequencing and GC, respectively. Results Sesamol prevented HFD-induced bodyweight gain, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. However, the behavioral tests including Morris-water maze, Y-maze, and elevated plus maze tests indicated that sesamol could only improve cognitive deficits and anxiety behaviors in wildtype but not ApoE deficient mice. Consistently, sesamol improved synapse ultrastructure and inhibited brain Aβ accumulation in brain in an ApoE-dependent manner. Moreover, sesamol prevented HFD-induced gut barrier damages and systemic inflammation. Sesamol also re-shaped gut microbiome and consequently improved the generation of microbial metabolites short chain fatty acids including acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Conclusions To summarized, this study revealed that the possible mechanism of neuroprotective effects of sesamol might be ApoE-dependent, and the beneficial effects of sesamol on gut microbiota/metabolites could be translated into metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases treatment. Funding Sources This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals CARBAMAZEPINE LOADED VESICULAR STRUCTURES FOR ENHANCED BRAIN TARGETING VIA INTRANASAL ROUTE: OPTIMIZATION, IN VITRO EVALUATION, AND IN VIVO STUDY

2019 ◽  
pp. 264-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
GHADA E. YASSIN ◽  
REHAM I. AMER ◽  
AHMED M. FAYEZ
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Intranasal Route ◽  
Vesicular Structure ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
The Brain

Objective: Carbamazepine (CBZ) is used as a first line in the treatment of grand mal and partial seizures, but it suffers from many side effects on different systems of the body. The objective of the present study was optimization of CBZ vesicular structures using 23 multifactorial design for the most efficient targeting of CBZ to the brain via the intranasal route. Methods: The concentration of CBZ (10 and 20%), type of vesicles (niosomes and spanlastics) and speed of rotation (200 and 300 rpm) were considered as the independent variables XA, XB and XC respectively, while the dependent variables were particle size PS (Y1), polydispersity index PDI (Y2), zeta potential ZP (Y3) and entrapment efficiency EE (Y4). The study of the effect of different formulation variables was carried out using Design-Expert ® software. CBZ-loaded spanlastics and noisome were prepared by the ethanol injection method and thin film hydration method, respectively. The optimized formulation was subjected to viscosity measurement, in vitro drug release and physical stability studies. In vivo evaluations in rats for the optimized formulation in comparison to oral CBZ suspension was carried out using behavioral assessment by elevated plus maze test, determination of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS), reduced glutathione (GSH) and ELISA estimation of TNFα. Results: The selected optimized formulation (F0) containing 20% CBZ and spanlastic vesicular structure showed PS, PDI, ZP, and the EE % of 350.09 nm, 0.830, 16.124mV and 82.777%, respectively. In vitro release study of F0 demonstrated the ability of the F0 to increase drug release in the range time from 10-60 min (p<0.05) when compared with CBZ suspension. The viscosity of F0 was nearly uniform (65 cps). The photomicrograph taken by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals the spherical shape of F0. Good physical stability for six months of storage at 25˚ C was found for F0. The optimized spanlastic formulation F0 showed a decrease in latency time in behavior assessment test using elevated plus Maze test, a decrease in serum eNOS and TNF-α and increase in GSH when compared with the oral CBZ suspension, in addition to the histopathological study that revealed the more CBZ uptake by the brain. Conclusion: The optimized spanlastic formulation F0 achieved better results when compared with the oral CBZ suspension for targeting the CBZ spanlastics vesicular structure to the brain via the nasal route.

SCREENING OF STEM BARK EXTRACT OF BAUHINIA VARIEGATA LINN. FOR PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubham S. Gawas ◽  
M.H.S. Godinho
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Stress Model ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Bauhinia Variegata ◽  
Dunnett's Test

Bauhinia variegata named orchid tree, belongs to the family leguminosae. The methanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata (MEBV) revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids and flavonoids. Various CNS models were used to find out the antianxiety activity of Bauhinia variegata. The study was designed to evaluate the antianxiety activity of stem bark extract of Bauhinia variegata. The effect of dried stem bark of Bauhinia variegata (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) was evaluated using Elevated Plus Maze, Light and Dark Box, Restrained Stress Model and Novelty Suppressed Feeding Test using a wistar albino rats (n=6) and was statistically analyzed using ONE WAY Annova followed by Dunnett’s test. Oral administration of the methanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) showed significant increase in %OAE and %TSOA values for EPM, NEL and TSL values in Light and Dark Box, Restrained Stress Model showed  significant increase in %OAE and %TSOA and NEL and TSL values. Novelty suppressed feeding behaivior test showed significantly lower values for latency to feed.From the present study it may be concluded that among both the test groups, MEBV at a dose of 400 mg/kg was found to possess significant anti-anxiety activity. Keywords: EPM- Elevated Plus Maze, NEL- Number of Entries in Light, TSL- Time spent in light.

Behavioral Changes Induced by Angiotensin AT1 Receptors Blockade in the Rat Brain

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hritcu ◽  
W. Bild ◽  
A. Ciobica ◽  
V. Artenie ◽  
I. Haulica
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Maze Task ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
The Brain

Aims:The brain renin-angiotensin system is involved in learning and memory, but the actual role of angiotensin II and its metabolites in this process has been difficult to comprehend. In the present study we assessed the role of the angiotensin AT1 receptors in certain behavioral effects of angiotensin II using their selective antagonist losartan and PD123319, intracerebroventricularly (icv) administrated.Methods:Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: 1. sham-operated; 2. Losartan; 3. PD123319. All drugs were stereotaxically icv injected. Learning and memory tests began 2 weeks after the operation, and the ability of the rats to acquire the operant task was studied by means of Y-maze task and passive avoidance task, respectively. The anxiety state was measured in elevated plus maze.Results:Losartan and PD123319 significantly impaired spatial memory in Y-maze task, suggesting significant effects on short-term memory. In passive avoidance task, both angiotensin II antagonist, significantly decreased step-through-latency, suggesting significant effects on long-term memory. In elevated plus maze measuring anxiety, both drugs diminished anxiety state.Conclusions:Our results suggest the considerable involvement of the brain ATi angiotensin receptors in the cognition improving effects of angiotensin.

scholarly journals Effect of Metformin on Doxorubicin-Induced Memory Dysfunction

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Alharbi ◽  
Hindi Alharbi ◽  
Yasser Almogbel ◽  
Abdullah Alalwan ◽  
Ahmad Alhowail
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Altered Glucose ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
With Memory

Doxorubicin (DOX) is widely used to treat many types of cancer; however, it is associated with chemotherapy-related complications such as cognitive dysfunction, known as chemobrain. Chemobrain affects up to 75% of cancer survivors, and there are currently no available therapeutic options. This study aims to examine whether metformin (MET) can protect against the neurotoxicity caused by DOX treatment. Forty male rats were divided into four groups (10 rats/group): control, DOX, DOX + MET, and MET. Rats treated with DOX received five doses of 4 mg/kg DOX weekly (cumulative dose: 20 mg/kg). For the DOX-MET and MET groups, MET (3 mg/mL) was dissolved in drinking water. Behavioral and glucose tests were performed one day after treatment was completed. We found DOX (4 mg/kg/week, 5 weeks) caused learning and memory impairment in the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and elevated plus maze behavioral tests. MET did not rescue these DOX-induced memory impairments. Neither DOX nor MET nor MET + DOX altered glucose levels following the treatment. In summary, DOX treatment is associated with memory impairment in rats, but MET does not rescue this cognitive dysfunction.

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