ESTIMATES OF IMPRESSIONS BASED ON FREQUENCY OF BLINKING

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuko Omori ◽  
Yo Miyata
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
University Students ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Semantic Differential Scale ◽  
Japanese University

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of frequency of blinking on creating a personal impression. The subjects were 88 Japanese university students, 35 males and 53 females, who rated stimulus persons on a seven-point semantic differential scale. The stimulus persons, two males and two females, were presented on a 20-second video simulating various blink rates, i.e., 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 blinks/min. A factor analysis of the ratings yielded three factors, interpreted as Nervousness, Unfriendliness, and Carelessness. As the frequency of the stimulus persons'blinking increased, so did the tendency to rate them as more nervous and more careless. As for Unfriendliness, there was a U-shaped relation between the frequency of blinking and the impressions formed. Present results provide evidence that frequency of blinking plays an important role in impression formation. Further implications of the findings are discussed.

Professional and Lay Observers' Impressions of Preschoolers Wearing Hearing Aids

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey L. Danhauer ◽  
Gordon W. Blood ◽  
Ingrid M. Blood ◽  
Nancy Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Semantic Differential Scale ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Factor Ii ◽  
Photographic Slides

This study determined whether professional and lay observers had similar impressions of preschoolers wearing hearing aids and if the size of the aid affected ratings. Stimuli consisted of three photographic slides of nine normally-hearing and speaking male preschoolers wearing (1) a body-type hearing aid, (2) a post-auricular type aid, and (3) no aid. Slides were accompanied by taped speech samples. Stimuli were presented to 75 professional and 75 lay observers who rated the children on a semantic differential scale containing 15 adjectives. Ratings were submitted to a factor analysis revealing Factor I as achievement and Factor II as appearance. Results of MANOVAs revealed that neither professional nor lay observers discriminated against the children on appearance regardless of the presence of a hearing aid, but that both groups rated them significantly poorer on achievement when an aid was present. Lay observers' ratings showed a bias against the size of the aid, while professionals exhibited negative impressions whenever an aid was present, regardless of its size. These findings indicate that the "hearing aid effect" was present on variables of achievement even for normal-hearing preschoolers.

Eyeblinks in Formation of Impressions

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 591-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuko Omori ◽  
Yo Miyata
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Semantic Differential Scale

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of frequency of one's eyeblinks on creating a personal impression. The subjects, 102 males and 127 females, ages 15 to 60 years, rated on a 7-point semantic differential scale a rarely blinking person or a frequently blinking person described on a question-sheet. A factor analysis of the ratings yielded three factors, interpreted as Nervousness, Unfriendliness, and Lack of intelligence. The frequently blinking person was rated as more nervous and less intelligent than the rarely blinking person. Present results provided evidence that frequency of eyeblinks may play an important role on the formation of impressions. Further implications of the findings are discussed.

Perfectionism, Self-Efficacy, and Depression: Preliminary Analysis of the Japanese Version of the Almost Perfect Scale–Revised

2009 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 896-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
University Students ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Japanese Version ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Japanese Culture ◽  
Japanese University ◽  
High Standards

The Almost Perfect Scale–Revised is a self-report measure of perfectionism. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the scale's Japanese version and its relation to self-efficacy and depression. Japanese university students ( N = 249) completed the Japanese version of the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised along with the General Self-Efficacy Scale–12 and the Self-Rating Depression Scale. Exploratory factor analysis indicated three factors: Discrepancy, High Standards, and Order. Estimates of internal consistency reliability for the three subscales were high. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Almost Perfect Scale–Revised in another group of Japanese university students ( N = 206) supported the 3-factor structure. Cluster analyses using the three subscales yielded four clusters. In addition to adaptive perfectionists, maladaptive perfectionists, and nonperfectionists, identified in previous studies, a normal perfectionists group was identified, with mean scores similar to those of the total sample and depression and self-efficacy scores close to those of nonperfectionists. Adaptive perfectionists, characterized by high scores on High Standards and Order and low scores on Discrepancy, also had higher scores on self-efficacy and lower scores on depression than maladaptive perfectionists and even nonperfectionists. The influence of Japanese culture is discussed.

School Children's Responses on a Semantic Differential over a 10-Year Span

2004 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 345-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Helwig ◽  
Nanci Avitable
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Influence Factor ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Semantic Differential Scale ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Over Time

A semantic differential scale was administered to 208 school children when they were in the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth, and twelfth grades. Their perceptions towards two concepts were measured, Education (going to school) and Work (having a job). Each semantic differential scale had 15 adjective pairs and reflected the three underlying factors of Evaluative, Potency, and Activity. Because the study was conducted for 10 years (ages seven to 18), the changing cognitive developmental stages of the children were expected to influence factor analytic and reliability results. Confirmatory factor analysis, which forced the data into three factors, did not clearly identify the expected three factors, although more items loaded on the three factors with age. An exploratory factor analysis identified a trend across grades from six to four factors over time. Reliability also improved across age groups. Caution should be exercised when using the semantic differential with young children in investigations of abstract concepts.

