scholarly journals Malignant Edema in Horse by Clostridium perfringens Type A

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jair Alves Ferreira Junior ◽  
Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva ◽  
Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato ◽  
Antônio Raphael Teixeira Neto ◽  
Karla Alvarenga Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Gas Bubbles ◽  
Type A ◽  
The United States ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Rancid Odor ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Property A

Background: Malignant edema is one of the terms used to designate severe necrotizing syndromes in soft tissues by Clostridium spp. which are potentially fatal in farm animals. These species are responsible for myonecrosis, belonging to the group of histotoxic clostridia, and may also culminate in toxemia with the worsening of the lesions. These clostridia and their spores require a gateway such as wounds on mucous membranes or skin, which may occur due to shear, tail cut, injuries during delivery, castration or injections by contaminated needles. This report aims to describe the clinical-pathological findings of a case of malignant edema caused by C. perfringens type A in an equine.Case: A female equine, undefined breed, used as traction animal, had a history of abdominal pain. According to the requisitioning veterinary, the tutor reused needles for medication. On palpation, a compact mass was noticed in the pelvic flexure, as well as edema on the region of head and neck with crackling areas. After surgical intervention for compactation correction, the animal did not show anesthetic recovery and was submited to euthanasia. Tissue samples were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, routinely processed for histopathology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Gram stain. Samples of serous-sanguineous edema fluid and fragments of the abdominal muscles and neck were collected. The samples were kept under refrigeration and sent for microbiological culture. Necropsy showed the subcutaneous region of the pectoral was markedly gelatinous and yellowish (edema) and subcutaneous emphysema characterized by accumulation of serous-sanguineous fluid and gas bubbles. In microscopy, we verified fibrous-haemorrhagic, emphysematous, suppurative and diffuse superficial histiocytic necrotizing cellulitis and myositis. Gram-positive bacillary aggregates were observed in spleen and subcutaneous sections. Colony suggestive of Clostridium perfringens were submitted to PCR for confirmation of identity followed by genotyping. Lastly, C. perfringens type A was isolated from the muscle fragments and serosanguinolent liquid collected.Discussion: In the present study, the diagnosis of malignant edema caused by Clostridium perfringens type A in an equine was confirmed by the clinical-pathological findings added to the isolation and genotyping of the agent from fragments of injured muscle. Although C. perfringens has been reported in cases of clostridial myositis in horses in the United States, in Brazil there are only reports of sporadic cases associated with C. septicum, C. novyi and C. chauvoei in this species. In histotoxic cases by C. perfringens, alpha toxin is known to be the main virulence factor involved, causing destruction of the phospholipid membrane of erythrocytes, endothelial cells, leukocytes and muscle fibers. As consequence, there is an increase in the vascular permeability of capillaries and, with the spread of the infection, there is production of inflammatory edema with serosanguineous exudate and gas. Typically, anatomopathological findings are characterized by increased volume of the affected region associated with edema with bloody fluid and rancid odor, gas bubbles in the subcutaneous tissue, and fasciae associated or not with necrotic myositis. It is assumed that a contaminated needle injection, performed during the treatment of colic symptoms on the property has been the gateway to infection. The clinical course of clostridial infection in horses is considered acute, ranging from 24 to 48 h. In this case, was observed the animal with signs of cervical and pectoral edema still in the property, a day before euthanasia. This is the first study to confirm Clostridium perfringens as a cause of gas gangrene in horses in Brazil.

scholarly journals Production, immunogenicity, stability, and safety of a vaccine against Clostridium perfringens beta toxins

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1517-1523
Author(s):  
Mohamed J. Saadh ◽  
Issam J. Sa'adeh ◽  
Moeen F. Dababneh ◽  
Ammar M. Almaaytah ◽  
Mohammad F. Bayan
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Beta Toxin

Background and Aim: The beta toxin is causing the most severe Clostridium perfringens-related diseases. This work was dedicated to developing a vaccine against beta toxin using C. perfringens type C (NCTC 3180). Materials and Methods: The crude toxoid harvest contained 710 limits of flocculation (Lf)/mL. The vaccine was formulated. Each 1 mL of the final vaccine product contained at least 50 Lf/mL of beta toxoids, 0.2 mL 3% aluminum hydroxide gel (equivalent to 5.18 mg of aluminum), <0.001% W/V thiomersal, formaldehyde <0.05% W/V, and ∼0.7 mL phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2). The efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated by potency, stability, and safety tests. Results: The vaccine demonstrated 24.36 IU/mL (standard deviation, ±0.56) and 14.74 IU/mL (±0.36) of neutralizing antibodies in rabbits and cattle, respectively. Indeed, these levels were above the minimum recommended by international protocols since the obtained antibody levels had 2.43- and 1.47-fold increase in both rabbits and cattle, respectively, over the minimum antitoxin level suggested by the United States Department of Agriculture. Interestingly, our formulation was capable of inducing 1.65-fold higher immune responses in rabbits than that stimulated in cattle (65% increase) with a significant difference (p<0.0001). The vaccine was stable up to 30 months. The vaccinated rabbits were suffered from a temporarily slight increase in temperatures in the first 10 h without any significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: The research showed a procedure for the manufacturing process of the vaccine against C. perfringens beta toxins with a feasible quantity and the vaccine described here showed to be effective in eliciting levels of neutralizing antibodies higher than required by international standards. In addition, The vaccine was stable up to 30 months. Thus, it may represent an effective and safe for preventing C. perfringens-related diseases in rabbits and cattle, although further studies to prove its efficacy in the field on other farm animals are still needed.

