scholarly journals Approach to Classification of Cavitary Effusion and Comparison between Manual and Automatic Methods for Total Nucleated Cell Count

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Nilson Júnior da Silva Nunes ◽  
Naila Cristina Blatt Duda ◽  
Juliana Pereira Matheus ◽  
Ana Paula Soares Borenstein ◽  
Bruno Albuquerque de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Excellent Correlation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Traditional Classification

Background: Two classifications are used to categorize cavitary effusions using total nucleated cell count (TNCC): protein concentration and pathophysiology of its formation. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the correlation between the TNCC values of cavitary effusions obtained in the automatic and the manual method, and also evaluating the classification methodology. Materials, Methods & Results: Cavitary effusions were analyzed for physical, chemical and cytological aspects, as well as manual and automatic cell counts for the correlation between the traditional methods and those suggested by Stockham & Scott. Bland-Altman regression and Spearman correlation analysis were performed. Of the total, 44 were abdominal effusions (73.3%), 15 thoracic (25%) and 1 pericardial (1.7%). According to the traditional classification, most of the effusions were classified as modified transudates (40%) and according to the classification of Stockham and Scott, as transudates poor in protein (31.7%). The correlation between cell counting techniques between pure, modified and exudate transudates was 0.94, 0.97 and 0.94, respectively, indicating an excellent correlation between the parameters (p = 0.95%).Discussion: Considering the concentration of proteins and CCNT, the effusions classified as modified transudate were mainly caused by neoplastic processes (carcinomas/adenocarcinomas), since there are several mechanisms of their formation, such as large variation of protein concentration. According to the Stockham & Scott classification a unique classification is considered for exfoliative neoplastic effusions, the variation of the protein concentration of the effusion does not alter its classification. In neoplastic effusions, classified as exudates, lymphomas were the most prevalent, and hypercellularity (approximately 150,000 cells / μL) allowed this classification. When considering low-protein transudates, the findings related to low concentrations did not differ much from the traditional classification. In the ruptures of viscera and vessels, the hemorrhagic ones were the most frequent, thus, the cytological diagnosis is essential, since it can give information about the contamination with blood during the collection. Most of these were due to neoplasia as the underlying cause. A case of chylotorax was diagnosed by comparing cholesterol and triglyceride values of effusion and serum. In cases of uroperitoneum, the presence of urine in the abdominal cavity promotes the dilution of the fluid from the cavity, being initially classified as pure transudate and, with its permanence in the cavity, increasing the CCNT, becomes an exudate. As in cases of exfoliative neoplastic effusions, the classification of the uroperitoneum, according to Stockham & Scott, is classified directly into effusion due to rupture of the viscera, giving a quick and clear diagnosis. According to Stockham & Scott, cases classified as nonseptic exudates (n = 3), two of which resulted from feline infectious peritonitis (PIF). The effusive form of PIF presents with accumulations of fluid in the abdomen, having an inflammatory character, but according to the traditional classification, they enter the category of modified transudates, because, despite containing protein concentrations close to or above the serum level, they present a CCNT lower than an exudate. Cavitary effusions were classified as septic exudates when intracellular bacteria were present and in the present study, two effusions were classified as such in two patients, one with septic peritonitis and in the other the final diagnosis was not found. The high values of Spearman correlation coefficients found when comparing the automatic counts with the manual demonstrate that there is an excellent correlation between the methods and, the Bland-Altman test showed significant agreement between them.

scholarly journals The Graphical Representation of Cell Count Representation; a New Procedure for the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infections

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 346
Author(s):  
Bernd Fink ◽  
Marius Hoyka ◽  
Elke Weissbarth ◽  
Philipp Schuster ◽  
Irina Berger
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Joint Infections ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Matrix Assessment ◽  
Wbc Count

