scholarly journals Impact of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739 on the construction of relations between the Russian Empire and nomadic peoples of the Southern Urals and Central Asia (based on materials from Orenburg Expedition)

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-524
Author(s):  
Stepan V. Dzhundzhuzov ◽  
Sergey V. Lyubichankovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
State Archive ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
External Threat ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Impact

The article considers the pattern of relationship between the Russian Empire and the nomadic peoples of the Southern Urals and Central Asia in the 1730s. The authors study the impact of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739 on the geopolitical situation in the southeastern frontier zone, and review the signifi cance of the Orenburg Expedition (Commission) to the settlement of confl icts among the steppe subjects of the empire as well as for preventing threats to them coming from neighboring states. The study is based on materials of the Orenburg Commission and the Orenburg Expedition preserved in the State Archive of the Orenburg region. The authors do not share the opinion that the Orenburg Expedition was founded exclusively as a mechanism of imperial colonial policy, but neither do they deny its role in expanding Russia’s protectorate into the Kazakh steppe, and later into Central Asia. During the war, Russia aimed at preventing Kazakh raids against the Kalmyk nomads, for such raids prevented the Kalmyks from participating in the campaigns against the Crimean and Kuban Tatars who fought alongside Turkey. The article shows that the Orenburg Expedition, whose few troops were involved in suppressing the Bashkir uprising, were only able to provide the Kalmyks with diplomatic support. The aggressive policy of the Dzungar Khanate, aimed at the conquest of Kazakhstan, prevented the Kazakh Zhuzhes from establishing military hegemony in the Ural steppes. Only the fi rm stance of Russia, which declared its readiness to protect its Kazakh subjects, made the Dzungar ruler Goldan-Tseren renounce his claims to the Kazakh steppes. The authors conclude that the policy of Russia in this region was to prevent prolonged military confl icts among the steppe peoples while at the same time neutralizing any attempts at their military unifi cation. Russia assumed the role of a peacemaker, and, in the case of external threat, of a reliable ally; this raised the authority of the empire and forced the nomads to seek its patronage and submit to its will.

scholarly journals Emperor Alexander II and the South Urals: A New Collection of Documents Published by Archivists of the Chelyabinsk Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 306-311
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Lyubichankovsky ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Archive ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
The State ◽  
South Urals ◽  
State Archive ◽  
The South ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region ◽  
The Impact

The article reviews the collection of documents “Emperor Alexander II and the Southern Urals,” published in 2019 and dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the Emperor. The book tells of the Tsarevich’s journey through the Southern Urals in 1837 and of manufacture of gifts to him by the Zlatoust craftsmen; a separate part consists of documents devoted to the reign of Alexander II and the impact of the Great Reforms on the development of the region. The collection ends with documents on the perpetuation of the Emperor’s memory. The review proves that this collection of documents closes the topic of relations between Alexander II and the Southern Urals, which has been little studied in the historiography. It concludes that the initiators of the publication – employees of the Joint State Archive of the Chelyabinsk Region – have included in the book legislative acts, recordkeeping materials, materials of the periodical press, sources of personal provenance, photographs, and visual materials. There is a list of archives and museums from which the sources originate: state archives of the Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk regions, the National Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Archive of the Zlatoust City District; the Verkhny Ufaley and Zlatoust local history museums; the Russian State Archive of Photo Documents, the State Russian Museum; the Department for Preservation of Historical Heritage of the South Ural Railway, the Russian State Historical Archive, and the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The review describes the structure of the collection and contends that it contributes to comprehensive coverage of the studied problems. It allows its readers to find the needed documents confidently and quickly, even with minimal research skills. Photo documents (little–known photographs and drawings) included in the collection complement the text quite successfully. The reviewers underscore that the publication contains three extensive introductory articles, the reading of which contributes to a deeper understanding of the sources. Thus, the review concludes that the collection has expanded the documentary base adequately in order to spur extensive research of the pre–revolutionary history of the Southern Urals.

scholarly journals General-criminal prisons of the Russian Empire in the XIX century (on the example of the Orenburg province)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-169
Author(s):  
Yulia Vladimirovna Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper attempts to provide, on the basis of archival and published materials, a brief description of the state of general prisons in the Russian Empire in the 19th century on the example of the Orenburg province. In the first half of the XIX century, many prison buildings were in a dilapidated state, most of them were wooden. The prisoners suffered from overcrowding, they were not separated by sex and age, the sick were kept together with the healthy ones, they were hungry, they lived in begging. Very often the premises for prisons were private rental houses. There were no medical personnel in prisons, there were epidemics that led to a huge increase in mortality. As for the work, in the first half of the XIX century in prison locks and guards it was introduced in the rarest cases, since there were no special rooms for this. In the post-reform period, many prison premises were repaired, premises began to be rented for hospitals, the prisoners diet improved in the 1980s. The payment for arrest labor was introduced, the educational activity in prisons improved. Despite the measures taken by the government, the state of ordinary prisons in the southern Urals throughout the XIX century was still deplorable due to the fact that there was not enough money, or the local administration was not interested in improving the situation of the prisoners and the state of the prisons themselves.

scholarly journals IN THE XVIII-XIX CENTURY AND THE POLICY OF TSARIST RUSSIA IN KAZAKHSTAN CONSEQUENCES OF INFLUENCE ON THE STRUCTURE OF TRADITIONAL KAZAKH SOCIETY

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
U.K. Zhangaliev ◽  
◽  
K.B. Bolatova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Traditional Structure ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Traditional Economy

