scholarly journals Problemas que uma característica essencial dos direitos humanos apresenta para a filosofia do direito

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (40) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Hervada
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Positive Law

RESUMOEste artigo apresenta a reivindicação, por parte dos direitos humanos, da sua condição anterior ao direito positivo e as oposições por eles sofridas no âmbito da filosofia do direito. Considerando-se as diversas ocasiões e teorias em que se contemplou uma dimensão jurídica natural anterior à dimensão estritamente positiva do direito, busca-se arrazoar a necessidade de concebê-lo de forma a abranger também a realidade dos direitos humanos. Observam-se, ainda, as condições de existência dos direitos humanos e da personalidade jurídica diante das noções natural e cultural do direito, a fim de que não somente se resolvam as frequentes inconsistências teóricas, mas também que se reconheçam os direitos humanos como realidade ligada à própria dignidade humana.PALAVRAS-CHAVEDireitos humanos. Filosofia do direito. Direito natural. Direito cultural. Personalidade jurídica. ABSTRACTThis article presents the claim by human rights on its preceding condition in relation to positive law and the opposition it experiences in the field of philosophy of law. Considering several occasions and theories in which natural law, as a universe preceding strict positive law, has been contemplated, the article attempts to reason on the necessity of conceiving law in a way of encompassing the reality of human rights as well. The conditions of existence of human rights and legal personality in accordance to the naturalistic and cultural notions of law are also observed in order not only to solve theoretical inconsistencies but also to recognize human rights as a reality connected to human dignity itself.KEYWORDSHuman rights. Philosophy of law. Natural law. Cultural law. Legal personality.

scholarly journals Human Rights and Human Nature

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-534
Author(s):  
Jean Rhéaume
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Positive Law

At least two important consequences follow from the fact that human rights are based on human nature. First, they exist according to natural law even in cases where positive law does not recognize them. Secondly, they cannot evolve because the nature and purpose of the human being does not change: only their formulation and level of protection in positive law can vary according to the socio-historical context.

Human Dignity as the Foundation for the Democratic Rule of Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja C. Grover
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Court Case ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Democratic Rule ◽  
Judicial Reasoning

The notion of human dignity has in recent years come under attack from sectors of the interdisciplinary and legal academic community as vacuous and of little or no utility in judicial reasoning. This author holds instead that human dignity is the sine qua non of all human life and correlated with certain inviolable human rights that speak to human beings as other than property, as having legal personality and the right to be heard. The notion of human dignity then serves, it is argued here, as essential guidance in judicial reasoning on issues of individual and group fundamental human rights. Neglect in honouring the principle of respect for human dignity in judicial decision-making serves to erode the democratic rule of law and the interests of justice as will be illustrated through examination in particular of the U.S. Supreme Court case of J.C. Hernandez et al v. J. Mesa Jr.

Fundamental Human Rights and the Military Regime in Nigeria: What did the Courts Say?

1971 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O. Aihe
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Law Of Nature ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
Moral Force ◽  
Traditional Natural ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Military

The rights of the individual in the society have been conceived as natural rights—which in the modern state have no more than a moral force. In the context of a modern state which asserts absolute powers within its borders, it appears idle to suggest as in the traditional natural law theories that there is anything like a law of nature existing independently of and overriding positive law.

scholarly journals “A Comunidade Internacional e o Direito”/"The International Community and the Right"

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-262
Author(s):  
Norberto Bobbio
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
International Community ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Peace And War

Resumo: O texto consiste numa ampla resenha crítica escrita pelo filósofo italiano Norberto Bobbio sobre o livro La comunità internazionale e il diritto [A comunidade internacional e o direito] (1950) de Mario Giuliano, na qual são discutidas essencialmente questões clássicas da filosofia do direito internacional, como a contraposição entre jusnaturalismo e juspositivismo, a natureza do direito internacional, a contraposição entre internacionalismo e cosmopolitismo, a reforma do direito internacional, a reforma da comunidade internacional, os temas da paz e da guerra, a cientificidade do direito internacional, a contraposição entre direito internacional e direito estatual e o tema do pacifismo. Palavras-chave: Mario Giuliano, direito internacional, comunidade internacional, internacionalismo, pacifismo. Abstract: This paper is a comprehensive critical review written by the Italian philosopher Norberto Bobbio on the book La comunità internazionale e il diritto [The international community and the right] (1950) by Mario Giuliano, which are discussed essentially classical questions of philosophy of law international, as the opposition between natural law and positive law, the nature of international law, the opposition between internationalism and cosmopolitanism, the reform of international law, the reform of the international community, the issues of peace and war, the scientificity of international law, opposition between international law and estatual rights and the issue of pacifism.Keywords: Mario Giuliano, international law, international community, internationalism, pacifism 

scholarly journals Mundo da vida e Direito Natural. Uma Fundamentação Fenomenológica dos Direitos Humanos?

