Control solar en envolvente vidriada tropical para mejorar el desempeño energético-ambiental por climatización

Con el objetivo de fundamentar la estrategia de control solar como propuesta efectiva en la rehabilitación energética de un edificio de oficinas de los años 50´s, se realiza un diagnóstico del comportamiento de la demanda energética por climatización debido a su fenestración translúcida. Para el estudio se modelan los tipos de espacios más comunes (con una, dos o tres fachadas de vidrio) los cuales son objeto de simulaciones horarias que permiten pronosticar la demanda de energía anual para enfriamiento. Además, se determina el impacto ambiental que provoca este tipo de carpintería en las condiciones tropicales, de alta incidencia solar y de producción de energía de Cuba. Se utiliza Energy Plus, el motor más reconocido y avanzado de Simulación Energética de Edificios, desarrollado por el Departamento de Energía de los EEUU. Fundamentadas en los resultados se realizan y evalúan dos propuestas de diseño de control solar en las fachadas sureste y suroeste, las cuales demuestran su efectividad a partir del ahorro pronóstico anual de energía eléctrica por climatización consecuencia del recurso de sombreado. También se demuestra la influencia de la orientación en el diseño de los elementos componentes de la envolvente vertical para favorecer, con su especificidad local, la eficiencia energética, la identidad; así como la cultura energética convocada por la dirección de la nación. In order to justify the strategy of solar control like effective proposal in the energetic rehabilitation of an office building of the years 50 ´s. This paper present a diagnosis of the behavior of the cooling energetic demand due to its glazed windows. For the study are modeled the types of spaces more common of the building (with one, two or three glass facades) which are simulated each one hour to predict the annual energy demand for cooling. In addition, the environmental impact is determined that causes this window type in the tropical conditions, of high solar incidence and dependence of fuels imported for the energy generation in Cuba. It is used Energy Plus the most advanced motor in Energy Simulation of Buildings, developed by U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Office. Based in the results are carried out and evaluate three designs of solar control in the facades southeast and southwest, which demonstrate their effectiveness in the saving annual of electric power for cooling. The results demonstrate the influence of the orientation in the design of the vertical envelope component elements to favor, with their local specificity, the energy efficiency and the identity, as well as the energetic culture convoked by the government of the nation.

Hydrogen as a Rail Mass Transit Fuel

There is a continually growing need for mass transport and along with customer desire for greater comfort and speed, its consumption of energy will grow faster still. The fiscal cost of energy plus global warming has spurred efficiency improvement and thoughts now concentrate on fuels. In the UK for major lines for trains, this is electricity generated in a benign fashion in large facilities nominally remote from the train and track. Electric trains tend to be lighter, hence more efficient and demand less maintenance than their diesel counterpart. Similar arguments, including pollution emissions apply to city mass transit systems. For medium density and lower density routes, whether fuel cells or the next generation of IC or GT engines are employed, hydrogen is a prime energy candidate and here we examine its feed, production, distribution, and application, including generator location. Hydrogen from steam hydrocarbon reformers have even been installed in ships. Other countries have similar desires to those of the UK, including Saudi Arabia, but their problems are different and outline examples from Australia and Saudi Arabia are included.

Bound States in Three Dimensions: The Atom

In this chapter, we go to three dimensions in space and look at the solution of the time independent Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom. The Hamiltonian is then the kinetic energy plus the potential energy due to the Coulomb coupling between the positively charged nucleus and the electron. We construct the angular momentum operator and find that the partial differential equation for the angular momentum eigenfunctions of the spherical coordinates θ,ϕ is the same as the angular part of the ∇2 operator in spherical coordinates. The angular momentum eigenfunctions are the spherical harmonics, with two quantum numbers, l and m, and the solution to the radial part of the Hamiltonian including the Coulomb potential are Laguerre polynomials with one quantum number, called the principle quantum number, n. The hydrogen wave function is the product of a Laguerre polynomial and a spherical harmonic with three quantum numbers. Since these are two- and three-dimensional functions for angular momentum and hydrogen respectively, they are best understood in a series of plots. The chapter concludes by giving the historical letter names to specific orbitals, since they continue to be used today.

Nano-Mechanical Oscillator and Basic Dynamics: Part I

This discussion introduces the student to the reality, in quantum technology, that analysis of any problem necessarily begins with the Hamiltonian representing the system. The quantum Hamiltonian represents the total energy of the system, the sum of kinetic energy plus potential energy, written in canonical coordinates and conjugate momenta, and where these variables become time independent quantum operators. The nature of the potential energy for the nano-vibrator, following Hooke’s law, serves to localize the particle. The relevance of the nano-vibrator Hamiltonian—sometimes called the harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian—is perhaps one of the most important Hamiltonians in quantum systems. Not only can it be extended to cover things like phonons in solids, vibrations in molecules, and the behavior of bosons, but it is also the basis for leading to the concept of a photon, the quantum radiation field, and the quantum vacuum. This chapter provides the basic introduction for vibration of a particle or a nano-rod and looks at the wave-like behavior that emerges from the solution to the time independent Schrödinger equation. When we include the time evolution, we can observe dynamical behavior and begin to examine the meaning of quantum measurement.