Comparison of Semantic Differential Scale Sets for Describing Infants' Cries

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 971-978
Author(s):  
Mike Brennan ◽  
John Kirkland
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Semantic Differential Scale ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Perceived Importance

The present study examined the relationships between the scale sets reported by Brennan and Kirkland in 1983, Mehrabian and Russell in 1974, and Zeskind and Lester in 1978. A combined factor analysis of listeners' ratings on 10 short cry sounds confirmed the factor structures reported earlier. The eight Zeskind and Lester scale items as well as the Mehrabian and Russell pleasure/displeasure factor-scale items loaded on a single factor, named Affect, which is a subset of the Brennan and Kirkland scale set. The results suggest listeners' feelings of arousal cannot be accounted for solely in terms of the unpleasant/arousing qualities of cry sounds or attributed to either the potency or the perceived importance of the cries.

On the Role of Emotional Traits in Impression Formation

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 755-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Nigro ◽  
Olimpia Matarazzo
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Stimulus Person ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Female Stimulus ◽  
Male Stimulus

280 Italian undergraduates (90 men and 190 women), ages 18 to 30 years, rated a warm, cold, jealous, or envious stimulus person on 15 7-point semantic differential scales. Varying the sex of the stimulus person, 8 different versions of the description were obtained. Factor analysis, carried out to identify a smaller set of non-redundant dimensions, yielded three factors. A multivariate analysis of variance, 4 (warm, cold, jealous, envious) × 2 (male stimulus person, female stimulus person) × 2 (male respondents, female respondents), indicated significant effects for the variable “trait” on the first and second factors, an interaction between the sex of the stimulus person and the sex of the respondent on the first factor, and an effect for the sex of the respondent on the second factor. The traits “envious” and “jealous” acted as central qualities, and the sex of the stimulus person and of the respondent played an important role in impression formation. Further implications of the finding were discussed.

Perceptions of Design Practitioners

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol C. Caughey ◽  
Sally K Francis
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Scale Factor ◽  
Semantic Differential Scale ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Narrative Description

This study examined differences between perceived personality characteristics of a trained interior designer and of an untrained interior decorator. Subjects were 256 students who read a narrative description of a designer or a decorator and rated her personality traits by using a semantic differential scale. Factor analysis of the 17 adjective pairs of the semantic differential scale generated 5 factors: Professional, Extroverted, Creative, Intuitive, and Scientific. Narrative descriptions of practitioners' training had no significant effects on any of the 5 factors, thereby supporting the hypothesis that there would be no differences perceived between the trained interior designer and the untrained interior decorator.

Psychometric Properties of the Life Orientation Test-Revised in Samples of Japanese Students

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 849-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
University Students ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Japanese Version ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Life Orientation Test ◽  
Life Orientation ◽  
Japanese University ◽  
Orientation Test

The Life Orientation Test–Revised (Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994) is a widely used self-report measure of optimism. The present study examined the test's psychometric properties in a Japanese cultural context. 448 Japanese university students completed a Japanese version of the Life Orientation Test–Revised along with measures of neuroticism, extraversion, and depression. Exploratory factor analysis yielded the same two factors, positively phrased optimistic items and negatively phrased pessimistic items, as Scheier and Carver reported. Internal consistency of optimism and pessimism was acceptable. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Life Orientation Test–Revised with another group of 205 Japanese university students showed the superiority of a two-factor model of optimism–pessimism. The bidimensionality was partly due to the difference in responses between positively and negatively worded items. The Japanese data provide additional psychometric support for the Life Orientation Test–Revised and enhance the generalization of prior findings on U.S. samples to Japanese samples.

The Hearing Aid Effect in African American and Caucasian Males as Perceived by Female Judges of the Same Race

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Davis ◽  
Rhonda Jackson ◽  
Tina Smith ◽  
William Cooper
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Undergraduate Education ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Semantic Differential Scale ◽  
Education Majors ◽  
Female Undergraduate ◽  
Lay Persons ◽  
Males And Females

Prior studies have proven the existence of the "hearing aid effect" when photographs of Caucasian males and females wearing a body aid, a post-auricular aid (behind-the-ear), or no hearing aid were judged by lay persons and professionals. This study was performed to determine if African American and Caucasian males, judged by female members of their own race, were likely to be judged in a similar manner on the basis of appearance, personality, assertiveness, and achievement. Sixty female undergraduate education majors (30 African American; 30 Caucasian) used a semantic differential scale to rate slides of preteen African American and Caucasian males, with and without hearing aids. The results of this study showed that female African American and Caucasian judges rated males of their respective races differently. The hearing aid effect was predominant among the Caucasian judges across the dimensions of appearance, personality, assertiveness, and achievement. In contrast, the African American judges only exhibited a hearing aid effect on the appearance dimension.

Subclinical Sadism and the Dark Triad

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K. Johnson ◽  
Rachel A. Plouffe ◽  
Donald H. Saklofske
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
University Students ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Antisocial Personality ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Antisocial Personality Traits

Abstract. The Dark Triad is a constellation of three antisocial personality traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. Recently, researchers have introduced a “Dark Tetrad” that includes subclinical sadism, although others suggest considerable overlap between psychopathy and sadism. To clarify the position of sadism within the Dark Triad, an online study was conducted with 615 university students. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that a six-factor solution fit the data best, representing Machiavellianism, psychopathy, physical sadism, verbal sadism, narcissism, and vicarious sadism. Furthermore, convergent validity was supported through sadism’s correlations with the HEXACO personality traits. The results support sadism’s inclusion within the Dark Tetrad as a unique construct but with some conceptual overlap with psychopathy.

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