Phainomenon ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 22-23 (1) ◽  
pp. 441-454
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Loureiro de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
Phenomenological Description ◽  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Modern Age

Abstract The justification of Natural Law is a very controversial issue, not only after the Positivist’s rebuttals, but since its very anthropological foundations in the early modern age. In this paper, I try do give an account of Natural Law and natural rights in terms of a phenomenological description of the background of normative intentionality. Taking a genetic stance, I go from the positive norm and the intentionality that constitutes it to the underling pregiveness that supplies the condition of its possibility. I exhibit it as the experience of the live-world, and I analyze it as an intersubjective world, where persons are given as equals and worth-counting. This is the very root of the concept of human dignity. Starting from it, I develop an account of the sense and content of the concept of Human Rights as a set of eidetic laws creating the framework for authentic human relationships.

scholarly journals Signifikansi Maqâsid al-Sharî‘ah sebagai Kerangka Berpikir Epistemik Ijtihad

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
Sanuri Sanuri
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
Universal Values

This paper focuses on the importance of <em>maqâs</em><em>id al-sharî‘ah </em>for the effectiveness of ijtihad in Islamic law. The emergence of controversies at the beginning of the tenth century AD on the issue of the closing of the gate of ijtihâd has resulted in the rigidity of Islamic law and its methodological framework. Along with these issues, some contemporary scholars on <em>maqâs</em><em>id </em>agreed that <em>sharî‘ah </em>law (al-Qur’ân) consists of partial (<em>juz’îyât</em>) and universal values (<em>kullîyyât</em>) that should be understood through a holistic approach in the frameworks of <em>maqâs</em><em>id</em>. Shift in the meaning and orientation of <em>maqâs</em><em>id al-sharî‘ah </em>in some contemporary Muslim scholars’ views, involving social sciences, philosophy of law, principles of morality, universality, social justice, human dignity, human rights, is a concrete manifestation of how Islamic law is able to provide answers to the current problems faced by the Muslim and non-Muslims community. This awareness has made contemporary Muslim thinkers strive to bring Islamic law into various achievements of progress in many aspects of life by emphasizing the importance of <em>maqâs</em><em>id al-sharî‘ah.</em>

scholarly journals Legge morale e legge civile a difesa dell’uomo in Giovanni Paolo II

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Palazzani
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Legal Positivism ◽  
Moral Duty ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Moral Pluralism ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
Law And Ethics

L’autore analizza nella prospettiva della filosofia del diritto la questione del rapporto tra diritto e morale nella Evangelium Vitae. In particolare si sofferma ad analizzare le teorie che tematizzano la neutralità del diritto (nella pretesa di separare il diritto dalla morale pluralistica), quali la teoria liberalelibertaria che identifica il diritto con la garanzia dell’autonomia individuale e la teoria democratico-procedurale che fa coincidere il diritto con il voto di maggioranza. Giovanni Paolo II critica i percorsi postmoderni del diritto, riprendendo sul piano filosofico e teologico la dottrina del diritto naturale (in contrapposizione al giuspositivismo), che riconosce nell’uomo i diritti inviolabili e la dignità intrinseca. Nell’orizzonte giusnaturalista, esiste un dovere morale da parte del cittadino a criticare e a non obbedire alle leggi ingiuste e da parte del giurista e del politico ad operare per abrogare, riformarle e riformularle, al fine di adeguare il diritto positivo alle esigenze intrinseche della natura umana. ---------- The author analysis the question of the relation between law and ethics in Evangelium Vitae in the perspective of the philosophy of law. In particular, it focuses on the theories that speak about neutrality of law (separating law from moral pluralism), such as libertarian-liberalism which identifies law with individual autonomy and procedural democracy which identifies law with opinions of majority. John Paul II criticizes postmodern patterns of law, reaffirming on philosophical and theological level the doctrine of natural law (against legal positivism) which recognises in human being the inviolable rights and intrinsic dignity. In this perspective, there is a moral duty on the part of citizen to criticize and not to obey to unjust laws and on the part of jurist and politician to work for an abolition, reform and reformulation of law, to adequate positive law to the intrinsic instances of human nature.