Avaliação Pós Ocupação com Ênfase no Conforto Térmico: O Conjunto Habitacional de Oscar Niemeyer no Departamento Tecnológico Aeroespacial

A presente pesquisa aborda a temática da qualidade do ambiente construído com ênfase na componente térmica e, promove a discussão acerca da importância das questões de conforto no ambiente construído residencial. Para tal, adota-se como objeto deste estudo um exemplar da arquitetura moderna, o bloco habitacional H-17, obra de Oscar Niemeyer, localizado no complexo edificado do campus do Departamento Tecnológico Aeroespacial (DCTA) em São José dos Campos/SP. Assim, a partir da proposição de adequar o conforto e a inércia térmica para a Zona Bioclimática 3 e a fim de orientar recomendações à futuras pesquisas na área da Avaliação Pós Ocupação (APO), ou possíveis intervenções no estudo de caso. Para tal foram desenvolvidos questionário, entrevistas e simulação do desempenho térmico da edificação usando o programa Energy Plus, cujas etapas foram o levantamento de dados e normativas; a aplicação da APO; e a avaliação comportamental e física. Os resultados indicaram um elevado grau de satisfação dos usuários, com insatisfações pontuais, descartando recomendações para futuras intervenções. Contudo a partir da simulação do projeto original constatou-se condições de conforto térmico distantes da Zona de Conforto.

Evaluación de estrategias bioclimáticas pasivas para una vivienda de interés social ubicada en el cantón Morona en prospectiva a 50 años.

Introducción. En el presente trabajo de investigación, se planteó una proyección de 50 años para la evaluación del diseño arquitectónico bioclimático de una vivienda unifamiliar de interés social en el clima mega térmico lluvioso, ubicado en la provincia de Morona Santiago, parroquia Macas. Objetivo. La investigación se fundamentó en analizar y evaluar los elementos y factores climáticos más importantes del sector, para luego aplicar estrategias bioclimáticas planteadas por Piña (2019). Esta evaluación, permitió predecir cuáles serán las condiciones y comportamientos climáticos en el futuro mediante el uso del software Meteonorm, obteniendo ficheros climáticos Energy Plus Weather que permitieron recrear Simulaciones Energéticas en el BIM mediante el uso del software Design Builder. Los resultados corroboraron la inserción de estrategias bioclimáticas pasivas al BIM para valorar el comportamiento y las tendencias del confort térmico al interior de la vivienda. Metodología.Con el objetivo de evaluar el comportamiento climático a través del tiempo, esta investigación se fundamentó según su naturaleza en una investigación de tipo experimental, pues se manipulo variables como: clima, confort y sistemas constructivos. Según su alcance temporal, posee un enfoque longitudinal en retrospectiva y prospectiva, pues se consideró datos históricos del INAHMI con registro de 10 años y una proyección de 50 años mediante software. Se uso la técnica de muestreo probabilístico, para luego realizar un muestreo polietápico, en donde el universo fueron los climas existentes en Ecuador, mientras que la población fueron los cantones que poseen el clima ecuatorial tropical lluvioso. Resultados. De acuerdo a los resultados generados por las simulaciones se observa que para el año 2070, existirá una variación en la temperatura de 1°C. Se observó también que al aplicar las estrategias bioclimáticas pasivas en la vivienda se garantizará que se reduzca la temperatura y humedad al interior. Conclusión: La evaluación de la vivienda de interés social, aplicando estrategias bioclimáticas pasivas, generó lineamientos importantes determinando que el uso de las mismas permite mantener el nivel de confort para los usuarios de viviendas sociales a lo largo del tiempo.

