scholarly journals DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: AN INCLUSIVE REVIEW ON CURRENT TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT APPROACHES

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Jyothi S L ◽  
Vishal Gupta N
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Posterior Uveitis ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
New Formulation

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication which occurs due to diabetes mellitus leading to loss of vision and hindering the quality of patient life by damaging the layer of retina at the posterior segment of the eye. According to the survey around 285 million peoples are suffering from visual loss out of these 65% of people are more than 50 years old and 82% of blind patients are more than 50 years old. The diseases that occur in the posterior segment of the eye like, cytomegalovirus retinitis, posterior uveitis, age related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy needs a novel delivery system that can improve the concentration of drugs that reaches posterior segment of the eye. The development of new drug delivery system gained more importance in the field of research in which nanotechnology is the most considered approach. The nanotechnology-based systems such as nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, niosomes, nanomicelles, nanoemulsions, nanogels, cyclodextrins, dendrimers, and quantum dots are developed as a new formulation for drug delivery. The rationale behind the nanoparticle systems is its ability to formulate a sustained, controlled release dosage form, painless, safe, non-invasive system to overcome the major barriers in the treatment of DR. Based on the nanoparticles, some approaches are exploited for more effective conveyance of drug toward the posterior segment. Thus, these advanced delivery systems progress the therapeutic efficacy of the drug and patient’s obedience and life quality. In this review, the new therapeutic treatments and their managements were discussed and methods of drug delivery to reach the posterior segment of eye.

scholarly journals Posterior segment eye diseases in Ijebu, Southwestern Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Tayo Julius Bogunjoko ◽  
Adekunle O. Hassan ◽  
Adunola Ogunro ◽  
Toyin Akanbi ◽  
Bidemi Abudu
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Eye Diseases ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Slit Lamp ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Age Related

Background: To review cases of posterior segment eye diseases (PSEDs) seen at the Eye Foundation Centre Ijebu, Nigeria in a 5 year period for planning purposes.Methods: Data was collected from patients’ case notes from January 2006 to December 2011. A systematic sampling of 468 patients from 1173 case notes of patient with (PSEDs) was done. Information retrieved was: age, sex, state of residence and diagnosis. All patients were examined by the glaucoma and the vitroretinal specialist as the case may be. They had visual acuity, refraction, slit lamp examination (including intraocular pressure (IOP) with Goldman applanation tonometer), and dilated fundoscopy with (bilateral indirect ophthalmoscopy) BIO, slit lamp using 20 D, 78 D and 90 D respectively. The glaucoma patients in addition had central visual field (CVF), Central cornea thickness (CCT), fundus photograph and in some cases optical coherence tomography (OCT) done in addition to the above.Results: The mean age was 59.98 years (SD 17.67) and the age range is 5-95 years. Males outnumbered females by 63% to 37%. The diseases were more common in age group 61 to 80. Patients’ attendances were mostly from Ijebu division of Ogun state (57%). Glaucoma is the commonest cause of attendance 262 (56%) followed by diabetic retinopathy 29 (6.2%) and age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) 28 (6.0%).Conclusions: Glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and ARMD were noted as the commonest PSEDs in Ijebu division in Southwestern Nigeria.

scholarly journals Age-related Macular Degeneration—Disease, Risk Factors, and Treatments

2014 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Clyde Schultz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive disease of the posterior segment of the eye. It is has been diagnosed worldwide and primarily affects individuals over 50 years of age. The incidence of the disease increases with age and with the presence of certain genetic factors, which may indicate a disposition for disease progression. In addition to genetic factors and age, other factors may be involved in developing AMD. These include obesity and smoking, which are also linked to various cardiovascular conditions. There are two forms of AMD: wet and dry. Both forms may involve the build-up of drusen deposits in the posterior segment of the eye, but the wet form tends to be more severe due to the proliferation of blood vessels into the macula and retinal areas of the back of the eye, thus causing an individual’s vision to become ‘blocked’ or ‘shaded’ usually beginning at the center of the visual field. There are a variety of treatment options for AMD including surgery in the form of laser or photo therapy. The most current treatment options involve the injection of a biologic into the posterior segment of the eye. There are some severe adverse events with this approach but they tend to be rare.

Posterior segment drug delivery for the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular oedema

2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (10) ◽  
pp. 1356-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chee Wai Wong ◽  
Tina T Wong
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Macular Oedema ◽  
Diabetic Macular Oedema ◽  
Cell Penetrating Peptides ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Exudative Amd ◽  
Age Related

Inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factors are used to treat a myriad of retinal conditions, including exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular oedema (DME) and diabetic retinopathy. Although effective, long-term efficacy is limited by the need for frequent and invasive intravitreal injections. The quest for sustained action therapeutics that can be delivered to target tissue in the least invasive manner is an arduous endeavour that has ended in premature failure for several technologies in Phase II or III trials. Nevertheless, there have been promising preclinical studies, and more are on the horizon: port delivery systems for the treatment of exudative AMD have entered Phase III trials and a wide array of preclinical studies have demonstrated the potential for nanoparticles, such as liposomes, dendrimers and cell penetrating peptides to deliver therapeutics into the posterior segment via minimally invasive routes. In this review, we discuss the challenges posed by ocular barriers for drug penetration and present the recent advancements of the most pertinent drug delivery platforms with a focus on the treatment of exudative AMD and DME.

