scholarly journals Impacts of export tax of cocoa beans on Indonesian economy.

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Yuventus Effendi
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
The Other ◽  
Downward Trend ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Output Table ◽  
Export Tax ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
Extreme Scenario

In  recent  years,  there  is  a  significant  decline  of  cocoa  beans  in  terms  of exports  value  and  share  after  2010.  Several  studies  claimed  that  this  downward trend  was  caused  by  the  introduction  of  an  export  tax  on  cocoa  beans  in  2010. Nevertheless, there are limited studies on the impacts of decreasing cocoa beans exports to  the  Indonesian  economy.  Therefore,  this  study  aimed  to  simulate  the impacts  of  the  imposition  of  export  tax  on  cocoa  beans  to  the  economy  as  well as  unemployment.  Methodology  of  this  study  utilised  the  Input-Output  Table. In  particular,  this  study  calculated  the  impacts  of  export  tax  on  cocoa  beans  to the  changes  of  output,  primary  inputs,  and  unemployment  in  several  scenarios. The main result of this study was that at extreme scenario, where the cocoa beans sector’s  export  was  eliminated,  the  impacts  on  the  whole  economy  and  unemployment were  insignificant.  Moreover,  this  study  found  that  the  impacts  on  value added  such  as  decreasing  of  profit  were  relatively  higher  than  decreasing ra te  on the  output  and  others  value  added  such  as  salary  and  wages  and  indirect taxes. On  the  other  hand,  this  study  argued  that  even  though  the  introduction  of  export tax  effectively  reduced raw  cocoa  beans  exports,  there  was  an  increasing  on  the exports’  value on the  down  stream  industries.

Regional contents in exports by major trading blocs in the Asia-Pacific region

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Soo Lee ◽  
Inkyo Cheong
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Output Table ◽  
Trading Blocs ◽  
Economic Partnership

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to calculate regional contents in the exports of the major regional blocs to the world, Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (TPP), and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), respectively, to find the backward trade linkages between them instead of normal forward linkages. Design/methodology/approach To calculate “a region” content in intermediate and value-added exports, this paper uses OECD’s inter-country input-output table (ICIOT), and tries to decompose the contents of trade. Using the information of ICIOT, Koopman et al. (2014) and Wang et al. (2013) decompose gross exports of a country’s exports. Findings TPP is a loosely tied bloc featured by openness to the Asia-Pacific region. Trade linkages between members are stronger in RCEP than those in TPP, particularly in the trade of intermediate goods. Trades in RCEP are closely connected to exports to TPP, but the opposite direction is not clear. Research limitations/implications First of all, the recent base year of the data on value added in trade is 2011, which can be regarded as a little bit out of date. Therefore, it should be cautious in interpreting the results in that it may not reflect the characteristics of current trade. Second, this paper uses ICOIT instead of world input-output table. Practical implications A large portion of trades in RCEP and TPP is triggered by a global production network (fragmentation, vertical specialization), different from traditional trade focusing on inter-industry trade or competition between countries. Thus, the formation of TPP or RCEP is predicted to stimulate trade of the other instead of discriminating nonmember countries. Social implications In particular, the authors have special concern in the backward linkages between RCEP and TPP, the distinct characteristics of the two regional blocs and, finally, major countries’ preferences of the one over the other and industrial conflicts toward TPP or RCEP even in an economy. Originality/value Although this paper uses the approach by Baldwin and Lopez-Gonzalez, this paper is the first research on the analysis of the export contents in major trading blocs in the Asia-Pacific region.

scholarly journals The intersectoral linkage effects in Turkish economy: an application of static Leontief model

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-326
Author(s):  
Yay Gürkan ◽  
Serkan Keçeli
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The Other ◽  
Input Output ◽  
General Equilibrium Theory ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Turkish Economy ◽  
Leontief Model ◽  
Linkage Effects