Análise do desempenho térmico de habitação de interesse social com paredes de concreto em Uberlândia-MG

O sistema construtivo de paredes de concreto tem sido amplamente utilizado na construção de habitações de interesse social (HIS). No entanto, questões relacionadas ao desempenho térmico necessitam de maiores estudos e atenção. Neste contexto, tem-se a avaliação do desempenho térmico segundo a ABNT NBR 15575:2013 de uma HIS construída com paredes de concreto moldado in loco na cidade de Uberlândia-MG. Inicialmente foi utilizado o método simplificado para avaliação do projeto real para a determinação do nível de desempenho térmico. Em seguida, foram simulados 6 cenários para o verão e para o inverno, de acordo com a orientação solar mais crítica. Para as análises, utilizou-se o software Energy Plus com as 8760 horas do ano. Trata-se de uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos e os requisitos normativos que preveem a comparação das temperaturas internas com as externas, bem como as internas com as temperaturas do dia típico. Como resultados, a HIS não atingiu os níveis mínimos para o método simplificado. Para as simulações, tem-se diversas análises comparativas quanto ao aumento ou redução das temperaturas internas nas zonas térmicas da edificação. O projeto real com beiral e paredes externas na cor clara atingiu o nível de desempenho térmico mínimo para o verão e para o inverno, no entanto, outras análises foram incorporadas possibilitando ponderações importantes. Faz-se uma crítica também quanto aos critérios normativos para desempenho térmico que destoaram entre si e à qualidade dos projetos que têm sido replicados na cidade sem uma preocupação com o usuário.

Energy Balance, Cost and Architectural Design Features of 24 Building Integrated Photovoltaic Projects Using a Modelling Approach

This paper presents the energy balance, architectural design features and cost aspects of 24 building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) projects in three different contexts, namely BIPV in residential, office and historical buildings. These BIPV projects have been modelled and evaluated for different geographic locations because the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (2018/844/EU) has resulted in country-specific regulations and situations aimed towards the reduction in energy consumption, and hence the CO2 emissions of built environments. Moreover, the geographical variation of irradiation affects the performance of different BIPV projects on different locations. The results of our study show that the return of investment of BIPV projects across 12 countries took (on average) 13.3 years. Furthermore, the residential projects —as compared to non-residential buildings—were mostly energy plus buildings with an average self-sufficiency of 110% due to their low energy consumption. In conclusion, most BIPV projects resulted in realistic energy performances (on average: 761 kWh/kWp.year), low payback times (10 years for residential and office buildings), and modelled unique design features.

Study of Huichol Vernacular Housing through Thermal Analysis of the Construction Elements Characteristic of the Pre-hispanic Era

Aims: Analyze the thermal quality provided by the building elements of Huichol vernacular housing concerning the climatic conditions of San Andrés Cohamiata, Jalisco. Study Design: The analysis was performed through a simulation of computer housing, for which the characteristics of the materials and EPW (Energy Plus Weather) data of 2018 from the study area were applied to the model, analyzed in programs such as 2D Sun-Path, 3D Sun-Path and Opaque. Place and Duration of Study: Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Graduate of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, between January and March 2019. Methodology: First, a bibliographic and field study was carried out to verify the materials and construction processes of Huichol housing. The computer housing model was designed to apply the characteristics of the materials, as well as the location and orientation handled by the Huichol ethnic group. Subsequently, EPW (Energy Plus Weather) data from the study area were introduced to opaque software to perform thermal analysis of the house and various factors are studied such as thermal mass and insulation, heat gain/loss, direct radiation, diffuse, dry bulb temperature, among others. Also, in software such as 2D Sun-Path and 3D Sun-Path, the study of sunbathing and shadows of the house was carried out. Results: The orientation of the house allows them to make better use of solar radiation at different times of the year. Its construction elements (wall thickness, material, and ceiling structure) decrease the overheating of the space in summer. Adobe walls have a thermal delay of 4 hours, and internal conditions are optimal to maintain thermal comfort in summer and winter. Internal temperatures during the year range from 20 to 25°C. Conclusions: Huichol culture has important knowledge in the construction with natural materials, as these allow positive thermal behaviour in the face of the climatic conditions of the area throughout the year. These housing characteristics may apply to other ethnic groups in the region with limited economic resources, to improve their living conditions.

Is it a possibility to achieve energy plus prefabricated building worldwide?

Prefabricated buildings constructed to be used in a specific region cannot be assumed to work unconditionally in different climates around the world. It is important to develop passive house solutions for each location, suitable for the actual climate and geographic conditions. Shelters could be used in different applications such as refugee housing or telecommunication stations. Photovoltaic energy could cover the electricity consumption of these shelters. Shelters for different applications should be usable in all weather conditions, and because of that different climate zones were chosen. A full study about three climate zones was done to study the different factors that play a significant rule in choosing the location of the shelter. In this study, prefabricated housing was designed to ensure thermal comfort by doing structure design changes and using solar energy as an energy source. Three different locations have been chosen to be able to perform the best structure and components design for every location, taking into consideration the assumptions taken in each place. The total photovoltaic system was designed with a capacity of hot, moderate and cold climate zones with 2.0, 1.8 and 3.45 kWp, respectively, along with energy plus the production of 38% in the hot, 47% in the moderate and 28% in the cold climate.