Aim: This study was designed to answer the question whether a graphical representation increase the diagnostic value of automated leucocyte counting of the synovial fluid in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI). Material and methods: Synovial aspirates from 322 patients (162 women, 160 men) with revisions of 192 total knee and 130 hip arthroplasties were analysed with microbiological cultivation, determination of cell counts and assay of the biomarker alpha-defensin (170 cases). In addition, microbiological and histological analysis of the periprosthetic tissue obtained during the revision surgery was carried out using the ICM classification and the histological classification of Morawietz and Krenn. The synovial aspirates were additionally analysed to produce dot plot representations (LMNE matrices) of the cells and particles in the aspirates using the hematology analyser ABX Pentra XL 80. Results: 112 patients (34.8%) had an infection according to the ICM criteria. When analysing the graphical LMNE matrices from synovia cell counting, four types could be differentiated: the type “wear particles” (I) in 28.3%, the type “infection” (II) in 24.8%, the “combined” type (III) in 15.5% and “indeterminate” type (IV) in 31.4%. There was a significant correlation between the graphical LMNE-types and the histological types of Morawietz and Krenn (p < 0.001 and Cramer test V value of 0.529). The addition of the LMNE-Matrix assessment increased the diagnostic value of the cell count and the cut-off value of the WBC count could be set lower by adding the LMNE-Matrix to the diagnostic procedure. Conclusion: The graphical representation of the cell count analysis of synovial aspirates is a new and helpful method for differentiating between real periprosthetic infections with an increased leukocyte count and false positive data resulting from wear particles. This new approach helps to increase the diagnostic value of cell count analysis in the diagnosis of PJI.

Preparation and Use of Somatic Cell Count Samples (SCCS) for Comparison of Milk Somatic Cell Counting Methods

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. LINTNER ◽  
A. L. LANGE ◽  
C. W. HEALD ◽  
R. J. EBERHART
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Coulter Counter ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Counting Methods ◽  
Before And After

Somatic cell count samples (SCCS) for use in comparison of milk somatic cell counting methods were prepared from the cell sediment deposited in a creamery milk separator. Bovine milk somatic cells were resuspended from the sediment, and serial cell dilutions were prepared in bronopol-preserved milk diluent. Over a 1-year period, sets of SCCS were prepared each month and sent to milk-testing laboratories in the U.S.A., Canada and Europe, and counted by the methods in use at those Laboratories: (a) direct microscopic somatic cell count (DMSCC), (b) Fossomatic counter and (c) Coulter counter. Cell counts were normalized to eliminate the effect of month to month variation in the cell content of the SCCS. Counts obtained by the three methods were similar, although Coulter counter results tended to be lower, and significantly lower (P&lt; 0.05) in SCCS with cell counts greater than 700,000 cells/ml than those counts by the other two methods. The effect of shipping on SCCS stability was assessed for SCCS samples sent to and returned from other laboratories, and counted by the Fossomatic method on their return. Counts were similar before and after shipping, except that results for SCCS with cell counts greater than 1,000,000 cells/ml were significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) after their return.

scholarly journals CORRELATION BETWEEN INTERFERON GAMMA RELEASE ASSAY OF ELISPOT METHOD AND CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE CELL COUNT IN HIV POSITIVE PATIENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
Nabil Salim Ambar ◽  
Aryati Aryati ◽  
Tutik Kusmiati ◽  
Erwin Astha Triyono
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Interferon Gamma Release Assay ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
The World ◽  
Release Assay ◽  
Lymphocyte Cell

