No Confederates Needed: Social Comparison Without Collaboration

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Mori ◽  
Hideko Mori

A new experimental procedure for conducting social comparison experiments was developed to create artificially good and bad performers without the use of confederates. Anagram tasks of 2 different difficulty levels were presented using the fMORI technique (Mori, 2007) such that 2 tasks were viewed separately by 2 groups of viewers wearing different types of polarizing sunglasses. Those shown easier tasks would unwittingly perform those tasks better than the other group. Administration of the new procedure to replicate that used by Alicke, LoSchiavo, Zerbst, and Zhang (1997) with 40 mutually acquainted Japanese undergraduates showed that the new paradigm successfully created good and bad performers as expected. No participant noticed the trick. The results also showed that the participants attributed their performance to their own ability.

Genetics ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-627
Author(s):  
Bor-Yaw Lin

ABSTRACT Control of nondisjunction in the maize B chromosome was studied using a set of B-10 translocations. The study focused on the possible effect of the proximal region of the B long arm. The experimental procedure utilized a combination of a 10B chromosome from one translocation with a B10 from another translocation. The breakpoints of the two translocations were so located that combination of the two elements created a deletion in the proximal region of the B chromosome, but no deletion in chromosome 10. Two different types of deletions were established; one involved a portion of the euchromatic region and the other the entire heterochromatic portion comprising the distal half of the B long arm, except for the small euchromatic tip. Deletion of the heterochromatic portion did not exert any effect on nondisjunction. Deletions of different portions of the euchromatic region produce different responses. Some deletions resulted in typical B nondisjunctional activity; others resulted in the disappearance of this activity. It is concluded that a region within the euchromatic portion of the chromosome is critical for the nondisjunction of B chromosomes. Among 22 translocations with breakpoints in the euchromatic regions, three were proximal to the critical region, 16 were distal and the position of three others was not determined.


2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roneil S. Lindo ◽  
John E. Deaton ◽  
John H. Cain ◽  
Celine Lang

As computer display technology has evolved, so have the aircraft instrument displays pilots use for aircraft control and navigation. With the aid of two different flight training devices – one configured with steam gauges and the other configured with glass cockpit – this study measured aircraft control and navigation differences between two pilot groups. Pilot Group 1 had earned their instrument rating in aircraft equipped with steam gauges, and Pilot Group 2 had earned their instrument rating in aircraft equipped with glass cockpits. Using displays for which they were not trained, each pilot was tested on aircraft control and navigation precision. The test required that pilots complete basic instrument maneuvers and an instrument landing system approach. Using MANOVA, deviations from assigned values were recorded and statistically compared. Study findings indicated that steam gauge pilots transitioning to glass cockpits perform better than glass cockpit pilots transitioning to steam gauge displays.


1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-213
Author(s):  
Mohammad Abrar Hussain

Within the different types of organisational structures available, it is generally believed that co-operative organisations serve the poor better than the other available alternatives. This belief is based on the fact that these organisations are usually owned and controlled by the people and their objective is to provide services instead of making profits. They are, therefore, considered an important instrument for equitable development, and have been given a prominent role in the national development strategies in many developing countries. It is surprising, however, that the performance of cooperatives is not as satisfactory as it could have been. They have met with only occasional success in Asia. This book explores the causes of this failure.


2008 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 384-384
Author(s):  
S.D. Young ◽  
M.R. McNeill ◽  
D.J. Saville

Footwear carried by international air travellers arriving in New Zealand is subject to inspection and if necessary cleaning and disinfecting by MAFBNZ quarantine inspectors A study to evaluate the effectiveness of disinfectant treatment was carried out on three different types of footwear (running shoes gumboots and tramping boots) cleaned following observed MAFBNZ procedure (dip) and following a 10 minute soak Two disinfectant treatments (VirkonTM and TriGene AdvanceTM) were compared with a surfactant (polysorbate 80) and water only Soles were swabbed for microbes before and after washing and culturable bacteria and fungi per cm2 were enumerated Disinfectant treatments reduced bacteria numbers by 99 compared with 98 for both water and surfactant treatments VirkonTM was the best treatment for bacteria both with the standard dip and the 10 minute soak but it was not significantly better than the other treatments Soaking also reduced bacterial numbers compared to the dip treatment but not significantly For fungi the two disinfectants surfactant and water yielded similar reductions (97) Soaking reduced fungal numbers compared to the dip treatment but this was not quite significant (P0051)


Author(s):  
D. Harlan Wilson

The texts under consideration in this chapter include Ballard’s first four novels, all of which involve different types of global cataclysms and fall into the apocalyptic subgenre of SF: The Wind from Nowhere, The Drowned World, The Drought and The Crystal World. The latter three are inner-spatial narratives that center on one man’s terrestrial and psychological journey through a dystopian “landscape of decline and desire”; all three protagonists are “becoming-Adams” who seek transcendence by navigating their respective new Edens, “gardens of ruin” that hold the promise of demolition and re-birth. Wind, on the other hand, is a “cozy catastrophe” full of clichés that Ballard wrote to jumpstart his career, although it is much better than some critics (and Ballard himself) have given it credit for.