Reflections on a Theology of Modern Secular Law [1999]

2020 ◽  
pp. 259-279
Author(s):  
Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde ◽  
Mirjam Künkler ◽  
Tine Stein
Keyword(s):  
Human Dignity ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Vatican Ii ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Legal Subject ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
Resurrection Of The Dead ◽  
Christian Understanding ◽  
The Church

The classic Catholic conception of natural law did not distinguish between morality and law. As such, it increasingly diverged from political thought outside the Church in sixteenth-century Europe, where positive law began to be conceptualized as a means to enable the coexistence of people with different beliefs. Building on Vatican II, when the congruence of morality and law in Catholic thought was ultimately broken, Böckenförde develops an argument in favour of secular law that can be comprehensible from a theological, Catholic perspective. Crucial for such a project is the Christian understanding of human dignity and of the human condition as affected by sin. Böckenförde points to the resurrection of the dead, which implies that not all elements of injustice have to be dealt with in this world. He also points to the historical contextuality of revelation, suggesting that Biblical mores must be understood as historically embedded. This perspective leads Böckenförde to argue that every human being should be recognized as a dignified legal subject and that one must move away from the Aristotelian goal of the good life, since secular law cannot guarantee more than a minimum of ethical social behaviour. Rather, while taking sin seriously, the Church should recognize that law cannot demand from people actions that are not accomplishable. Böckenförde notes that Catholics in general have begun to move closer to the position of Luther, who held that positive law must occupy a middle ground between the ambitions of divine law and the realities of human nature.

scholarly journals The dialectics of cyclicity in the development of law.

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Yuriy Vedyernikov ◽  
Vasyl Tkachenko ◽  
Volodymyr Shestakov
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
Driving Mechanisms ◽  
Modern Knowledge ◽  
New Form ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
Oscillating Processes ◽  
Oscillatory Processes

The dialectic of cyclicity in the system of dual natural and positive law, as the transition from one opposite to another, involution to evolution, quantitative transformations into qualitative and actually regular cyclicity of crises and stability in the legal system is studied. The dialectic of cyclicity in law occurs as constant oscillating processes of transition from one opposite to another, natural law into positive, involution into evolution, quantity into quality, crisis into stability, and development in a circle gradually turns into a spiral. Defining and substantiating the phases and stages of the cycle allows us to demonstrate the development of a particular cycle and the driving mechanisms of this transformation – the laws of dialectics, in particular, the unity and struggle of opposites in law, the transition from quantity to quality, denial of the old and so on. Oscillatory processes are manifested in opposites of phases and stages of cycles, and small cycles of development of law are embedded in large ones, where each cycle is part of a larger cycle, and that in turn is even larger, and so on. The end of one cycle leads to the transformation of the legal system and its manifestation in a new form and content at a new level of the spiral of development. Ways to overcome the crisis in the legal system should be sought, first of all, in the updated methodological principles of cyclicality in jurisprudence based on the ideas of natural law, based on the principles and laws of dialectics, laws of philosophy of law, and in combination with other branches of modern knowledge.

scholarly journals Human Dignity and Its Premises in the Pandemic Crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-14
Author(s):  
Gabriela Nemțoi
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Philosophical Hermeneutics ◽  
Legal Recognition ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
Moral Content

Human dignity is a component that is part of the quality of existing as a human being even if the latter is the product of creationism or evolutionism. In its content, dignity is the carrier of complex scientific valences, combining the philosophical-religious paradigm with the legal one. In this context, the literature presents human dignity as an aspect traditionally associated with the division of public law, which evokes a super-positive reality, synthesizing elements of religion, ethics and morals located in a position superior to positive law, orienting the latter. The modern meaning given to human dignity oscillates between the illustrative character and the prescriptive character being constituted, in a complex sense, by the fusion between the moral content and the coercive right (Habermas, 2010, pp. 464-480) and, from another perspective, a stable notion that presupposes an objective moral principle that makes possible the legal recognition of human rights. The inability to include human dignity as a right in a unitary conceptualization leads, first of all, to the vast philosophical hermeneutics that is implicit in the discourse on dignity.

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