Introduction. HIV is a virus that can cause AIDS, which affects the immune system and weakens the body function in fighting disease. The primary cells that HIV attacks are CD4+ T lymphocytes. Opportunistic Infections (OIs) are the biggest risk factors of death in HIV patients and occur in CD4+ T cells <200 cells/μL lymphocytes. TB is a disease with a high mortality rate in the world where Indonesia is a TB endemic country with the highest morbidity rates of TB in the world. The most common OI in people with HIV is TB. The number of limitations on Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) is large, thus in vitro T cells test with (Interferon Gamma Release Assay) IGRA is used in diagnosing latent TB. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between IGRA ELISPOT method and CD4+ T lymphocyte cell count in HIV positive patients.Method. This was an observational analytical study with cross sectional design. The number of samples was 56 HIV positive patients who were treated at the UPIPI Clinic of the Dr Soetomo Surabaya Hospital. The examination of CD4+ T lymphocyte count was perfomed with FACSCalibur and IGRA was examined with T-SPOT.TB. The results were analyzed using Spearman correlation test.Results. CD4 + lymphocyte cell counts based on WHO groupings were as follows: > 500 cells / μL (33.92%), 200-349 cells / μL (25%), 350-499 cells / μL (25%) and <200 cells / μL (16 , 07%). IGRA examination results showed 35.18% positive and 64.81% negative. The grouping of CD4+ T lymphocyte cell counts based on IGRA test results was 27.77% with positive IGRA and 48.14% with negative IGRA. Spearman correlation test between CD4+ T cell lymphocytes with IGRA in HIV positive patients showed r = 0,036 (p = 0,794).Conclusion. There was no correlation between interferon gamma release assay of ELISPOT method and CD4+ T lymphocyte cell count in HIV positive patients.

Somatic Cell Reference Samples for Calibration of Milk Somatic Cell Counting Methods

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 694-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. LINTNER ◽  
C. W. HEALD ◽  
R. J. EBERHART
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Counting Methods ◽  
Raw Bulk Milk

Somatic cell count samples (SCCS) for use in calibration of milk somatic cell counting methods were prepared from raw bulk milk preserved with potassium dichromate. Somatic cells were separated by centrifugation, then appropriate cell dilutions were prepared in the dichromate-preserved skim milk. Somatic cell counts from SCCS stored at 4°C were stable over a 23-wk period. No bacterial contamination was detected in these samples. In a collaborative study among eight laboratories, SCCS were not affected by usual conditions by shipping. The SCCS can be used as reference standards for the direct microscopic somatic cell count and the Fossomatic and Coulter Counter somatic cell counting methods.

Relationship of somatic cell count and cell volume analysis of goat's milk to intramammary infection with coagulase-negative staphylococci

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Sheldrake ◽  
Roderic J. T. Hoare ◽  
Victoria E. Woodhouse
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Volume Analysis ◽  
Intramammary Infection ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
The Mean

SummaryThe prevalence of intramammary infection in 4 commercial goat herds was studied in conjunction with electronic somatic cell count and volume analysis, determined using a Coulter Counter and volume analyser.Neither streptococci nor mycoplasma were isolated from any half and the prevalence of intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus ranged from 0 to 3% between herds. For coagulase-negative staphylococci the range for infected halves was 36–71%. There was no significant difference between the mean total microscopic somatic cell count for halves infected with coagulase-negative staphylococci and those free from infection. A similar trend was observed for electronic somatic cell counts although the mean electronic cell count was greater than the mean total microscopic count on the 2 occasions that they were compared. The correlation coefficients between the 2 cell counting methods were 0·86 and 0·94. Between herds there were significant differences in mean electronic somatic cell count, with herd means ranging from 438×103 to 1684×103 cells/ml. In 2 of the 4 herds studied, milk samples from halves infected with coagulase-negative staphylococci had a significantly higher prevalence of cell volume distributions with a modal cell volume between 65 µ3 and 100 µ3. This was attributed to a higher proportion of polymorphonuclear neutrophils.Use of electronic somatic cell count and cell volume analysis were considered of little value in predicting infection caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci as there was a high proportion of false negative and false positive predictions.

scholarly journals A study of cellular counting to determine minimum thresholds for adequacy for liquid-based cervical cytology using a survey and counting protocol