1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nico Smid ◽  
Marian Douma ◽  
Jelle Van Lenthe ◽  
Adelita Ranchor

The present study investigates the hypothesis that, within personality assessment, the predictive validity of a list of act descriptive sentences will be higher than the validity of a personality inventory on the one hand and that of an adjective checklist on the other. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that people can judge more reliably whether a person will perform a specific act than whether he or she possesses a particular personality trait. Within the validity study, predictors were self‐judgements whereas criteria were peer‐judgements. The predictive validity of the act list was found to be lower than that of the inventory as well as that of the adjective checklist. Moreover, both the act list and the adjective checklist predicted the personality inventory better than the latter predicted the former two. Because of the different functions of self‐ and peer‐judgements within the present study, the former being predictors and the latter criteria, the results are interpreted under the perspective of self‐other attribution differences. Suggestions for constructing a possibly more valid list of act descriptive sentences are given.


Philosophy ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 64 (249) ◽  
pp. 323-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuval Lurie

There are certain remarks in Culture and Value in which Wittgenstein writes about Jews and about what he describes as their ‘Jewish mind’. In these remarks he appears to be trying to make a distinction between two different spiritual forces which operate in Western culture and which give rise to two different types of artists and works of art. On one side of the divide are Jews and works of art imbued with Jewish spirit. On the other side are men of culture and works of art which exhibit a non-Jewish spirit. Among the various remarks made in this context, he offers the following thoughts about the spiritual nature of Jews, their mentality, character and artistic achievements:‘You get tragedy when a tree, instead of bending, breaks. Tragedy is something un-Jewish’ (1). Following Renan he writes: ‘The Semitic races have an unpoetic mentality, which heads straight for what is concrete’ (6). This, he explains, is because Jews are attracted by ‘pure intellectualism’. ‘I think it would be possible now to have a form of theatre played in masks. The characters would simply be stylized human types.’ (In his opinion this suits Karl Kraus's plays and their abstract nature.) ‘Masked theatre is anyway the expression of an intellectualistic character. And for the same reason perhaps it is a theatrical form that will attract only Jews’ (12). ‘The Jew is a desert region, but underneath its thin layer of rock lies the molten lava of spirit and intellect’ (13). ‘It is typical for a Jewish mind to understand somebody else's work better than that person understands it himself.’ But intellect, it seems, is not a mental attribute providing for genius and true creative powers. ‘Amongst Jews “genius” is found only in the holy man. Even the greatest of Jewish thinkers is no more than talented. (Myself, for instance.) … It might be said (rightly or wrongly) that the Jewish mind does not have the power to produce even the tiniest flower or blade of grass; its way is rather to make a drawing of the flower or blade of grass which has grown in the soil of another's mind and to put it into a comprehensive picture. We aren't pointing to a fault when we say this and everything is all right as long as what is being done is quite clear. It is only when the nature of a Jewish work is confused with that of a non-Jewish work that there is any danger, especially when the author of the Jewish work falls into the confusion himself, as he so easily may. (Doesn't he look as proud as though he had produced the milk himself?)’ (18–19).


2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Altmann ◽  
Irena Berger ◽  
Bettina Braun

How well can non-native length contrasts for vowels and for consonants be perceived and is one type more difficult than the other? Three listener groups (native Italian and German as well as advanced German learners of Italian) performed a speeded same–different task involving vocalic and consonantal length contrasts as well as segmental contrasts as controls. Phonologically, Italian, but not German, has a consonantal length contrast, while German, but not Italian, has a vocalic length contrast. Analysis of responses yielded a clear asymmetry: A non-native vowel length contrast was perceived just as well as the native consonantal length contrast. A non-native consonantal length contrast, however, was perceived poorly compared to the native vocalic length contrast: Italians showed higher sensitivity for consonantal length than German learners of Italian, who in turn were better than German non-learners. Reaction time analyses indicated that, despite displaying higher accuracy, the decision was just as difficult for learners as for non-learners, suggesting different types of difficulty for listeners with and without experience with a consonantal length contrast.


1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Lapko ◽  
Nicholas W. Bankson

A study was conducted to measure the relationship between auditory discrimination, articulation stimulability, and consistency of misarticulation. Data were based on the Carter-Buck Nonsense-Syllable Imitation Test for stimulability of /s/, the McDonald Deep Test of Articulation which measured consistency of misarticulation of /s/, and the Farquhar-Bankson In-depth Test of Auditory Discrimination which measured external and internal auditory discrimination of /s/. Ss were 25 kindergarten and first grade children with normal hearing and intelligence. No S had received any speech therapy. Each S misarticulated a minimum of three /s/ items on the McDonald Screening Test of Articulation. No more than one phoneme was misarticulated in addition to misarticulation of /s/. A significant correlation between the child's ability to discriminate his own production of /s/ (internal or self-monitoring) and the consistency of misarticulation of /s/ was obtained, as well as one between the consistency of misarticulation of /s/ and the stimulability of /s/. No statistically significant correlations were found between the other variables. A low non-significant correlation was found between the stimulability of /s/ and internal discrimination abilities. Different types of discrimination tasks were of varying difficulty. Performance on external discrimination items was better than for internal discrimination items.


2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 3577-3595
Author(s):  
Nguyen Van Hop

In this paper, we investigate all relative relationships between two fuzzy numbers. Then, we introduce new relative measures to compare two fuzzy numbers instead of using absolute value to represent the fuzzy number. These measures address the dominant level that one fuzzy number is better than the other in terms of its position and shape. The so-called absolute fuzzy dominant degree and relative fuzzy dominant degree are developed to measure the differences between two fuzzy numbers applying for different types of constraint. These measures could capture all the shape’s characteristics and relative positions of fuzzy numbers. Finally, the fully fuzzy multi-objective decision making (FFMODM) problem is solved by using these fuzzy dominant degrees. For validation, we compare our approach to the fuzzy ranking method of the linear ranking function. Our obtained results show better performance.


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