In this study, the leading activities of Turkish Economy whose changes in their structure of production, value-added and employment are interrelated with the other activities of the economy, are found by using the input-output model which is presented and called as an 'Application of the General Equilibrium Theory' by Leontief. For this purpose; firstly theoretical foundations of the input-output model are examined. After that, 59 activities of the 2002 Input-Output Table of the Turkish Economy are aggregated at 52 sectors and classified into three categories as Ricardo Sectors, High-Technology Sectors and Heckscher-Ohlin Sectors like Dasgupta and Chakraborty did for the Indian Economy in 2005. Then, the leading, key or strong activities of the economy that are more interrelated with other activities are calculated and found by the Static Leontief Model which is used by the Traditional Methods as the techniques to calculate the linkage effects like Chenery-Watanabe and Rasmussen methods to determine the sectors having the highest priority at investment policies according to the Hirschmanian Unbalanced Growth Model. As a result of the interpretation of Leontief Model, using the traditional methods of Chenery-Watanabe and Rasmussen while calculating the linkage effects rather than the hypothesis extraction methods like Strassert's Original Extraction Method, Cella's Extraction Method, Sonis' Pure Linkage Method and Dietzenbacher and Van der Linden's Method or a SAM (Social Accounting Method) model which does not omit the income generating process (distributing income among primary factors and households as a result of production) of a sector, in Turkey, the Heckscher-Ohlin Sectors mostly seen in the manufacturing industry which Kaldor refers as the engine of growth, are stronger than the other sectors.

Input–Output Table for India 2013–2014: Based on the New Series of National Accounts Statistics and Supply and the Use Table

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-223
Author(s):  
Kanhaiya Singh ◽  
M.R. Saluja
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Table ◽  
The Public ◽  
Basic Price

In our study, we attempt to produce a more up-to-date input–output (I-O) table for India based on the supply and use table (SUT) of the economy and the new series of National Accounts Statistics (NAS). The resulting table has been used to estimate output multipliers for 25 sectors, and these have been compared with multipliers from the last set of I-O officially estimated for the country in 2007–2008. A key difference between the two sets of tables is the inclusion of inputs in the public administration sector in the more recent one, as a result of which the Type-I multiplier of this sector is greater than one in the latter table compared to one in the former. For the same reason, the Type-II multipliers obtained from the 2013–2014 I-O table are broadly higher than those obtained from the 2007–2008 I-O table. Validation has also been done by comparing gross value added (GVA) as a basic price obtained from the national accounts data for 2013–2014 with the GVA arrived at from the constructed I-O table. JEL Classification: C-67, E01

The Economic Impact of Tourism in Israel: A Multi-Regional Input—Output Analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Freeman ◽  
Esther Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The Other ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Input Output Analysis ◽  
Regional Impacts

Tourism has become one of the main export services in Israel in the last five years. The objective of this study was to estimate the comprehensive contribution of tourism to the economy of Israel and its spatial distribution. The study measured the impacts (multipliers) on three levels: direct, indirect and induced. A multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model was used in this research because of its capability to evaluate the impacts of inter-regional interdependencies simultaneously with those of sectoral ones. The results were expressed as multi-regional input–output multipliers. The authors conclude that the sum of the value-added from indirect output was 4% of GDP, and that from induced impacts was 7% of the GDP. There were differences in the impacts within and outside the regions. The analysis of multi-regional impacts through the use of MRIO enabled the authors to estimate simultaneously the magnitude of the impacts within the region, the related impacts in other regions, and the feedback impacts due to the other regions' demand.

Accounting for carbon emissions associated with tourism-related consumption

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 510-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meiwei Tang ◽  
Shouzhong Ge
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Table ◽  
Goods And Services

This article explores the issues of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions resulting from the production of the goods and services provided to supply tourism consumption. First, we define the scope of tourism activities and the resulting tourism consumption and tourism direct gross value added (TDGVA). Second, we calculate CO2 emissions for sectors and compile a carbon input-output table (CIOT). Third, we adjust the tourism-related products consumed according to the range of the corresponding sectors of the CIOT. Finally, we use Shanghai as an example to calculate the carbon emissions that result from tourism consumption using the input-output model. This study shows that the TDGVA accounted for 7.97% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2012, whereas the carbon footprint of tourism accounted for 20.45% of total carbon emissions. The results demonstrate that tourism is not a low-carbon industry in Shanghai.

scholarly journals HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS’ IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnė Vaiciukevičiūtė ◽  
Jelena Stankevičienė ◽  
Nomeda Bratčikovienė
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Education Spending ◽  
Output Table ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact

Despite the strong public interest in the accountability and efficiency in education spending on higher education institutions (HEIs) in Lithuania, there are currently no existing studies which have examined the impact of HEIs on the country’s economy. In the present study, we have used a disaggregated input-output table for Lithuania’s tertiary education institutions in order to determine the output value added to the local economy by the presence of HEIs. The results of the study have revealed that HEIs contribute to the Lithuanian economy in the period of (2010–2016), with the average of gross domestic output (GDP) of 298.48 mln. euros. The present study is the first of its kind to use input-output table evaluate the impact of HEIs on Lithuania’s economy, and its results could be of significant value to the current policy debates regarding the status of higher education in Lithuania.

scholarly journals Analysis of Japan’s and Ukraine’s sectoral structure of the economy within the framework of the aggregated input-output models

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-127
Author(s):  
Volodymyr KULYK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Value Added ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Table ◽  
Sectoral Structure ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Demand Structure ◽  
Long Time

The sectoral structure of the economies of Japan and Ukraine is studied. The aggregation of the input-output table of Japan’s economy (2015) to 13 constipated industries, which have traditionally been used for a long time for the analysis of the Japanese economic structure, and the input-output table of Ukraine’s economy (2018) to 10 sectors were carried out. For a more comparable comparison of the input-output tables of both economies was aggregated to the level of 3 constipated sectors (primary, secondary and tertiary). The analysis of production processes for the economy as a whole and in terms of sectors was conducted, the structure of sectoral costs and generateable income (gross value added, factor income) was investigated. The author worked out a matrix of direct costs, built heat maps, etc. Analysis based on aggregated release cost tables, including 3 sectoral input-output tables, is useful for initial familiarization with the peculiarities of inter-sectoral relationships, final demand structure and added value, peculiarities of production processes. Being quite simplified, they reflect the basic content of processes in the production sphere, can be used for educationally methodical purposes, in the development of a strategy for modernization of production, to be the basis for comparing production systems of different national economies. Further research is appropriate within more detailed input-output tables, where the classification of types of economic activity and the degree of data aggregation meets international standards.

scholarly journals Tariff Protection, Import Substitution, and Investment Efficiency: A Comment

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
Gustav Papanek
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Investment Efficiency ◽  
Investment Planning ◽  
Tariff Protection ◽  
Indirect Taxes

The Soligo and Stern article [6] renders a major service, in attempting a quantitative measure of the efficiency of the allocation of investment to different industries. By substracting the net subsidy provided to domestic industry (through tariff protection) from the value added in each industry, Soligo and Stern estimate the social contribution to the economy (or "social value added") of investment in a particular industry. They reach the conclusion that "the pattern of investment has been wastefully biased towards consumer goods industries." If correct, this conclusion should have important consequences for tariff policy and investment planning. However, a number of questions can be raised about the methodology of their study. A different set of assumptions and methods might have led to different conclusions. The major adjustments which could be made are: 1. Soligo and Stern calculate value added at factor cost. This may introduce a bias in theif analysis since indirect taxes are very largely imposed on con¬sumer goods. It can and has been argued that indirect taxes largely determine only the distribution of value added between government on the one hand and wages/profits on the other since they are not passed on to the consumer to any significant degree [3;5]. If the bulk of indirect taxes impinge on factor payments (primarily profits), calculating value added at factor cost results in understating value added in the production of goods which bear the heavier indirect taxes. Table |I shows figures for value added at factor cost and indirect taxes for a few representative industries derived from a sample survey [4]. It is clear that if Soligo/Stern had calculated value added at market prices rather than at factor cost, the value added in consumer goods industries would have been increased much more than value added in the other two categories.

scholarly journals El impacto del Campeonato del Mundo de Patinaje de Velocidad en Gijón

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
José Baños ◽  
Francesc Pujol ◽  
Plácido Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The Other ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Media Impact ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Speed Skating ◽  
The World ◽  
The Media ◽  
The City

This article looks at economic and media impact for the city of Gijon by the celebration of the World Speed Skating Championships in September 2008. To calculate the economic impact we use Input-Output tables of Asturias transforming regional coefficients into city coefficients to measure the economic impact in terms of gross value added and employment  We consider that the sports events and the cities are brands to study the media impact. With a media clipping service are handled the news appeared on the event and the city of Gijon, before, during and after the celebration of the Championships. The economic results are positive principally for the expense of not residents controlled by surveys; on the other hand the media impact was not very relevant except in the sector linked to skating.

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