scholarly journals Novel delivery systems of active substances for intraocular administration

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (87(03)) ◽  
pp. 331-338
Author(s):  
Rocío Herrero Vanrell
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Multifactorial Diseases ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Intraocular Drug Delivery ◽  
Active Substances

Neurodegenerative pathologies affecting the posterior segment of the eye such as diabetic retinopathy, age related macular degeneration and glaucoma are among the main causes of blindness in the world. They have in common that are cronic, multifactorial and in some cases related with the elderly. The treatment of these pathologies require to maintain therapeutic concentrations in the posterior segment thanks to the use of successive intraocular injections which are associated to secondary effects being poor tolerated by patients. Intraocular drug delivery systems emerged as an alternative to frequent injections as they are able to deliver the therapeutic agent in a controlled fashion into the eye after a single administration. Depending on the biomaterial these delivery systems are biodegradable or non biodegradable. Attending to their sizes, drug delivery systems are classified in implants (>1mm), microsystems (1-1000μm) y nanosystems (1-1000nm). Biodegradable microspheres emerge as therapeutic tools of great interest for the treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies as they can encapsulate active substances of distinct nature and provide release profiles tailoring with clinical needs. Furthermore, it is possible to administer different amounts of microspheres which correspond to the most adequated doses of the medicine in a personalized therapy. The simultaneous encapsulation of several active substances in the microspheres are of great interest in the treatment of multifactorial diseases covering different therapeutic targets.

Evaluation of Port Delivery System with ranibizumab for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-200
Author(s):  
Annika J Patel ◽  
Dante J Pieramici ◽  
Nika Bagheri
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Office Visits ◽  
Continuous Release ◽  
Anti Vegf ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pars Plana

Current treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration involves periodic intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF medication, creating a burden to patients and physicians, resulting in nonadherence to recommended dosing schedules. The Port Delivery System with ranibizumab offers a long-term solution that involves implantation of a device into the pars plana and provides continuous release of anti-VEGF medication into the vitreous, thus requiring fewer office visits. The Port Delivery System has demonstrated comparable visual and anatomic outcomes to monthly injections and shows promise in alleviating the patient burden in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration, making possible better long-term real-world visual outcomes.

Die Zukunft der Anti-VEGF-A-Therapie

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Olaf Strauß
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
Sustained Delivery ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Sustained Drug Delivery ◽  
Anti Vegf ◽  
Age Related

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGF) have become the most common treatment modality for many retinal diseases. These include neovascular age-related macular degeneration (n-AMD), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and retinal vein occlusions (RVO). However, these drugs are administered via intravitreal injections that are associated with sight-threatening complications. The most feared of these complications is endophthalmitis, a severe infection of the eye with extremely poor visual outcomes. Patients with retinal diseases typically have to undergo multiple injections before achieving the desired therapeutic effect. Each injection incurs the risk of the sight-threatening complications. As such, there has been great interest in developing sustained delivery platforms for anti-VEGF agents to the posterior segment of the eye. In recent years, there have been various strategies that have been conceptualised. These include non-biodegradable implants, nano-formulations and hydrogels. In this review, the barriers of drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye will be explained. The characteristics of an ideal sustained delivery platform will then be discussed. Finally, the current available strategies will be analysed with the above-mentioned characteristics in mind to determine the advantages and disadvantages of each sustained drug delivery modality. Through the above, this review attempts to provide an overview of the sustained delivery platforms in their various phases of development.

scholarly journals Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Composite Drug Delivery System for Potential Ocular Applications

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 642
Author(s):  
Xuan-Ling Hsu ◽  
Lien-Chen Wu ◽  
Jui-Yang Hsieh ◽  
Yi-You Huang
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Intravitreal Injections ◽  
Protein Drugs ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Model Drug ◽  
Wet Amd

Intravitreal injections are clinically established procedures in the treatment of posterior eye diseases, such as wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD) which requires monthly intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) protein drugs that can lead to complications due to frequent dosing. In this study, we designed a composite drug delivery system (DDS) consisting of drug-loaded poly (lactide–co–glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles and a chemically crosslinked hyaluronan hydrogel to reduce the dosing frequency. The morphology, size, composition, and drug loading efficiency of the prepared nanoparticles were characterized. The properties of the modified hyaluronan polymers used were also examined. The degree of swelling/degradation and controlled release ability of the hyaluronan hydrogel and the composite DDS were identified using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model drug. The results show that this system can retain 75% of its wet weight without losing its integrity and release the model drug at the rate of 0.4 μg/day for more than two months under physiological conditions. In addition, the nanoparticulate formulation of the system can further improve bioavailability of the drugs by penetrating deep into the retinal layers. In conclusion, the proposed composite DDS is easily prepared with biocompatible materials and is promising for providing the sustained release of the protein drugs as a better treatment for ocular neovascular diseases like wet AMD.

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