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (22) ◽  
pp. 1-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry C Kitchener ◽  
Matthew Gittins ◽  
Mina Desai ◽  
John HF Smith ◽  
Gary Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Counting Method ◽  
Laboratory Practice ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cytological Abnormalities ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundLiquid-based cytology (LBC) for cervical screening would benefit from laboratory practice guidelines that define specimen adequacy for reporting of slides. The evidence base required to define cell adequacy should incorporate both ThinPrep™ (TP; Hologic, Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) and SurePath™ (SP; BD Diagnostics, Burlington, NC, USA), the two LBC systems used in the UK cervical screening programmes.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to determine (1) current practice for reporting LBC in England, Wales and Scotland, (2) a reproducible method for cell counting, (3) the cellularity of slides classified as inadequate, negative or abnormal and (4) the impact of varying cellularity on the likelihood of detecting cytological abnormalities.DesignThe study involved four separate arms to pursue each of the four objectives. (1) A questionnaire survey of laboratories was conducted. (2) A standard counting protocol was developed and used by three experienced cytopathologists to determine a reliable and reproducible cell counting method. (3) Slide sets which included a range of cytological abnormalities were each sent to three laboratories for cell counting to study the correlation between cell counts and reported cytological outcomes. (4) Dilution of LBC samples by fluid only (unmixed) or by dilution with a sample containing normal cells (mixed) was performed to study the impact on reporting of reducing either the total cell count or the relative proportion of abnormal to normal cells.SettingThe study was conducted within the cervical screening programmes in England, Wales and Scotland, using routinely obtained cervical screening samples, and in 56 participating NHS cervical cytology laboratories.ParticipantsThe study involved only routinely obtained cervical screening samples.InterventionsThere was no clinical intervention.Main outcome measuresThe main outcome measures were (1) reliability of counting method, (2) correlation of reported cytology grades with cellularity and (3) levels of detection of abnormal cells in progressively diluted cervical samples.ResultsLaboratory practice varied in terms of threshold of cellular adequacy and of morphological markers of adequacy. While SP laboratories generally used a minimum acceptable cell count (MACC) of 15,000, the MACC employed by TP laboratories varied between 5000 and 15,000. The cell counting study showed that a standard protocol achieved moderate to strong inter-rater reproducibility. Analysis of slide reporting from laboratories revealed that a large proportion of the samples reported as inadequate had cell counts above a threshold of 15,000 for SP, and 5000 and 10,000 for TP. Inter-rater unanimity was greater among more cellular preparations. Dilution studies demonstrated greater detection of abnormalities in slides with counts above the MACC and among slides with more than 25 dyskaryotic cells.ConclusionsVariation in laboratory practice demonstrates a requirement for evidence-based standards for designating a MACC. This study has indicated that a MACC of 15,000 and 5000 for SP and TP, respectively, achieves a balance in terms of maintaining sensitivity and low inadequacy rates.Future workThe findings of this study should inform the development of laboratory practice guidelines.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

Comparison of Semiautomated Method with Official Optical Somatic Cell Counting Method III for Determining Somatic Cells in Milk

1984 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-617
Author(s):  
Richard D Mochrie ◽  
David A Dickey
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Halogen Lamp ◽  
Precision Error ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
New Machine

Abstract The new method specifying the Fossomatic-90 differs from the official method, 46.105–46.109, in that the modified instrument includes a halogen lamp; a semiconductor photoelectric detector; a less expensive, bench-top cabinet; manual injection of a larger sample, and a reduced capacity. The new instrument was compared with 2 optical somatic cell counters in routine use. On each of 3 days, 12 subsamples were prepared for each of 5 cell count levels from AM milk with half kept fresh and half preserved with 0.05% potassium dichromate. Subsamples were refrigerated and read 30+ h post-collection. Duplicate sets were read in random order on each machine daily (CV 0.77%). Two sets of slides read by 2 technicians each (strip reticle on 2 smears/slide) gave geometric mean direct microscopic somatic cell count (DMSCC) levels of 296, 526, 772, 930, and 1438 th/mL. Within-technician CV values (from day-level means) ranged from 1.6S to 2.28%. Geometric mean cells in th/mL on the new machine were significantly higher than those on the other two (674 vs 621) and were closer to the DMSCC (694). On the new machine, cell counts were 8.5% greater than on the original machines, were only 2.9% lower than the DMSCC, and showed no significant evidence of bias. Preserved samples averaged slightly greater than fresh (5.3%) but only on the original machines. Carryover by covariance analysis was insignificant. Except for cell levels, high machine precision (error CV value of 1.18%) gave differences with statistical but not practical significance, even for regulatory laboratories.

