scholarly journals O BANCO CENTRAL DO BRASIL COMO AGENTE DAS RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Salvo
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
The Political ◽  
Domestic Institutions ◽  
Political Relations

The paper has the objective to distinguish the Central Bank of Brazil as an agent of the International Relations and to state that its actions, internal or external, have some political connotation due to the impossibility to disconnect the economic from the political. The paper also intends to demonstrate that democratization, globalization and the awareness of the need to increase the transparency of the financial, economic and political relations, besides the increase of the international cooperation, strenghtened both the international and domestic institutions or increased the urge for countries that wish to insert themselves globally to develop strong institutions, among them their respective central banks.

scholarly journals International relations between balance of power and balance of threat (theoretical framework)

2019 ◽  
pp. 285-298
Author(s):  
م.د.حيدر زاير العامري
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
International Order ◽  
The Political ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The U.S

The international order have been changed during the modern and contemporary history, and however those changing in international order doesn't go to beyond several concepts such as " balance of power";" conflict"; "power" and " threaten", which all those are depending on the fundamentals or basic terms which was called " power" or" hard power". In this time, we can say that the political relations among the effective units could be analyzed according to the concept of " balance of threaten" instead of the classic concept which had called " balance of power" that the scholars used to describe the international relations . In conclusion , the concept of " balance of threaten" has a significant importance in the studies of the international relations especially after the attack of 11 september at the U.S.

Calls to bolster central bank legitimacy will grow

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Risk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Political Realm

Significance While credited with avoiding financial and economic catastrophe, central banks have been criticised for intruding into the political realm, for example, by picking winners and exacerbating unequal distributions of income and wealth. Impacts Progress will require politicians and legislatures seriously to address the institutional and political problems of central bank policy. The apparent success of expanding central bank activity could encourage Western governments to further outsource some responsibilities. Political populism during the economic recovery may push central banks to bow more to political exigencies over economic risk management.

scholarly journals The Bank For International Settlements: An Evolutionary Institution

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Michael P. Hughes ◽  
Chris Palke
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
World War ◽  
Bank For International Settlements ◽  
Financial Power

Established in 1930 in Basel, Switzerland, to expedite and supervise the payment of reparations by Germany to the victors of World War I, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) quickly evolved into a banking establishment for various national central banks to negotiate and work out mutually-beneficial monetary policies and financial arrangements outside of the usual political and national channels. During World War II the BIS stayed open as a neutral central bank for central banks and provided significant back-channel communications between the Allied and Axis powers that could not have occurred any other way. As an example, discussions for the reconstruction of post-WWII Germany were underway between German and Allied representatives to the BIS at least two years prior to Germany’s surrender in May 1945. The post-WWII BIS then went on to become a global central bank for the world’s national central banks. In spite of the BIS holding so much effective financial power on an international scale and, hence, affecting nearly everyone in the world, few have ever heard of the BIS. This includes many economists and financial-economists. Why? Although technically not a secret organization, the BIS has always maintained an intentionally low profile. The BIS has never advertised its existence. It operates through many other organizations it has either directly created or where it holds major influence. This paper discusses the BIS, its history, and its impact and influence on world events. Questions concerning the role the BIS should possibly play in world events and central banking are raised for discussion near the end of this paper. This paper is focused primarily towards both upper-level undergraduate and graduate finance and economics courses, particularly in the areas of money, banking and financial institutions, financial markets, and monetary policy. However, other courses, to include those outside of the financial-economic arena, can find great use for this subject matter as well. Such outside arenas could include political science and history courses.

scholarly journals Digital Yuan – currency or policy tool?

AUC IURIDICA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-127
Author(s):  
Martin Samek ◽  
Martin Vlasta
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
The Political ◽  
Pilot Program ◽  
Fiat Money ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The World ◽  
Legal Policies ◽  
The Way

Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) are Bitcoin-inspired currencies that combine aspects of virtual currencies with FIAT money. Many central banks and countries around the world are thinking about or planning to introduce some form of CBDC. Among them, China is leading the way, being the first country to issue their CBDC (Digital RMB) into circulation, even if it is yet a pilot program only. This article focuses not only on the Digital RMB and its legal implementation but also on the political, historical, and economic circumstances of its birth, which, when talking about anything related to China, is often crucial to understanding the phenomenon more than the legal provisions themselves. The aim is to deepen the understanding of legal policies in China and open a discussion about the Digital RMB.

scholarly journals The European Central Bank

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Verdun
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Euro Area ◽  
European Central Bank ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
The Political ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
European Central

