scholarly journals Addressing Concerns toward Xenotransplantation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Hurst ◽  
Lluz Padilla ◽  
Wayne Paris ◽  
David Cooper ◽  
David Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Recent Commentary ◽  
Letter To The Editor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Ethical Issues ◽  
Do So

There is increasing attention being given toward social and ethical implications of xenotransplantation that may begin relatively soon. IN a recent commentary by Loebe and Parker, the authors address many of the social and ethical issues in regard to xenotransplantation, but do so only superficially. This letter to the editor responds to many of the points they raise.

scholarly journals Big Data: Some Ethical Concerns for the Social Sciences

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Michael Weinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Online Behavior ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
State Actors

While big data (BD) has been around for a while now, the social sciences have been comparatively cautious in its adoption for research purposes. This article briefly discusses the scope and variety of BD, and its research potential and ethical implications for the social sciences and sociology, which derive from these characteristics. For example, BD allows for the analysis of actual (online) behavior and the analysis of networks on a grand scale. The sheer volume and variety of data allow for the detection of rare patterns and behaviors that would otherwise go unnoticed. However, there are also a range of ethical issues of BD that need consideration. These entail, amongst others, the imperative for documentation and dissemination of methods, data, and results, the problems of anonymization and re-identification, and the questions surrounding the ability of stakeholders in big data research and institutionalized bodies to handle ethical issues. There are also grave risks involved in the (mis)use of BD, as it holds great value for companies, criminals, and state actors alike. The article concludes that BD holds great potential for the social sciences, but that there are still a range of practical and ethical issues that need addressing.

The Ethics of Social Information Retrieval

2011 ◽  
pp. 179-188
Author(s):  
Brendan Luyt ◽  
Chu Keong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Democratic Society ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
Social Diversity ◽  
Technological Design ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Ethical Issues

In this chapter we discuss some of the social and ethical issues associated with social information retrieval. Using the work of Habermas we argue that social networking is likely to exacerbate already disturbing trends towards the fragmentation of society and a corresponding decline reduction in social diversity. Such a situation is not conducive to developing a healthy, democratic society. Following the tradition of critical theorists of technology, we conclude with a call for responsible and aware technological design with more attention paid to the values embedded in new technological systems.

scholarly journals Nanotechnologies, Risks and Societal Concerns

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Gaymard ◽  
Wilson Engelmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Exact Science ◽  
Psychology And Law ◽  
Inherent Risk ◽  
Human And Social Sciences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Ethical Issues ◽  
New Challenges

The question of nanotechnologies and societal concerns is a subject which has been developing for several years and constitutes an indicator of an evolution in the awareness of nanotechnologies as an inherent risk with social and ethical issues. Two disciplines in human and social sciences, social psychology and law, associate their fields of competence and their view of this new societal phenomenon. First an exploratory study of the social representation of nanotechnologies is conducted with Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) students vs Exact Science (ES) students. Results highlight differences between these two groups. Then Law and the challenges to appropriate the innovations brought about by nanotechnology is discussed. In the light of these two disciplines the question of knowing if the human and social science are ready to deal with these new challenges is debated.

scholarly journals Trust Me, I’m a Chatbot: How Artificial Intelligence in Health Care Fails the Turing Test (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Powell
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Informatics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Turing Test ◽  
Conversational Agents ◽  
The Social ◽  
Value Judgements ◽  
Social And Ethical Issues

UNSTRUCTURED Over the next decade, one issue which will dominate sociotechnical studies in health informatics is the extent to which the promise of artificial intelligence in health care will be realized, along with the social and ethical issues which accompany it. A useful thought experiment is the application of the Turing test to user-facing artificial intelligence systems in health care (such as chatbots or conversational agents). In this paper I argue that many medical decisions require value judgements and the doctor-patient relationship requires empathy and understanding to arrive at a shared decision, often handling large areas of uncertainty and balancing competing risks. Arguably, medicine requires wisdom more than intelligence, artificial or otherwise. Artificial intelligence therefore needs to supplement rather than replace medical professionals, and identifying the complementary positioning of artificial intelligence in medical consultation is a key challenge for the future. In health care, artificial intelligence needs to pass the implementation game, not the imitation game.

Social/Ethical Issues in Predictive Insider Threat Monitoring

2010 ◽  
pp. 132-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Greitzer ◽  
Deborah Frincke ◽  
Mariah Zabriskie
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Insider Threat ◽  
Employee Morale ◽  
Employee Trust ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Ethical Issues ◽  
Predictive Approaches ◽  
Legal Guidelines

Combining traditionally monitored cybersecurity data with other kinds of organizational data is one option for inferring the motivations of individuals, which may in turn allow early prediction and mitigation of insider threats. While unproven, some researchers believe that this combination of data may yield better results than either cybersecurity or organizational data would in isolation. However, this nontraditional approach yields inevitable conflicts between security interests of the organization and privacy interests of individuals. There are many facets to debate. Should warning signs of a potential malicious insider be addressed before a malicious event has occurred to prevent harm to the organization and discourage the insider from violating the organization’s rules? Would intervention violate employee trust or legal guidelines? What about the possibilities of misuse? Predictive approaches cannot be validated a priori; false accusations may harm the career of the accused; and collection/monitoring of certain types of data may adversely affect employee morale. In this chapter, we explore some of the social and ethical issues stemming from predictive insider threat monitoring and discuss ways that a predictive modeling approach brings to the forefront social and ethical issues that should be considered and resolved by stakeholders and communities of interest.

