vesicular structure
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2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1173
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ahmed Attia ◽  
Ebtessam Ahmed Essa ◽  
Toka Tarek Elebyary ◽  
Ahmed Mostafa Faheem ◽  
Amal Ali Elkordy

Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing infectious diseases and saving lives. Modern biotechnology largely enabled vaccine development. In the meantime, recent advances in pharmaceutical technology have resulted in the emergence of nanoparticles that are extensively investigated as promising miniaturized drug delivery systems. Scientists are particularly interested in liposomes as an important carrier for vaccine development. Wide acceptability of liposomes lies in their flexibility and versatility. Due to their unique vesicular structure with alternating aqueous and lipid compartments, liposomes can enclose both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, including antigens. Liposome composition can be tailored to obtain the desired immune response and adjuvant characteristics. During the current pandemic of COVID-19, many liposome-based vaccines have been developed with great success. This review covers a liposome-based vaccine designed particularly to combat viral infection of the lower respiratory tract (LRT), i.e., infection of the lung, specifically in the lower airways. Viruses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2) are common causes of LRT infections, hence this review mainly focuses on this category of viruses.


Author(s):  
SYED SAIF IMAM ◽  
SMRITI AGARWAL

Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate as compared to other cancers. The anti-proliferative and antioxidant potential of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and Theaflavin -3,3’-digallate (TF3) can play a major role in treatment if delivered efficiently. To improve the chemical stability and medicinal potential of EGCG and TF3 in the respiratory tract, a spanlastic is developed which is composed of Tween-80, Span-60, and cholesterol which encapsulate EGCG and TF3 inside its vesicular structure and deliver it specifically to the target cancer cells. The cholesterol layer will produce efficient penetration while tween-80 and span-60 will help in easily deformability and lowers the interfacial tension hence, produces a small Z-average diameter which facilitates efficient penetration between layers of cells. The nano-vesicular structure ensures the APIs stability at alkaline pH (7.6) and also increases cellular antioxidant activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant powers values of APIs. Better encapsulation efficiency and safe consideration by MTT assay are major advantages of Spanlastic. The lung cancer cell loses the ability of apoptosis, which can revived with the help of a nano-vesicular system of EGCG and TF3 and in addition, there will be activation of several other properties such as cell arrest, activation of miR-210, suppression of cyclin D1, inhibition of MAPK, ERK, and JAK-STAT at their maximum potential. Furthermore, a special type of spacer and pMDI canister are developed in order to maximize the drug stability and efficiency of its delivery.


Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Jan Parafiniuk ◽  
Rafał Siuda

The subject of this work is the assemblage of anhydrous sulfate minerals formed on burning coal-heaps. Three burning heaps located in the Upper Silesian coal basin in Czerwionka-Leszczyny, Radlin and Rydułtowy near Rybnik were selected for the research. The occurrence of godovikovite, millosevichite, steklite and an unnamed MgSO4, sometimes accompanied by subordinate admixtures of mikasaite, sabieite, efremovite, langbeinite and aphthitalite has been recorded from these locations. Occasionally they form monomineral aggregates, but usually occur as mixtures practically impossible to separate. The minerals form microcrystalline masses with a characteristic vesicular structure resembling a solidified foam or pumice. The sulfates crystallize from hot fire gases, similar to high temperature volcanic exhalations. The gases transport volatile components from the center of the fire but their chemical compositions are not yet known. Their cooling in the near-surface part of the heap results in condensation from the vapors as viscous liquid mass, from which the investigated minerals then crystallize. Their crystallization temperatures can be estimated from direct measurements of the temperatures of sulfate accumulation in the burning dumps and studies of their thermal decomposition. Millosevichite and steklite crystallize in the temperature range of 510–650 °C, MgSO4 forms at 510–600 °C and godovikovite in the slightly lower range of 280–450 (546) °C. These values are higher than those previously reported.


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritika Gupta ◽  
Amrish Kumar

: Vesicular systems have many advantages like prolong the existence of the drug in the systemic circulation, minimizes the undesirable side-effects, reaches the active moieties to its target sites using the carriers. But the main drawback related to transdermal delivery is to cross stratum corneum which can be overcome by the utilization of novel carrier systems e.g. transfersomes which are ultra-deformable carrier system composed of phospholipid (phosphatidylcholine) and edge activators (surfactants). Edge activators are responsible for the flexibility of the bilayer membranes of transfersomes. Different edge activators utilized for transfersomes include tween, span, bile salts (sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate) and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate. These activators decrease the interfacial tension therefore increases the deformability of carrier system. Transfersomes can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs into a vesicular structure which consists of one or more concentric bilayers. Due to the elastic nature of transfersomes, they can easily cross the natural physiological barriers i.e., skin and deliver the drug to its active site. The main benefit of using transfersomes as a carrier is the delivery of macromolecules through the skin by non-invasive route therefore increasing the patient’s compliance. The transfersomal formulations can be used in the treatment of ocular diseases, alopecia, vulvovaginal candidiasis, osteoporosis, apotic dermatitis, tumor, leishmaniasis. It is also used in the delivery of growth hormones, anaesthesia, insulin, proteins, and herbal drugs. This review also focuses on the patents and clinical studies for various transfersomal products.


Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusheng Qian ◽  
Xinyu Zhou ◽  
Jing He ◽  
Chuncai Zhou

A novel series of amphiphilic mimicking antimicrobial peptide copolymers PCL16-b-Kn can assemble in water to form uniform vesicles. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the vesicular structure of the nanoparticles, and dynamic light scattering revealed their uniform size and narrow dispersion. Critical vesiculation concentrations were also tested, revealing that these vesicles can exist at low concentrations. Furthermore, in vitro and intracellular drug release of doxorubicin(DOX)-vesicles were conducted. These vesicles could encapsulate DOX and achieve efficient intracellular drug release. Overall, these copolymer vesicles exhibit potential application value as multifunctional drug-carrier systems with antibacterial capability in cancer therapy.


Author(s):  
GHADA E. YASSIN ◽  
REHAM I. AMER ◽  
AHMED M. FAYEZ

Objective: Carbamazepine (CBZ) is used as a first line in the treatment of grand mal and partial seizures, but it suffers from many side effects on different systems of the body. The objective of the present study was optimization of CBZ vesicular structures using 23 multifactorial design for the most efficient targeting of CBZ to the brain via the intranasal route. Methods: The concentration of CBZ (10 and 20%), type of vesicles (niosomes and spanlastics) and speed of rotation (200 and 300 rpm) were considered as the independent variables XA, XB and XC respectively, while the dependent variables were particle size PS (Y1), polydispersity index PDI (Y2), zeta potential ZP (Y3) and entrapment efficiency EE (Y4). The study of the effect of different formulation variables was carried out using Design-Expert ® software. CBZ-loaded spanlastics and noisome were prepared by the ethanol injection method and thin film hydration method, respectively. The optimized formulation was subjected to viscosity measurement, in vitro drug release and physical stability studies. In vivo evaluations in rats for the optimized formulation in comparison to oral CBZ suspension was carried out using behavioral assessment by elevated plus maze test, determination of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS), reduced glutathione (GSH) and ELISA estimation of TNFα. Results: The selected optimized formulation (F0) containing 20% CBZ and spanlastic vesicular structure showed PS, PDI, ZP, and the EE % of 350.09 nm, 0.830, 16.124mV and 82.777%, respectively. In vitro release study of F0 demonstrated the ability of the F0 to increase drug release in the range time from 10-60 min (p<0.05) when compared with CBZ suspension. The viscosity of F0 was nearly uniform (65 cps). The photomicrograph taken by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals the spherical shape of F0. Good physical stability for six months of storage at 25˚ C was found for F0. The optimized spanlastic formulation F0 showed a decrease in latency time in behavior assessment test using elevated plus Maze test, a decrease in serum eNOS and TNF-α and increase in GSH when compared with the oral CBZ suspension, in addition to the histopathological study that revealed the more CBZ uptake by the brain. Conclusion: The optimized spanlastic formulation F0 achieved better results when compared with the oral CBZ suspension for targeting the CBZ spanlastics vesicular structure to the brain via the nasal route.


Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Dae Jang ◽  
Changwoo Do ◽  
Joona Bang ◽  
Young Soo Han ◽  
Tae-Hwan Kim

A self-assembled unilamellar vesicle, which can be used as a drug delivery system, was easily and simply fabricated using a blended system of Pluronic block copolymers. Controlling the hydrophilic mass fraction of block copolymers (by blending the block copolymer with a different hydrophilic mass fraction) and temperature (i.e., the hydrophobic interaction is controlled), a vesicular structure was formed. Small angle neutron scattering measurements showed that the vesicular structure had diameters of empty cores from 13.6 nm to 79.6 nm, and thicknesses of the bilayers from 2.2 nm to 8.7 nm when the hydrophobic interaction was changed. Therefore, considering that the temperature of the vesicle formation is controllable by the concentration of the blended block copolymers, it is possible for them to be applied in a wide range of potential applications, for example, as nanoreactors and nanovehicles.


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