Contemporary Accounts of Moral Progress

Author(s):  
Allen Buchanan

This chapter lays out several alternative understandings of moral progress found in the contemporary literature of analytical moral and political philosophy. None of these amounts to a theory of moral progress, but each is suggestive of some of the building blocks for constructing such a theory. Among the accounts considered are those offered by Peter Singer, Ruth Macklin, Philip Kitcher, and Peter Railton. A taxonomy of types of views is provided, utilizing the following distinctions: monistic (reductionist) versus pluralistic, static versus dynamic, and better norm compliance versus functionalist, where the latter are grounded in the idea that managing problems of cooperation is constitutive of morality. Each of these understandings is shown to be inadequate because it is unable to accommodate the full range of types of moral progress or, in the case of functionalist views, because it betrays an impoverished conception of what morality has come to encompass.

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Bell ◽  
Belen Corbacho ◽  
Sarah Ronaldson ◽  
Gerry Richardson ◽  
Kerry Hood ◽  
...  

Background: The Family Nurse Partnership (FNP) is a licensed intensive home visiting intervention programme delivered to teenage mothers which was originally introduced in England in 2006 by the Department of Health and is now provided through local commissioning of public health services and supported by a national unit led by a consortium of partners. The Building Blocks (BB) trial aimed to explore the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of this programme. This paper reports the results of an economic evaluation of the Building Blocks randomised controlled trial (RCT) based on a cost-consequence approach. Methods: A large sample of 1618 families was followed-up at various intervals during pregnancy and for two years after birth. A cost-consequence approach was taken to appraise the full range of costs arising from the intervention including both health and social measures of cost alongside the consequences of the trial, specifically, the primary outcomes. Results: A large number of potential factors were identified that are likely to attract additional costs beyond the implementation costs of the intervention including both health and non-health outcomes. Conclusion: Given the extensive costs and only small beneficial consequences observed within the two year follow-up period, the cost-consequence model suggests that the FNP intervention is unlikely to be worth the substantial costs and policy makers may wish to consider other options for investment. Trial registration: ISRCTN23019866 (20/04/2009)


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
F. Bocken ◽  
E. Brennan ◽  
N. Claessens ◽  
D. Claeys ◽  
S. Debeaussaert ◽  
...  

Abstract Contemporary society is plagued by a number of issues and inconsistencies on both an environmental and a socio-economic level. Reliance on bank loans forces debtors to seek means to repay their debts, thus facilitating the current boundless economic growth in which long-term, environmental considerations typically come second. On the individual level, since virtually nothing is free, everyone has to ensure his or her own livelihood, mostly in the form of wage labour. For fear of poverty, the unemployed must adjust to the needs of the job market and risk not being able to fully explore their potential. Other socio-economic groups also face stigmatisation, and inequality is rampant as a result of the pervasive market-based pricing mechanisms. In view of these issues, it seems unjustified to accept these terms and conditions in the future, especially since the West has to cater to its ageing population and the ensuing pressure this will exert on welfare systems. Therefore, as a transdisciplinary team assisted by various experts and armed with insights from a wide <target target-type="page-num" id="p-2"/>variety of sources, we propose an alternative model of society based on the values of fairness, inclusion and transparency, with the goal of developing a representative systems map for a future, resilient and equitable society. The exact workings of this society are captured by several building blocks, which together endeavour to cover the full range of functions and responsibilities associated with society today, and jointly promote democratisation while guaranteeing equal political representation for all members of society.


2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARL KNIGHT

AbstractA large proportion of humankind today lives in avoidable poverty. This article examines whether affluent individuals and governments have moral duties to change this situation. It is maintained that an alternative to the familiar accounts of transdomestic distributive justice and personal ethics put forward by writers such as Peter Singer, John Rawls, and Thomas Pogge is required, since each of these accounts fails to reflect the full range of relevant considerations. A better account would give some weight to overall utility, the condition of the worst off, and individual responsibility. This approach provides robust support to global poverty alleviation.


1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (66) ◽  
pp. 3-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley C. Salmon