Clostridium perfringens

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald G Labbé
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Receptor Site ◽  
The United States ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Enterotoxin Gene ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Healthy Elderly

Abstract In the United States and Canada, Clostridium perfringens remains a leading cause of bacterial food poisoning in humans. It has been primarily associated with meat and poultry products prepared in food service establishments. Fecal spore levels of 104 or more per g are considered indicative of a food poisoning outbreak. However, elevated spore levels of this organism are frequently seen in healthy elderly individuals, an observation that complicates investigations of suspected outbreaks. Recent studies with this population indicate that fecal enterotoxin levels are a valuable and effective assay for confirming outbreaks due to this organism. With regard to the toxin itself, a membrane protein of 50 000-70 000 molecular weight has been isolated as a possible enterotoxin-receptor site. It is the subsequent action of the toxin on membrane structure that results in the loss of ions and fluid associated with illness. In addition, the enterotoxin gene has been cloned in E. coil and sequenced. Using toxin-specific DNA probes, only 6% of non-symptomatic farm animals were found to possess the enterotoxin gene, disproving the hypothesis that all strains of this organism can produce the toxin.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens Isolates in Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) Area Soils and Home Kitchens

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (22) ◽  
pp. 7218-7224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihong Li ◽  
Sameera Sayeed ◽  
Bruce A. McClane
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Type A ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Upstream Promoter ◽  
Type C

ABSTRACT In the United States and Europe, food poisoning due to Clostridium perfringens type A is predominantly caused by C. perfringens isolates carrying a chromosomal enterotoxin gene (cpe). Neither the reservoir for these isolates nor the point in the food chain where these bacteria contaminate foods is currently understood. Therefore, the current study investigated whether type A isolates carrying a chromosomal cpe gene are present in two potential reservoirs, i.e., soil and home kitchen surfaces. No C. perfringens isolates were recovered from home kitchen surfaces, but most surveyed soil samples contained C. perfringens. The recovered soil isolates were predominantly type A, but some type C, D, and E soil isolates were also identified. All cpe-positive isolates recovered from soil were genotyped as type A, with their cpe genes on cpe plasmids rather than the chromosome. However, two cpe-positive soil isolates did not carry a classical cpe plasmid. Both of those atypical cpe-positive soil isolates were sporulation capable yet failed to produce C. perfringens enterotoxin, possibly because of differences in their upstream promoter regions. Collectively these results suggest that neither soil nor home kitchen surfaces represent major reservoirs for type A isolates with chromosomal cpe that cause food poisoning, although soil does appear to be a reservoir for cpe-positive isolates causing non-food-borne gastrointestinal diseases.

scholarly journals Why heel spurs are traction spurs after all

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann Zwirner ◽  
Aqeeda Singh ◽  
Francesca Templer ◽  
Benjamin Ondruschka ◽  
Niels Hammer
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Plantar Fascia ◽  
Trabecular Architecture ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Traction Forces ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Developmental Mechanism ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Compressive Loads

AbstractIt is unclear whether plantar and posterior heel spurs are truly pathological findings and whether they are stimulated by traction or compression forces. Previous histological investigations focused on either one of the two spur locations, thereby potentially overlooking common features that refer to a uniform developmental mechanism. In this study, 19 feet from 16 cadavers were X-ray scanned to preselect calcanei with either plantar or posterior spurs. Subsequently, seven plantar and posterior spurs were histologically assessed. Five spur-free Achilles tendon and three plantar fascia entheses served as controls. Plantar spurs were located either intra- or supra-fascial whereas all Achilles spurs were intra-fascial. Both spur types consistently presented a trabecular architecture without a particular pattern, fibrocartilage at the tendinous entheses and the orientation of the spur tips was in line with the course of the attached soft tissues. Spurs of both entities revealed tapered areas close to their bases with bulky tips. Achilles and plantar heel spurs seem to be non-pathological calcaneal exostoses, which are likely results of traction forces. Both spur types revealed commonalities such as their trabecular architecture or the tip direction in relation to the attached soft tissues. Morphologically, heel spurs seem poorly adapted to compressive loads.

