scholarly journals France: ‘The Republic needs scholars!’ A rapid history of making science public in 20th-century France

2020 ◽  
pp. 297-316
Author(s):  
Andrée Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

A Review of Chinese Eastern Railway Study in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Weiyun Mа
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

The article reviews research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China. The research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China began in the early 20th century, has a history of more than 100 years. The existing research results mainly focus on the construction of Chinese Eastern Railway and Tsarist Russia's expansion policy, negotiation between China and Russia (Soviet Union) on the railway issue, the contradictions and struggles of Japan and the United States around the railway problem and so on. These documents cover a wide range of issues which almost involve the political, diplomacy, economy and trade, culture and other fields of international relations in the Far East from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of 20th century, provide a broad vision for the study of Chinese Eastern Railway. But there are problems in the research. Although there are many works on Chinese Eastern Railway, but most discussions are limited to a certain stage, there are few works on the whole history of Chinese Eastern Railway. Not only should we pay attention to the study of the early 20th century in other words the period of the Qing Empire, moreover, we should strengthen the research in the period of the Republic of China and the new China period, this is of great significance to the study of the whole history of Sino — Soviet relations. In addition due to specific historical conditions, part of the Russian data of Chinese Eastern Railway in China was lost, in addition, there is no detailed and authoritative reference book for Russian archives of Chinese Eastern Railway, this situation makes the cited materials in Chinese works appear too old the materials cited in the book seem too old. The authors thank for proofreading and examining the translation A.I. Kobzev, Ph.D. (Philosophy), professor, director of China Department, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, director of TSC of Humanities and Social Sciences and director of Philosophy Department of MIPT (SRI), director of TSC «Oriental Philosophy» of RSUH, Chief researcher of Russian language, literature and culture research center of Heilongjiang University.

Sources on Regulatory Activity of the Inorodtsy Local Self-Government Agencies in the South of Russia in the 19th - Early 20th Century

2018 ◽  
pp. 364-374
Author(s):  
Irina V. Lidgieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
National Archive ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Regulatory Activity ◽  
The South ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

The article analyses public censure as a source of regulatory activity of the inorodsty (non-Russian indigenous ethnicities) local authorities in the South of Russia in the 19th – early 20th century. Integration of nomadic peoples in the all-Empire legal and economic sphere made provisions for continuation of some common law institutions. Among these were local self-government bodies. Local self-government activities in indigenous societies incorporate practices of representative democracy within the framework of customary and positive law and also interactions between state and society, all of which has much relevance to this day and age. Assembly (skhod) produced public censure that included purview with majority decision. Most sources come from the State archive of Stavropol Region and the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. General and special scientific research methods assess public censure as a source on the history of the inorodsty in the South of Russia in the 19th – early 20th century. The form of sentence was not fixed by law, and yet content analysis of documentary materials from the State Archive of the Stavropol Region and the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia concludes that it remained unchanged throughout the 19th – early 20th century. Content of public censure allows to reconstruct the spectrum of issues put before the assembly and to classify them by topic: legal, social, and financial and economic. The author concludes that verdicts of the inorodsty societies of the period, as legal acts of local significance and great information value, are one of the main sources on socio-political and socio-economic history of the region.

scholarly journals Characteristics of development of Tajik jewelry art at the turn of the 21st century

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 01226
Author(s):  
Zarrina Umarova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Folk Traditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Characteristic Features

The paper identifies and analyzes the characteristic features of the development of Tajikjewelry art in the late 20th - early 21st centuries. The author believes that at this time, after a long period of oblivion, there is a marked way to restoration of many lost and nearly forgotten folk traditions in Tajik jewelry art. This period of time can be distinguished as a transitional period in the history of Tajik jewelry art development. This issue carries a significant value in the history of Tajikistan because the jewelry art in the period from the 80ies ofthe 20th century to the early 20th century was previously not subjected to a dedicated study, which results in certain gaps in the research of modern Tajik jewelry art. Studying the characteristics of the development of jewelry art at the turn of the 21st century and of the problems faced by master jewelers (zargars) at that time will aid in the future to identify the most efficient ways of developing this industry and facilitate its becoming one of the export-oriented areas, taking into account that the Republic of Tajikistan possesses all the necessary natural resources.

scholarly journals Kondominium brytyjsko-francuskie — fenomen kolonialny na Vanuatu

Prawo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 322 ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
Joanna Siekiera
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
International Law ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

The British-French condominium — the colonial phenomenon on VanuatuOver the entire 20th century, there was a joint government of France and the Great Britain in what is now the Republic of Vanuatu. This specific form of governance, called condominium, is legitimatised by the virtue of international law, but it occurs indeed rarely. This political system pro­vides the equal distribution of rights and responsibilities in the colony, and also between the partner states. Nonetheless, the dual governments in Vanuatu deny this principle. The article presents the history of the Republic’s statehood as well as the implications of the joint British-French govern­ments on the current legal order.