During the period of colonial policy in the Russian Empire, the influence on the Kazakh land is reflected, as well as the main results of changes in the mechanism of adaptation and ways of countering the traditional structure of Kazakh society during the period of colonization. The role of the colonial policy of the Empire is described in the XVIII - XIX centuries with administrative and political reforms carried out by tsarist Russia in Kazakhstan. At the same time, the ethno – social structure of the Kazakh society has undergone significant changes in the system of socio-economic relations, changing all the realities of the traditional economy. During the first half of the XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries, the political influence of a significant social group of warriors - batyrs was explained in Kazakh society. The article uses sorting, analysis, and comparison methods. The article presents new sources and reviews the works of the first and modern researchers.

scholarly journals “Greenhouses and Workers’ Dormitories”: Migration from Central Asia and China to Rural Areas of the Southern Urals

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 74-84
Author(s):  
A. A. Avdashkin ◽  
◽  
E. I. Salganova ◽  
N. A. Gafner ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Migration Flow ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of migration from Asian countries on the rural areas of the Russian region using the example of the Chelyabinsk region. Addressing this problem allowed us to answer the following questions: what objects in rural areas are labeled as “migrant” and what are the assessments of this phenomenon by the public? Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, natural population decline is growing. Restricting international migration has shown that migrants are very important for the Russian agricultural sector. The decline in the population in rural areas of Russia, the deterioration of the ecological situation in the Central Asian region shows the need for research on migration to the countryside. There is a high probability that after the removal of several restrictions, we will see an increase in the migration flow to some areas of the countryside (greenhouses, workers' hostels, empty villages). For this study, we applied a set of ethnographic and ethno-sociological methods: participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and massive ethno-sociological survey conducted within the framework of the RFBR and Chelyabinsk region project “Asian vector of migration to the Chelyabinsk region: historical retrospective, forecasts and risks”. In total, during the project, 150 hours of included observation were implemented. In 2021, 49 in-depth interviews were collected with residents of the Chelyabinsk region and 37 with migrants from Central Asia. The sample of objects for observation and establishment of contacts with informants included: greenhouses for growing vegetables, garden associations, settlements in the study areas, rural shops, etc. The focus of xenophobic sentiments may shift from large cities to suburbs and villages, where new objects are being built, labeled as “migrants” (greenhouses, dormitories for migrants). "Chinese" greenhouses are no longer perceived as objects directly related to the presence of the Chinese, but are associated with migrants in general. Greenhouse complexes, where the main contingent is made up of migrants from the Central Asia, seem to be perceived as "Chinese" by inertia. All negative characteristics and parameters that were attributed to them are automatically extended to all greenhouses where there are “others”.

scholarly journals Surkhan Oasis in Russian-English Relations

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 497-500
Author(s):  
E. Kabulov ◽  
B. Safarov
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
British Government ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Russian Empire

It is illuminated the politics of the Russian Empire and the British Government that was carried out in Central Asia and the role of the Surkhan oasis in this process, based on archival documents and historical sources in this article.

A Double Failure

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian W. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
World War ◽  
Previous Decade ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Political Decisions

This chapter examines the ideas behind Kazaks' economic and political estrangement from the Russian Empire as well as their attempts to claim a role for themselves—and defend their interests—within the space of discussion and debate in which they had previously operated. It discusses the failure of the Russian Empire's peasant resettlement program from the perspective of Kazaks and other Central Asians whose lands were subject to estrangement and reallocation to Slavic settlers. The chapter also explains why violence erupted in Central Asia at the end of 1916, and why local intellectuals sided against the rebels, by analyzing a series of political decisions taken by the tsarist state over the previous decade. Finally, it considers the response of Kazak intellectuals to the shocks of resettlement and disenfranchisement, along with the impact of World War I and the February Revolution on the Kazak steppe and on the Russian Empire more generally.

Rural school in daily life peasants of the agrarian center of Russia in the second half of the 19th — beginning of the 20th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (11-2) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
Nikolai Zhirov
Keyword(s):  
School System ◽  
National Level ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
School Education ◽  
State Archive ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article is devoted to the role of school education in the life of peasants of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. The main sources are published materials and documents stored in the state archive of the Orel region. The results of the study give an idea of the process of reforming the primary school system not only at the national level, but also at the regional level, allowing us to assess the level of implementation of state policy in the field. This makes it possible to draw a conclusion about the direct impact of school education on the social and economic transformations that took place in the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals ACQUISITION OF THE GARRISON OF THE HOLY CROSS FORTRESS (1722-1735): BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE CENTRAL STATE ARCHVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-279
Author(s):  
Magomed-Pasha B. Abdusalamov ◽  
Nikolay D. Chekulayev
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Officer Corps ◽  
Central State ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Russian Empire

Introduction. In article mainly on the basis of materials of the Central state archive of the Republic of Dagestan history of stay of the Russian imperial troops in Dagestan of the first third of the XVIII century is reconstructed. Authors of article from objective positions, taking into account achievements of domestic Caucasus studies on the basis of deep studying, the analysis and generalization of archival materials set as the purpose to define a role of garrison of fortress of the Sacred Cross in implementation of the Caucasian policy by the Russian Empire in Dagestan. In article the system of completing of garrison of the Sacred Cross is considered, all parties of activity of this type of military forces reveal, beginning from the organization to garrison service. The methodological and theoretical basis of the article is based on the basic principles of historical science: objectivity, scientific and historicism, involving the study of historical events and facts in specific historical conditions, their consideration in a comparative historical plan. Contribution of authors. M.-P. B. Abdusalamov analyzed the mechanism of collecting and sending recruits to the regiments of the fortress of the Holy cross, it is shown that this procedure was regulated by government decrees. N. D. By Chekulaeva revealed that the acquisition of the garrison of the fortress of the Holy cross was due to recruits coming mostly from cities of the Volga region, it is shown that the officer corps of the regiments of the garrison of the fortress of the Holy cross, was completed through the estates of the nobility of the Russian Empire on the basis of the principle of election from among noncommissioned chief officers.

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