Use of the DeLaval cell counter (DCC) on goats' milk

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Berry ◽  
Jennifer Broughan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Methyl Green ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Cell Counter ◽  
Significant Factors

Milk quality is measured by a variety of parameters and one of these is the number of somatic cells in the milk. Within the bovine dairy industry there are maximum acceptable levels on bulk milk cell counts and these are being introduced into caprine dairy production. The reference method for cell counting in goats is the direct microscope (DM) method using pyronin Y-methyl green stain, which stains cell DNA. The use of the DeLaval cell counter (DCC) on goats' milk was compared with this reference method. Samples from 102 udder halves were cell counted using the direct microscope method and the DeLaval cell counter (DCC). Each sample was counted twice by two different observers by the DM method and once using DCC. DCC showed large coefficients of regression (1·03) and correlation (0·95) when compared with the DM cell count (F1,199=1080·0; P<0·001). Goat, udder half and reader type were significant factors.

A quantitative evaluation of some factors affecting the non-fatty solids of cow's milk

1960 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Alexander ◽  
F. B. Leech
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
High Cell ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Satisfactory Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Image Position

SummaryTen farms in the county of Durham took part in a field study of the effects of feeding and of udder disease on the level of non-fatty solids (s.n.f.) in milk. Statistical analysis of the resulting data showed that age, pregnancy, season of the year, and total cell count affected the percentage of s.n.f. and that these effects were additive and independent of each other. No effect associated with nutritional changes could be demonstrated.The principal effects of the factors, each one freed from effects of other factors, were as follows:Herds in which s.n.f. had been consistently low over a period of years were compared with herds in which s.n.f. had been satisfactory. Analysis of the data showed that about 70% of the difference in s.n.f. between these groups could be accounted for by differences in age of cow, stage of lactation, cell count and breed.There was some evidence of a residual effect following clinical mastitis that could not be accounted for by residual high cell counts.The within-cow regression of s.n.f. on log cell count calculated from the Durham data and from van Rensburg's data was on both occasions negative.The implications of these findings are discussed, particularly in relation to advisory work.

scholarly journals Frequency of Cytomegalovirus Viral Load in Iranian Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1-Infected Patients with CD4+ Counts <100 Cells/mm3

Intervirology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Jabbari ◽  
Hoorieh Soleimanjahi ◽  
Somayeh Shatizadeh Malekshahi ◽  
Mohammad Gholami ◽  
Leila Sadeghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cd4 Cell ◽  
Hiv 1

<b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The aim of present work was to assess cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia in Iranian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected patients with a CD4+ count &#x3c;100 cells/mm<sup>3</sup> and to explore whether CMV DNA loads correlate with CD4+ cell counts or associated retinitis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This study was conducted at the AIDS research center in Iran on HIV-1-infected patients with CD4+ count &#x3c;100 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>, antiretroviral therapy-naive, aged ≥18 years with no previous history of CMV end-organ disease (CMV-EOD). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Thirty-nine of 82 patients (47.56%) had detectable CMV viral load ranging from 66 to 485,500 IU/mL. CMV viral load in patients with retinitis ranges from 352 to 2,720 IU/mL, and it was undetectable in 2 patients. No significant associations between CMV viremia and CD4+ cell count was found (<i>p</i> value = 0.31), whereas significant association of CMV viremia in HIV-infected patients with retinitis was found (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.02). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> We estimated the frequency of CMV viral load infection in Iranian HIV-1-infected patients with a CD4+ cell count &#x3c;100 mm<sup>3</sup>/mL in the largest national referral center for HIV-1 infection in Iran. Further research is required on the relevance of CMV viral load in diagnostic and prognostic value of CMV-EOD.

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