El propósito de Wesley Salmon es argumentar en favor de la tesis de que es posible una reconciliación, en grado significativo, entre las dos grandes tradiciones en el análisis de la explicación científica. La idea central es que en estas tradiciones se defienden enfoques que son compatibles y complementarios. Una tradición es la que se inicia con Carl G. Hempel; las ideas desarrolladas por este autor constituyeron, en los años sesenta y setenta, la “concepción aceptada”. Su sucesor natural es la concepción de la unificación, debida principalmente a Michael Friedman y a Philip Kitcher. La otra tradición es la iniciada por Michael Scriven, quien defendió una concepción causal de la explicación. Las transformaciones que ha ido sufriendo esta concepción han sido el resultado de análisis cada vez mas cuidadosos y detallados de la causalidad. Uno de los principales responsables de esta trans formaciones es Wesley Salmon. En la concepción de la unificación que propone Friedman, la tesis básica es que incrementamos nuestro conocimiento científico del mundo en la medida en que podemos reducir el número de supuestos independientemente aceptables para explicar los fenómenos naturales. Salmon desarrolla la concepción causal haciendo una elucidación de ciertos mecanismos causales: interacciones y procesos causales; defiende además la tesis de que los mecanismos causales pueden ser indeterministas. Como piensa que el objetivo de la explicación científica es mostrar las formas en que opera la naturaleza —lo cual implica descubrir los mecanismos que subyacen a los fenómenos—, considera que su enfoque es mejor entendido como una concepción causal y mecánica. El concepto de “texto explicativo ideal” introducido por Peter Railton, junto con el análisis del nivel pragmático de la investigación científica que propone este mismo autor, son considerados por Salmon como una base muy adecuada y prometedora para mostrar que la concepción mecánico-causal y la concepción de la unificación, son reconciliables —compatibles y complementarias. Salmon ofrece una serie de ejemplos para apoyar su tesis. Entre ellos, algunos son utilizados para hacer ver que la explicación funcional —tal como la concibe Larry Wright— no tiene por que entrar en conflicto con las explicaciones mecánico-causales “de grano fino”. Ambas son legítimas y complementarias. La naturaleza de la comprensión científica, según Salmon, abarca al menos dos aspectos, los cuales corresponden a los dos tipos de explicación analizados. Por una parte, la comprensión de los fenómenos requiere que sean acomodados en una visión general del mundo. Este aspecto de la comprensión esta estrechamente relacionado con la concepción de la explicación como unificación. Por otra parte, la comprensión requiere un conocimiento de como opera la naturaleza, de los mecanismos responsables de los fenómenos. Este aspecto es el que recupera la concepción mecánico-causal. En vista de las complejidades del concepto de comprensión científica, concluye Salmon, no parece plausible una caracterización de la explicación científica en términos de algún esquema formal o formulación lingüística simple.


Author(s):  
Kunal S. Mali ◽  
Steven De Feyter

Self-assembled physisorbed monolayers consist of regular two-dimensional arrays of molecules. Two-dimensional self-assembly of organic and metal–organic building blocks is a widely used strategy for nanoscale functionalization of surfaces. These supramolecular nanostructures are typically sustained by weak non-covalent forces such as van der Waals, electrostatic, metal–ligand, dipole–dipole and hydrogen bonding interactions. A wide variety of structurally very diverse monolayers have been fabricated under ambient conditions at the liquid–solid and air–solid interface or under ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) conditions at the UHV–solid interface. The outcome of the molecular self-assembly process depends on a variety of factors such as the nature of functional groups present on assembling molecules, the type of solvent, the temperature at which the molecules assemble and the concentration of the building blocks. The objective of this review is to provide a brief account of the progress in understanding various parameters affecting two-dimensional molecular self-assembly through illustration of some key examples from contemporary literature.


Author(s):  
Idowu Biao

This chapter states that there exists a difference between a learning program and an educational curriculum. Beneficiary-learners participate in the development, implementation and evaluation of learning programs whereas educational curricula are offered by some authorities who hardly consult with potential learners and who oversee the fashioning, execution and evaluation of the programs they have developed. The chapter draws attention to the fact that with regards to education in prison, the world is currently divided into three camps (nations that believe in the provision of a full range of educational services to prisoners, those that hold the view that only a limited provision of educational services is needed and nations that think prisoners deserve no education). The chapter ends by supplying a rationale for the provision of learning programs to the prisoner and the psycho-social and temporal sources from where the building blocks for such learning programs should be derived.


2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Rottschaefer

AbstractIn his The Ethical Project, Philip Kitcher offers a pragmatic naturalistic account of moral progress, rejecting a moral realist one. I suggest a moral realist account of moral progress that embraces Kitcher’s pragmatic naturalism and calls on moral realism to show how the pragmatic account is successful. To do so I invoke a hypothesis about moral affordances and make use of a cognitive account of emotions.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ataria Rangipikitia Sharman

<p>The characteristics of atua wāhine provide the female elements of mana wahine for Māori women. In expressing mana wahine, Māori women draw on the attributes and narratives of the atua wāhine. The atua wāhine narratives went through a period of marginalisation after the arrival of the early settlers. During this time their stories and characteristics were omitted from written literature, and where literature did exist, new meanings were impressed upon them. In their expression of mana wahine today, Māori women are limited to the narratives of the atua wāhine that have been made available to them and the characteristics described in those accounts.  In recent years, there has been a resurgence of the atua wāhine. A modern-day deconstruction and reconstruction of their stories has taken place, particularly amongst Māori women. From this an opportunity has arisen to re-present the narratives of the atua wāhine and reveal the full depths of their attributes and characteristics, an extension to uncover a deeper range of the female elements of mana wahine and their expression through Māori women.  The methodologies drawn upon for this research are Kaupapa Māori and Mana Wahine. A review of contemporary literature explores the atua wāhine and then examines mana wahine as a framework for Māori female expression. Following the literature review, a series of interviews with Māori women are analysed to contextualise the wāhine. Then the Mana Wahine: Characteristics of Atua Wāhine framework is unveiled. It is a framework for the conscientisation of Māori women and Māori men to the full range of female elements as are illustrated in the atua wāhine narratives.</p>


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