scholarly journals Second law of thermodynamics for batteries with vacuum state

Quantum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Patryk Lipka-Bartosik ◽  
Paweł Mazurek ◽  
Michał Horodecki
Keyword(s):  
Ground State ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Vacuum State ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Ideal Weight ◽  
Stochastic Thermodynamics ◽  
Unbounded Hamiltonians ◽  
The Ideal

In stochastic thermodynamics work is a random variable whose average is bounded by the change in the free energy of the system. In most treatments, however, the work reservoir that absorbs this change is either tacitly assumed or modelled using unphysical systems with unbounded Hamiltonians (i.e. the ideal weight). In this work we describe the consequences of introducing the ground state of the battery and hence — of breaking its translational symmetry. The most striking consequence of this shift is the fact that the Jarzynski identity is replaced by a family of inequalities. Using these inequalities we obtain corrections to the second law of thermodynamics which vanish exponentially with the distance of the initial state of the battery to the bottom of its spectrum. Finally, we study an exemplary thermal operation which realizes the approximate Landauer erasure and demonstrate the consequences which arise when the ground state of the battery is explicitly introduced. In particular, we show that occupation of the vacuum state of any physical battery sets a lower bound on fluctuations of work, while batteries without vacuum state allow for fluctuation-free erasure.

scholarly journals The Second Law of Thermodynamics in the Context of Contemporary Physical Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-159
Author(s):  
Ivan A. Karpenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Time Arrow ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
History Of

The second law results in the growth of the entropy – in superficial interpretation this principle presumes that the sufficient energy inevitably turns into the substandard energy. Order turns into chaos over time; however, chaos also turns into order under certain circumstances. The first research objective is to establish the possible prescientific ideas about the phenomenon – some philosophical intuitions that have preceded the scientific discovery of the second law and have conformed to it in a certain sense. It is essential because there are always certain bonds and continuity in the history of philosophy and science – the correct interpretation of the phenomenon becomes difficult, if not impossible, without the establishment of such bonds.Moreover, the main task is to understand what the second law is and which significance its principal corollaries have. We need to give the second law a correct interpretation that will allow making assumptions about its connection with time in the context of the initial state problem and about the possible new ways of modern physics development – in particular, the creation of the quantum theory of gravity. Two solutions to the entropy and initial state connection problem are proposed in the context of the time arrow discussion (G. Calender’s approach to solving the problem is disputed).

Classical Gases: Ideal and Otherwise

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-98
Author(s):  
Robert H. Swendsen
Keyword(s):  
Particle Number ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Ideal Gas ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Interacting Particles ◽  
Entropy Maximum ◽  
General Systems ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
The Ideal

As preparation for the derivation of the entropy for systems with interacting particles, the position and momentum variables are treated simultaneously, in this chapter, for the ideal gas. Releasing a constraint on the exchange of volume between two systems leads to an entropy maximum, just as the release of an energy- or particle-number constraint. This same principle is shown to be true for asymmetric pistons, which allow the total volume to change. The entropy of systems with interacting particles is then derived. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is established for general systems. Finally, the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics is derived.

Entropy, the magic ruler?

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-230
Author(s):  
David Van Den Einde
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Ideal Gas ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Cyclical Process ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
The Ideal

The 18th century foundations of the second law of thermodynamics are discussed. The association between Carnot efficiency and Clausius entropy is described to show the questionable use of Clausius entropy as proof of Carnot’s assumption that the rate the ideal gas can convert heat energy to work between temperatures T1 and T2 sets a universal limit on the convertibility of heat to work by all 2T cyclical process.

First and second laws of thermodynamics: relationship, “inconsistency”, hidden effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
A. M. Savchenko ◽  
Yu. V. Konovalov ◽  
A. V. Laushkin
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Internal Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Entropy Of Mixing ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of the first and second laws of thermodynamics based on their energy nature is considered. It is noted that the processes described by the second law of thermodynamics often take place hidden within the system, which makes it difficult to detect them. Nevertheless, even with ideal mixing, an increase in the internal energy of the system occurs, numerically equal to an increase in free energy. The largest contribution to the change in the value of free energy is made by the entropy of mixing, which has energy significance. The entropy of mixing can do the job, which is confirmed in particular by osmotic processes.

The Analogical Turn (1884–1887)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Darrigol
Keyword(s):  
Boltzmann Equation ◽  
Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Mechanical System ◽  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Equipartition Theorem ◽  
Royal Road ◽  
H Theorem

This chapter recounts how Boltzmann reacted to Hermann Helmholtz’s analogy between thermodynamic systems and a special kind of mechanical system (the “monocyclic systems”) by grouping all attempts to relate thermodynamics to mechanics, including the kinetic-molecular analogy, into a family of partial analogies all derivable from what we would now call a microcanonical ensemble. At that time, Boltzmann regarded ensemble-based statistical mechanics as the royal road to the laws of thermal equilibrium (as we now do). In the same period, he returned to the Boltzmann equation and the H theorem in reply to Peter Guthrie Tait’s attack on the equipartition theorem. He also made a non-technical survey of the second law of thermodynamics seen as a law of probability increase.

First and Second Law Analysis of a Flat Plate Collector Working With Nanofluids

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Nitsas ◽  
I. P. Koronaki ◽  
L. Prentza
Keyword(s):  
Flat Plate ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Systems Quality ◽  
Typical Day ◽  
Flat Plate Collector

The utilization of solar energy in thermal energy systems was and always be one of the most effective alternative to conventional energy resources. Energy efficiency is widely used as one of the most important parameters in order to evaluate and compare thermal systems including solar collectors. Nevertheless, the first law of thermodynamics is not solely capable of describing the quantitative and qualitative performance of such systems and thus exergy efficiency is used so as to introduce the systems’ quality. In this work, the performance of a flat plate solar collector using water based nanofluids of different nanoparticle types as a working fluid is analyzed theoretically under the climatic conditions in Greece based on the First and Second Law of Thermodynamics. A mathematical model is built and the model equations are solved iteratively in a MATLAB code. The energy and exergy efficiencies as well as the collector losses coefficient for various parameters such as the inlet temperature, the particles concentration and type are determined. Moreover, a dynamic model is built so as to determine the performance of a flat plate collector working with nanofluids and the useful energy that can be stored in a water tank. The exergy destruction and exergy leakage are determined for a typical day in summer during which high temperatures and solar intensity values are common for the Greek climate.

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