The European Central Bank (ECB) has been in existence for almost 20 years and more if one considers its immediate predecessor the European Monetary Institute (1994–1997). During these two decades the ECB has become an established institution. It secures price stability and further increased its reputation as a lender of last resort during the financial crisis and its aftermath. In the 2010s, in response to the global financial crisis and the sovereign debt crisis, the ECB has also taken on the role of supervisor of the financial system and monitors developments in the Euro Area financial sector. Political science literature on the ECB can be subdivided into different strands. One strand looks at the ECB as just another central bank and hence examines its role as a central bank with the usual instruments. Another strand of literature examines the role of the ECB as an institution that is insufficiently embedded into democratic checks and balances. This perennial criticism of the ECB was born when the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) was created to be independent from political influence. A third strand of the literature is newer and examines the unorthodox steps that the ECB (and other central banks) took, and have taken, to offset the financial crisis and the ensuing economic crisis. An analysis of European integration and the political economy of the Euro Area can contribute to a better understanding of why the ECB has taken a proactive role. The political science research of the ECB is discussed here as well as the various dimensions of research conducted on the ECB.

scholarly journals Standards, Networks, and the Political Economy of International Lawmaking: A Response to Stavros Gadinis

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 34-38
Author(s):  
Paul B. Stephan
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
The Political ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
Market Success

Three Pathways to Global Standards broadens our understanding of structures that undergird international cooperation. Stavros Gadinis argues that different kinds of lawmaking networks propagate differently. Private networks depend on market success, in the sense that the demand for their products rests on competition in the private sector. Regulators succeed when they cooperate with true peers. States use power to work their will. I have some second-order criticisms of the article, offered in the spirit of respectful engagement with good scholarship. These reservations, however, do not detract from a view that Gadinis has identified significant issues in international relations and has proposed useful theses about them as well as good strategies for their validation.

The Use and Misuse of Religious Language: Zionism and the Palestinians

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wetherell
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Figurative Language ◽  
Religious Language ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Title Deed ◽  
History Of ◽  
Land Question

Every discipline which deals with the land question in Canaan-Palestine-Israel is afflicted by the problem of specialisation. The political scientist and historian usually discuss the issue of land in Israel purely in terms of interethnic and international relations, biblical scholars concentrate on the historical and archaeological question with virtually no reference to ethics, and scholars of human rights usually evade the question of God. What follows is an attempt, through theology and political history, to understand the history of the Israel-Palestine land question in a way which respects the complexity of the question. From a scrutiny of the language used in the Bible to the development of political Zionism from the late 19th century it is possible to see the way in which a secular movement mobilised the figurative language of religion into a literal ‘title deed’ to the land of Palestine signed by God.

POWER TECHNOLOGIES OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL OF FRENCH REGIONAL POLICY

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. LEBEDEVA
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
The Political ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Policy Model ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The purpose of writing this article is to highlight the features of organization of the regional policy in France on the basis of the theoretical understanding of the concepts of regional policy, model of regional policy and policy analogy. The research topic is the content of the French policy of organizing a regional political space. The object of the research is the power technologies of regional policy. The systemstructural method, which considers political relations as an integral system of interconnections of phenomena and events of the political process, makes it possible to determine the main essential content of this research topic. Institutional approach involves the study of political institutions and their content. An analysis of Russian and foreign sources suggests that the main issue posed in the article is relevant at the present stage of development. The study is made possible on the basis of existing research. A comprehensive study of the conceptual theoretical characteristics of the regional policy as such allowed the author to identify the model and features of the political toolkit for the organization of thecenterregions relations in modern French Republic.

scholarly journals From Bitcoin to Central Bank Digital Currencies: Making Sense of the Digital Money Revolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Paulo Rupino Cunha ◽  
Paulo Melo ◽  
Helder Sebastião
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Extensive Search ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Digital Money ◽  
Open Issues

We analyze the path from cryptocurrencies to official Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs), to shed some light on the ultimate dematerialization of money. To that end, we made an extensive search that resulted in a review of more than 100 academic and grey literature references, including official positions from central banks. We present and discuss the characteristics of the different CBDC variants being considered—namely, wholesale, retail, and, for the latter, the account-based, and token-based—as well as ongoing pilots, scenarios of interoperability, and open issues. Our contribution enables decision-makers and society at large to understand the potential advantages and risks of introducing CBDCs, and how these vary according to many technical and economic design choices. The practical implication is that a debate becomes possible about the trade-offs that the stakeholders are willing to accept.

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