scholarly journals The prisoners work in the prisons on the Belarusian lands at the end of the 19th – early 20th centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-65
Author(s):  
Sergey N. Chaikin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Prison Reform ◽  
Historical Continuity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Archive Data ◽  
Core Activity

The history of the development of the prisoners work on the Belarusian lands after the prison reform of 1879 is the object of examination. In the historiography of pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern periods this problem has never been studied by neither Russian nor Belarusian scientists. The examination of the prisoners work development in the local prisons as well as the determination of its common patterns for the Belarusian lands and the Russian Empire in general, and of the regional characteristics of this process are the purpose of the research. The main ways of action of the General Directorate of the Corps of Prison on the labour productivity of the prisoners on Belarusian lands (organisation of its local structural subdivision (province prison inspections) which managed the prisoners work, the organisation of the melioration and logging, the development of work in the prisons workshops) are being examined by the author on the base of the study of the archive data. The core activity of the fulfilment in the local prisons at the end of the 19th – early 20th centuries and the negative phenomena which interrupt it (in general the overcrowding of the places of determination that influenced the closure of the workshops) are being determined. The results of the prisoners work development by the turn of the second decade of the 20th century which are the growing numbers of the working prisoners and the increase of their salary activity from the beginning of the 20th century are being appreciated. The undertaken research will make it possible to determine the historical continuity of the series of measures to develop the prisoners work in the places of detention at the end of the 19th – early 20th centuries with the activity of the manufacturing establishments of the penitentiary system of the Republic of Belarus at the present time.

Anticommunism in 20th-Century Chile: From the “Social Question” to the Military Dictatorship

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Casals
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

Anticommunism was a central force in the history of the Chilean political conflict in the 20th century. Not only did several political actors define their identities and actions by their opposition to Marxist-inspired revolutionary projects, but also the state in different moments excluded and persecuted everything identified as “communist.” To a great extent, anticommunism relied on three main “frameworks”: Catholicism, nationalism, and liberalism, all of which were crucial elements in the construction of the Republic since the 19th century. Different combinations and interpretations within each framework resulted in different anticommunist expressions, from pro-fascist movements and nationalist groups to the conservative-liberal right wing, the Social Christian center and even moderate socialists. Many of them, especially in the second half of the 20th century, understood anticommunism as a defense of different variations of capitalism. Of course, anticommunism was not a uniquely Chilean phenomenon. It was, in fact, an ideological trend worldwide. This conditioned the reception in Chile of global events and ideas, while it enabled the construction of transnational networks among related actors. The enactment of the Law of Permanent Defense of Democracy in 1948, which outlawed the Communist Party, symbolized the alignment of Chilean politics to Cold War bipolarity. However, the Marxist left was able to recover during the “long Sixties,” in a political and cultural environment marked by the Cuban Revolution. The Popular Unity government was the materialization of all anticommunist fears. The counter-revolutionary bloc created then paved the way to the 1973 coup and the subsequent military dictatorship, which used anticommunism as state ideology. Human rights violations were legitimated by the dictatorship from that ideological framework. Anticommunism decayed by the late 1980s alongside socialist experiences around the world.

scholarly journals The State of Religious Education in Azerbaijan in the 20th Century and Today

Islamovedenie ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
Hasanli Elchin Abbas oglu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
State Control ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

The article examines the history of religious education in Azerbaijan, its place and role in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. In Soviet times, many mosques were closed in Azerbaijan, as in other socialist republics, and religious education was controlled by the state. Starting in the 1940s, the Soviet regime's attitude towards religions, including Islam, began to soften, and some closed mosques were allowed to operate. In Soviet times, there were 17 mosques in Azerbaijan. At the end of the 20th century, after Azerbaijan gained independence, mosques and religious ed-ucational institutions were re-opened, and a number of fundamental laws regulating the activities of Islamic educational institutions were adopted. In this regard, the article reflects educational activities of Islamic institutions currently operating in the country. The activities of the Republic of Turkey to establish a network of religious educational institutions in Baku and other regions are particularly noted. The author considers it inappropriate to leave religious education outside state control, since various radical religious groups may use it for their political purposes.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCE IN KARAKALPAKSTAN IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 20TH CENTURY - THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (73) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
T. Utebaev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Pedagogical Science

This article reviews and describes the analysis called on earlier studies on shaping and development of the pedagogical science in Karakalpakstan in 20th century in it is considered main questions and problems of the formation and sciences in the Republic of Karakalpakstan on length integer age. The review is given in chronological order. The presented name that scientist, who lifted, considered or tried to answer the questions in the field of theories and histories pedagogy in its epoch. The article gives short analysis leading period to pedagogical thought of this time. With highlights of the histories author made a stab corresponding to findings. The article deals with the rich informative material. The researchers concerning with questions of the formation and history of pedagogy might find their answers.

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