Ulcerative Enteritis-Like Disease Associated With Clostridium Perfringens Type A In Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus)

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. e23-e24
Author(s):  
H. L. Shivaprasad ◽  
Francisco Uzal ◽  
Randy Kokka ◽  
Derek J. Fisher ◽  
Bruce A. Mcclane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Colinus Virginianus ◽  
Type A ◽  
Bobwhite Quail

scholarly journals Clostridium botulinum in soil on the site of the former Metropolitan (Caledonian) Cattle Market, London

1979 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Smith ◽  
R. A. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Small Proportion ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Type A ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Clostridium Tetani ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
The Many ◽  
Soil Surveys ◽  
Cattle Market

summarySixty soil samples were collected from the redeveloped site of the former Metropolitan (Caledonian) Cattle Market, Islington, London. Of these, 15 (25%) contained Clostridium botulinum and no less than four types (B, C, D and E) were demonstrated.Early British soil surveys suggested that only 4–8% of samples contained Cl. botulinum (type A or B). Although there can be no absolute proof, it seems likely that the striking prevalence at the Market site was the result of faecal contamination by a small proportion of the many millions of farm animals brought there from elsewhere.The distribution of Clostridium tetani was uneven, but of 18 soil samples taken from one area of the Market site, 16 (89%) were positive.

Computerized Tomography: A Perspective in the Pediatric Patient

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-308
Author(s):  
Derek Harwood-Nash ◽  
Herman Grossman ◽  
Alvin Felman ◽  
John Kirkpatrick ◽  
Leonard Swischuk
Keyword(s):  
Computerized Tomography ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Conventional Radiography ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Central Research ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Whole Body Ct

Computerized tomography (CT), a technique conceptualized by Oldendorf in 19611 and developed by Hounsfield2 of EMI-Tronics Inc. (EMI) Central Research Laboratories, has proven to be a successful innovation in neuroradiology. Reviews by Ambrose3 in England and by Baker et al.4 and by New et al.5 in the United States have clearly demonstrated the value of this new modality in neuroradiological diagnosis. In 1975 Houser et al.6 and Harwood-Nash et al.7 provided the initial clinical and radiological data about CT in infants and children. More recently this technique has been extended to the study of tissues and organs in the body other than those in the head. This has been accomplished by modification of the original machine into a whole-body CT system. Early reviews by Ledley et al.8 and by Alfidi et al.9 suggest a significant potential for diagnosis of lesions in the abdomen, pelvis, and thorax. The advantages of CT are that it is less invasive than standard special diagnostic radiological procedures and that for the first time it provides in vivo information regarding the content and the characteristics of tissue composing organs and masses. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT In conventional radiography an image is made on radiographic film by an attenuated X-ray beam. In passing through a core of tissue, each ray of the beam is attenuated as it is absorbed and scattered by the tissue in its path. The intensity of the transmitted ray depends on the sum total of X-ray attenuation by all the different soft tissues in its path.

Immunobiology of Clostridium perfringens Type A: Passive Protection of NMRI Mice

Chemotherapy ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 318-326
Author(s):  
Walter H. Traub ◽  
Dierk Bauer ◽  
Ursula Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Type A ◽  
Passive Protection ◽  
Nmri Mice

scholarly journals Adhesive properties of an outer structure of Clostridium perfringens type A isolated from piglets with with catarrhal enteritis

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Pelosi Teixeira ◽  
Marlene Braide Serafim ◽  
Maria Alice Cruz Höfling ◽  
Aureo T. Yamada ◽  
Antonio Fernando Pestana de Castro
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Type A ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Ileal Loop ◽  
Fibrillar Material ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Transmission Electron

One strain (S32) of Clostridium perfringens type A was isolated from a case of catarrhal enteritis of piglets. This strain was able to adhere to HeLa cells showing an adherence index (AI) of 25.15 ± 1.26 (mean ± 1 standard error of the mean). Treatment of the bacterial cells with trypsin (0.25mg/ml) decreased in 70%-80% the AI and metaperiodate (10mg/ml) abolished completely the adherence, suggesting that the structure responsible for this phenomenon was probably a glycoprotein. Heating of bacterial suspensions (100ºC/5 min) before carrying out the adhesion test decreased the AI rendering it equal to the negative controls. Rabbit homologous S32 antiserum inhibited the adherence up to dilutions of 1: 640, at least. The piglet ileal loop assay, carried out with strains S32 and Jab-1 (negative control) demonstrated that the strain S32 was able to adhere to the intestinal epithelial cells when examined after Gram staining. Transmission electron microcopy (TEM) demonstrated that S32 strain displayed a loose fibrillar material not seen with Jab-1. Stabilization of the bacterial cells with homologous antiserum of strain S32, followed by staining with rhuteniun red, revealed loose long fibrillar material on the outer surface of the cells, that sometimes could be seen spreading out from the cells and linking bacterial cells. The question whether this structure might be an adhesin for this strain of Cl. perfringes type A, perhaps playing a role in the pathogenesis of the catarrhal enteritis of piglets, is dependent on further studies.

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