Public recognition of major works in psychology: Rise and fall over time

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel G. Standing
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Public Recognition ◽  
Gradual Disappearance ◽  
Over Time

In 2 data sets, citations of the major articles and books in cognitive psychology were found to rise to a peak at 5-8 years following publication. After this period of time, there is a gradual disappearance over the following years. The peaking effect was found to be greater for the more prominent works.

Belief Movement, Uncertainty Reduction, and Rational Updating*

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned Augenblick ◽  
Matthew Rabin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Uncertainty Reduction ◽  
The State ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
New Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Market Beliefs ◽  
Over Time

Abstract When a Bayesian learns new information and changes her beliefs, she must on average become concomitantly more certain about the state of the world. Consequently, it is rare for a Bayesian to frequently shift beliefs substantially while remaining relatively uncertain, or, conversely, become very confident with relatively little belief movement. We formalize this intuition by developing specific measures of movement and uncertainty reduction given a Bayesian’s changing beliefs over time, showing that these measures are equal in expectation and creating consequent statistical tests for Bayesianess. We then show connections between these two core concepts and four common psychological biases, suggesting that the test might be particularly good at detecting these biases. We provide support for this conclusion by simulating the performance of our test and other martingale tests. Finally, we apply our test to data sets of individual, algorithmic, and market beliefs.

Disparities Across Time: Exploring Absenteeism Patterns between Cohorts of Students with Disabilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Michael A. Gottfried ◽  
Vi-Nhuan Le ◽  
J. Jacob Kirksey
Keyword(s):  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Chronic Absenteeism ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Full Day Kindergarten ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Single Data ◽  
Over Time

Background It is of grave concern that kindergartners are missing more school than students in any other year of elementary school; therefore, documenting which students are absent and for how long is of upmost importance. Yet, doing so for students with disabilities (SWDs) has received little attention. This study addresses this gap by examining two cohorts of SWDs, separated by more than a decade, to document changes in attendance patterns. Research Questions First, for SWDs, has the number of school days missed or chronic absenteeism rates changed over time? Second, how are changes in the number of school days missed and chronic absenteeism rates related to changes in academic emphasis, presence of teacher aides, SWD-specific teacher training, and preschool participation? Subjects This study uses data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS), a nationally representative data set of children in kindergarten. We rely on both ECLS data sets— the kindergarten classes of 1998–1999 and 2010–2011. Measures were identical in both data sets, making it feasible to compare children across the two cohorts. Given identical measures, we combined the data sets into a single data set with an indicator for being in the older cohort. Research Design This study examined two sets of outcomes: The first was number of days absent, and the second was likelihood of being chronically absent. These outcomes were regressed on a measure for being in the older cohort (our key measure for changes over time) and numerous control variables. The error term was clustered by classroom. Findings We found that SWDs are absent more often now than they were a decade earlier, and this growth in absenteeism was larger than what students without disabilities experienced. Absenteeism among SWDs was higher for those enrolled in full-day kindergarten, although having attended center-based care mitigates this disparity over time. Implications are discussed. Conclusions Our study calls for additional attention and supports to combat the increasing rates of absenteeism for SWDs over time. Understanding contextual shifts and trends in rates of absenteeism for SWDs in kindergarten is pertinent to crafting effective interventions and research geared toward supporting the academic and social needs of these students.

scholarly journals Automated tracking of S. pombe spindle elongation dynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Sofía M. Uzsoy ◽  
Parsa Zareiesfandabadi ◽  
Jamie Jennings ◽  
Alexander F. Kemper ◽  
Mary Williard Elting
Keyword(s):  
Principal Axis ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Mitotic Progression ◽  
Automated Tracking ◽  
Spindle Elongation ◽  
Microscopy Data ◽  
Spindle Structure ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Imagej Plugin

The mitotic spindle is a microtubule-based machine that pulls the two identical sets of chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during cell division. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an important model organism for studying mitosis due to its simple, stereotyped spindle structure and well-established genetic toolset. S. pombe spindle length is a useful metric for mitotic progression, but manually tracking spindle ends in each frame to measure spindle length over time is laborious and can limit experimental throughput. We have developed an ImageJ plugin that can automatically track S. pombe spindle length over time and replace manual or semi-automated tracking of spindle elongation dynamics. Using an algorithm that detects the principal axis of the spindle and then finds its ends, we reliably track the length and angle of the spindle as the cell divides. The plugin integrates with existing ImageJ features, exports its data for further analysis outside of ImageJ, and does not require any programming by the user. Thus, the plugin provides an accessible tool for quantification of S. pombe spindle length that will allow automatic analysis of large microscopy data sets and facilitate screening for effects of cell biological perturbations on mitotic progression.

