scholarly journals Scientific Explanation: Causation and Unification

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (66) ◽  
pp. 3-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley C. Salmon

El propósito de Wesley Salmon es argumentar en favor de la tesis de que es posible una reconciliación, en grado significativo, entre las dos grandes tradiciones en el análisis de la explicación científica. La idea central es que en estas tradiciones se defienden enfoques que son compatibles y complementarios. Una tradición es la que se inicia con Carl G. Hempel; las ideas desarrolladas por este autor constituyeron, en los años sesenta y setenta, la “concepción aceptada”. Su sucesor natural es la concepción de la unificación, debida principalmente a Michael Friedman y a Philip Kitcher. La otra tradición es la iniciada por Michael Scriven, quien defendió una concepción causal de la explicación. Las transformaciones que ha ido sufriendo esta concepción han sido el resultado de análisis cada vez mas cuidadosos y detallados de la causalidad. Uno de los principales responsables de esta trans formaciones es Wesley Salmon. En la concepción de la unificación que propone Friedman, la tesis básica es que incrementamos nuestro conocimiento científico del mundo en la medida en que podemos reducir el número de supuestos independientemente aceptables para explicar los fenómenos naturales. Salmon desarrolla la concepción causal haciendo una elucidación de ciertos mecanismos causales: interacciones y procesos causales; defiende además la tesis de que los mecanismos causales pueden ser indeterministas. Como piensa que el objetivo de la explicación científica es mostrar las formas en que opera la naturaleza —lo cual implica descubrir los mecanismos que subyacen a los fenómenos—, considera que su enfoque es mejor entendido como una concepción causal y mecánica. El concepto de “texto explicativo ideal” introducido por Peter Railton, junto con el análisis del nivel pragmático de la investigación científica que propone este mismo autor, son considerados por Salmon como una base muy adecuada y prometedora para mostrar que la concepción mecánico-causal y la concepción de la unificación, son reconciliables —compatibles y complementarias. Salmon ofrece una serie de ejemplos para apoyar su tesis. Entre ellos, algunos son utilizados para hacer ver que la explicación funcional —tal como la concibe Larry Wright— no tiene por que entrar en conflicto con las explicaciones mecánico-causales “de grano fino”. Ambas son legítimas y complementarias. La naturaleza de la comprensión científica, según Salmon, abarca al menos dos aspectos, los cuales corresponden a los dos tipos de explicación analizados. Por una parte, la comprensión de los fenómenos requiere que sean acomodados en una visión general del mundo. Este aspecto de la comprensión esta estrechamente relacionado con la concepción de la explicación como unificación. Por otra parte, la comprensión requiere un conocimiento de como opera la naturaleza, de los mecanismos responsables de los fenómenos. Este aspecto es el que recupera la concepción mecánico-causal. En vista de las complejidades del concepto de comprensión científica, concluye Salmon, no parece plausible una caracterización de la explicación científica en términos de algún esquema formal o formulación lingüística simple.

Author(s):  
Allen Buchanan

This chapter lays out several alternative understandings of moral progress found in the contemporary literature of analytical moral and political philosophy. None of these amounts to a theory of moral progress, but each is suggestive of some of the building blocks for constructing such a theory. Among the accounts considered are those offered by Peter Singer, Ruth Macklin, Philip Kitcher, and Peter Railton. A taxonomy of types of views is provided, utilizing the following distinctions: monistic (reductionist) versus pluralistic, static versus dynamic, and better norm compliance versus functionalist, where the latter are grounded in the idea that managing problems of cooperation is constitutive of morality. Each of these understandings is shown to be inadequate because it is unable to accommodate the full range of types of moral progress or, in the case of functionalist views, because it betrays an impoverished conception of what morality has come to encompass.


1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 1315-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hallett

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Lacot ◽  
Mohammad H. Afzali ◽  
Stéphane Vautier

Abstract. Test validation based on usual statistical analyses is paradoxical, as, from a falsificationist perspective, they do not test that test data are ordinal measurements, and, from the ethical perspective, they do not justify the use of test scores. This paper (i) proposes some basic definitions, where measurement is a special case of scientific explanation; starting from the examples of memory accuracy and suicidality as scored by two widely used clinical tests/questionnaires. Moreover, it shows (ii) how to elicit the logic of the observable test events underlying the test scores, and (iii) how the measurability of the target theoretical quantities – memory accuracy and suicidality – can and should be tested at the respondent scale as opposed to the scale of aggregates of respondents. (iv) Criterion-related validity is revisited to stress that invoking the explanative power of test data should draw attention on counterexamples instead of statistical summarization. (v) Finally, it is argued that the justification of the use of test scores in specific settings should be part of the test validation task, because, as tests specialists, psychologists are responsible for proposing their tests for social uses.


2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Barrantes ◽  
Juan M. Durán

We argue that there is no tension between Reid's description of science and his claim that science is based on the principles of common sense. For Reid, science is rooted in common sense since it is based on the (common sense) idea that fixed laws govern nature. This, however, does not contradict his view that the scientific notions of causation and explanation are fundamentally different from their common sense counterparts. After discussing these points, we dispute with Cobb's ( Cobb 2010 ) and Benbaji's ( Benbaji 2003 ) interpretations of Reid's views on causation and explanation. Finally, we present Reid's views from the perspective of the contemporary debate on scientific explanation.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
Petru TĂRCHILĂ

Judicial psychology is the science that analyzes and tries to understand the criminal phenomenon in general and its determinant factor in particular, by the complexity of factors that generate it and by the diversity of its forms of manifestation. Although the determining factor of criminal behavior is always subjective being generated by the psychic of the offender, this aspect must be correlated with the context in which it manifests itself: social, economic, cultural context etc. Judicial psychology investigates the behavior of the individual in all its aspects, seeking a scientific explanation of the mechanisms and factors enhancing criminal favors, thus enabling the identification of the preventive measures to be taken to reduce the categories of offenses. It studies the psycho-behavioral profile of the offender, identifying the causes that determined its behavior in order to take preventive measures.The domain of judicial psychology is mainly deviance, conduct that departs from the moral or legal norms that are dominant in a given culture. The object of judicial psychology is the criminal act, correlated with the psychosocial characteristics of the participants in the judicial action (offender, victim, witness, investigator, magistrate, lawyer, civil party, educator, etc.). The science of judicial psychology also analyzes how these characteristics appear and manifest themselves in concrete and special conditions of their interaction in three phases of the criminal act: the pre-criminal phase, the actual criminal phase and the post-criminal phase.


Author(s):  
S. A. Syurin ◽  
S. A. Gorbanev

In 2007-2017, 22 occupational diseases were diagnosed for the first time in 18 workers engaged in aluminium production in the Arctic. A marked decrease in occupational morbidity in 2010-2017 was found, which was not associated with changes in working conditions and therefore requires an appropriate scientific explanation.


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