ANALYSIS OF POSTPARTUM LACTATIONAL AMENORRHOEA IN RELATION TO BREAST-FEEDING: SOME METHODOLOGICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. LE STRAT ◽  
J. C. THALABARD
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Discrete Nature ◽  
Programming Skills ◽  
Over Time

A large multicentre epidemiological study was carried out by WHO between 1991 and 1995 to analyse the duration of lactational amenorrhoea in relation to breast-feeding. The main results of this analysis, which used classical statistical modelling, have been already published. However, some specific aspects of the postpartum fertility amenorrhoea and breast-feeding covariates, and more specifically the observed progressive exhaustion of the breast-feeding inhibitory effect on the reproductive axis, may justify a closer look at the validity of the statistical tools. Indeed, as has already been emphasized, analysis of large longitudinal data sets in reproduction often faces three difficulties: (i) the precise determination of the event of interest, (ii) the way to handle the time evolution of both the studied variables and their effect on the event of interest and (iii) the often discrete nature of the data and the associated problem of tied events. The first objective of the present work was to give additional insights into the estimation and quantification of the dynamics of the effect of breast-feeding over time, considering this covariate either as fixed or time-dependent. The second objective was to show how to perform the analyses using corresponding adapted procedures in widely available statistical packages, without the need for acquiring particular programming skills.

Comparing Fatal Encounters, Mapping Police Violence, and Washington Post Fatal Police Shooting Data from 2015–2019: A Research Note

2022 ◽  
pp. 073401682110710
Author(s):  
Benjamin P. Comer ◽  
Jason R. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Washington Post ◽  
Police Violence ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Police Shooting ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Over Time

This research note empirically assessed similarities and differences among three open-source data sets from 2015-2019. Fatal police shooting incidents were compared across Washington Post, Mapping Police Violence, and Fatal Encounters data over a five-year period. One-way ANOVAs, bivariate correlations, and proportional percentage differences were used to examine mean differences, correlational strength, and yearly percentage difference trends. No significant mean differences were observed between Fatal Encounters, Mapping Police Violence, and Washington Post. With one exception, bivariate correlations between all three data source dyads were consistently strong. Percentage difference comparisons among data source dyads, however, revealed that the sources are becoming more dissimilar in their reporting of fatal shootings over time. Our results complement existing literature that has compared open-source police shooting data to government sources and suggest that the three data sources were strongly associated with one another from 2015-2019. Increasing differences between sources, however, necessitate continued inspection of the data across the various open-source platforms over time.

Scalable Data Analysis Application to Web Usage Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 261-274
Author(s):  
Hocine Chebi
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Unified Modeling Language ◽  
Modeling Language ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
Unified Modeling ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Usage Data

The number of hits to web pages continues to grow. The web has become one of the most popular platforms for disseminating and retrieving information. Consequently, many website operators are encouraged to analyze the use of their sites in order to improve their response to the expectations of internet users. However, the way a website is visited can change depending on a variety of factors. Usage models must therefore be continuously updated in order to accurately reflect visitor behavior. This remains difficult when the time dimension is neglected or simply introduced as an additional numeric attribute in the description of the data. Data mining is defined as the application of data analysis and discovery algorithms on large databases with the goal of discovering non-trivial models. Several algorithms have been proposed in order to formalize the new models discovered, to build more efficient models, to process new types of data, and to measure the differences between the data sets. However, the most traditional algorithms of data mining assume that the models are static and do not take into account the possible evolution of these models over time. These considerations have motivated significant efforts in the analysis of temporal data as well as the adaptation of static data mining methods to data that evolves over time. The review of the main aspects of data mining dealt with in this thesis constitutes the body of this chapter, followed by a state of the art of current work in this field as well as a discussion of the major issues that exist there. Interest in temporal databases has increased considerably in recent years, for example in the fields of finance, telecommunications, surveillance, etc. A growing number of prototypes and systems are being implemented to take into account the time dimension of data explicitly, for example to study the variability over time of analysis results. To model an application, it is necessary to choose a common language, precise and known by all members of a team. UML (unified modeling language, in English, or unified modeling language, in French) is an object-oriented modeling language standardized by the OMG. This chapter aims to present the modeling with the diagrams of packages and classes built using UML. This chapter presents the conceptual model of the data, and finally, the authors specify the SQL queries used for the extraction of descriptive statistical variables of the navigations from a warehouse containing the preprocessed usage data.

scholarly journals Educational Disparities in Adult Health: U.S. States as Institutional Actors on the Association

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237802311983534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Karas Montez ◽  
Mark D. Hayward ◽  
Anna Zajacova
Keyword(s):  
Data Sets ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Educational Disparities ◽  
Excise Taxes ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Institutional Actors ◽  
Educational Gradient ◽  
Over Time

Despite numerous studies on educational disparities in U.S. adult health, explanations for the disparities and their growth over time remain incomplete. The authors argue that this knowledge gap partly reflects an individualist paradigm in U.S. studies of educational disparities in health. These studies have focused largely on proximal explanations (e.g., individual behaviors) to the neglect of contextual explanations (e.g., economic policies). The authors draw on contextual theories of health disparities to illustrate how U.S. states, as institutional actors, shape the importance of education for health. Using two nationally representative data sets and seven health measures for adults aged 45 to 89 years, the authors show that the size of the educational gradient in health varies markedly across states. The size varies because of variation in the health of lower educated adults. The authors use state excise taxes on cigarettes to illustrate one way states shape educational disparities in health. These findings underscore the necessity of contextualizing these disparities.

scholarly journals Surprising Behaviour of the Wageningen B-Screw Series Polynomials

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Helma
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Preliminary Design Stage ◽  
Torque Values ◽  
Thrust And Torque ◽  
Over Time

Undoubtedly, the Wageningen B-screw Series is the most widely used systematic propeller series. It is very popular to preselect propeller dimensions during the preliminary design stage before performing a more thorough optimisation, but in the smaller end of the market it is often used to merely select the final propeller. Over time, the originally measured data sets were faired and scaled to a uniform Reynolds number of 2 · 106 to increase the reliability of the series. With the advent of the computer, polynomials for the thrust and torque values were calculated based on the available data sets. The measured data are typically presented in the well-known open-water curves of thrust and torque coefficients K T and K Q versus the advance coefficient J . Changing the presentation from these diagrams to efficiency maps reveals some unsuspected and surprising behaviours, such as multiple extrema when optimising for efficiency or even no optimum at all for certain conditions, where an optimum could be expected. These artefacts get more pronounced at higher pitch to diameter ratios and low blade numbers. The present work builds upon the paper presented by the author at the AMT’17 and smp’19 conferences and now includes the extended efficiency maps, as suggested by Danckwardt, for all propellers of the Wageningen B-screw Series.

US academic libraries' staffing and expenditure trends (1996–2016)

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4/5) ◽  
pp. 247-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Starr Hoffman ◽  
Samantha Godbey
Keyword(s):  
Academic Libraries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Education Statistics ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Doctoral Institutions ◽  
Over Time

PurposeThis paper explores trends over time in library staffing and staffing expenditures among two- and four-year colleges and universities in the United States.Design/methodology/approachResearchers merged and analyzed data from 1996 to 2016 from the National Center for Education Statistics for over 3,500 libraries at postsecondary institutions. This study is primarily descriptive in nature and addresses the research questions: How do staffing trends in academic libraries over this period of time relate to Carnegie classification and institution size? How do trends in library staffing expenditures over this period of time correspond to these same variables?FindingsAcross all institutions, on average, total library staff decreased from 1998 to 2012. Numbers of librarians declined at master’s and doctoral institutions between 1998 and 2016. Numbers of students per librarian increased over time in each Carnegie and size category. Average inflation-adjusted staffing expenditures have remained steady for master's, baccalaureate and associate's institutions. Salaries as a percent of library budget decreased only among doctoral institutions and institutions with 20,000 or more students.Originality/valueThis is a valuable study of trends over time, which has been difficult without downloading and merging separate data sets from multiple government sources. As a result, few studies have taken such an approach to this data. Consequently, institutions and libraries are making decisions about resource allocation based on only a fraction of the available data. Academic libraries can use this study and the resulting data set to benchmark key staffing characteristics.

Review and Analysis of thought Records: Creating a Coding System

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott H. Waltman ◽  
Sarah A. Frankel ◽  
Brittany C. Hall ◽  
Michael A. Williston ◽  
Shari Jager-Hyman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Change Strategies ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Core Component ◽  
Differential Utility ◽  
Over Time

Background: Thought records are a core component of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Over time, thought records have been modified to suit various needs or preferences. A diversity of thought records have been developed, which include differing components and cognitive change strategies. Yet, due to a lack of specificity in the literature and field, different thought records are often treated as though they are interchangeable. Limited extant literature suggests that differing thought records may have unique clinical effects. However, meta-analyzing the comparable or differing effects of the distinct extant thought records is impeded by the lack of a coding system for thought records. Objective: The current study sought to prepare a way for further understanding the differential utility and effectiveness of different iterations of thought records by creating a coding system, which is described in detail. This coding system will be used to guide future research into which thought records work best for which problems. Method: Thought records were gathered from seminal texts and solicited from the certified members of the Academy of Cognitive Therapy and the American Board of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology. Results: In total, 110 non-identical thought records were gathered and coded into 55 unique combinations. These results demonstrate that the variability of thought records used by qualified therapists extends well beyond those found in seminal CBT texts. Conclusion: This broad diversity justifies the need for a coding system to inform future lines of research.

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