Social/Ethical Issues in Predictive Insider Threat Monitoring

Cyber Crime ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 1100-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Greitzer ◽  
Deborah Frincke ◽  
Mariah Zabriskie
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Insider Threat ◽  
Employee Morale ◽  
Employee Trust ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Ethical Issues ◽  
Predictive Approaches ◽  
Legal Guidelines

Combining traditionally monitored cybersecurity data with other kinds of organizational data is one option for inferring the motivations of individuals, which may in turn allow early prediction and mitigation of insider threats. While unproven, some researchers believe that this combination of data may yield better results than either cybersecurity or organizational data would in isolation. However, this nontraditional approach yields inevitable conflicts between security interests of the organization and privacy interests of individuals. There are many facets to debate. Should warning signs of a potential malicious insider be addressed before a malicious event has occurred to prevent harm to the organization and discourage the insider from violating the organization’s rules? Would intervention violate employee trust or legal guidelines? What about the possibilities of misuse? Predictive approaches cannot be validated a priori; false accusations may harm the career of the accused; and collection/monitoring of certain types of data may adversely affect employee morale. In this chapter, we explore some of the social and ethical issues stemming from predictive insider threat monitoring and discuss ways that a predictive modeling approach brings to the forefront social and ethical issues that should be considered and resolved by stakeholders and communities of interest.

Geography and Ethics

Geography ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain Hay ◽  
Luke Dickens
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Ethical Thought ◽  
Spatial Justice ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
East Carolina University ◽  
Conceptual Work

Ethics traditionally involves systematic intellectual deliberations on morality. Increasingly since the early 1980s geography has embraced the conceptual and practical relationships between ethics and the discipline. Geographers have, for example, taken up careful examination of the moral significance of concepts such as place, location, proximity, and distance and engaged in foundational debates regarding the pursuit of social and spatial justice. Conceptual work has also included examination of the moral relations between self/other that a long tradition of cosmopolitan ethical thought necessarily calls into question; and between human and natural worlds looking, for example, at environmental caretaking for future generations. Among the more applied ethical issues taken up in the discipline are the ethics of mapping the social and physical world and, more recently, grappling with the ever more complex ethical implications of working with and on new spatial and digital technologies. This article reviews major resources for much of this conceptual and practical work in geography and builds generally on the work of scholars in the field as well as more directly upon the helpful and thoughtful comments of Clive Barnett (University of Exeter), Mark Israel (Murdoch University), and Jeff Popke (East Carolina University) as well as two anonymous referees.

Constraints on teaching the social and ethical issues arising from developments in biomedical research: A view across the curriculum in England and Wales

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Levinson ◽  
Anna Douglas ◽  
Jane Evans ◽  
Alison Kirton ◽  
Pavlos Koulouris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Ethical Issues

(VOJAŠKI) ROBOTSKI SISTEMI: MERILA ZA RAZVRŠČANJE V SKUPINE IN DRUŽBENO-ETIČNE DILEME

2018 ◽  
pp. 71-84
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Autonomous Robot ◽  
Robot System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Robot Systems ◽  
Social And Ethical Issues ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Future Technologies

Povzetek Tehnologije prihodnosti, ki nastajajo na presečišču štirih znanstvenotehnoloških domen (nano-, info-, bio- in kogno), prežemajo vse družbene sloje – oborožene sile pri tem niso izjema. Pregled pomembnejših obrambnih konceptov, ki v luči novih strategij vojskovanja predvidevajo uporabo novih vojaških tehnologij, pokaže, da v sodobnih oborožitvenih sistemih robotika vseskozi igra pomembno vlogo. Namen prispevka je identificirati in opredeliti vojaške robotske sisteme, prikazati razvrščanje teh sistemov glede na področje uporabe in stopnjo avtonomije ter odgovoriti na nekatera družbeno-etična vprašanja, ki jih prinašajo (pol)avtonomni robotski sistemi. Ugotavljamo, da splošno sprejeta definicija, ki bi pojasnjevala, kaj robotski sistem je, ne obstaja, opredelitve vojaškega robota pa so pogosto nejasne. Na podlagi teh izsledkov in po pregledu več definicij predlagamo izhodišča za oblikovanje nove definicije (vojaškega) robotskega sistema. Za konec izpostavljamo še nekatere dileme, ki predstavljajo del širšega razmisleka o oceni tveganj, ki jih prinašata razvoj in uporaba avtonomnih robotskih sistemov, sprašujemo se, ali slediti svariteljskim ali proakcijskim načelom. Ključne besede: tehnologije prihodnosti, robotski sistemi, sistemi brez posadke, avtonomija, družbeno-etične dileme Abstract Future technologies, which are emerging at the intersections of four scientific and technological domains (Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno), are now permeating all spheres of society – the armed forces are no exception. Regarding an overview of key defence concepts, which in the light of the modern strategies foresee the use of new military technologies shows that robotics has, throughout, played an important role in the context of contemporary weapons systems. The purpose of this article is to identify and define military robot systems, to present a comprehensive taxonomy of a broad range of robots and autonomy levels, and to discuss the social and ethical issues that arise from the use of (semi) autonomous robot systems. According to the literature review, there is no generally accepted definition of a robot, and definitions of a military robot are often unclear. Based on these findings and after reviewing the definitions by several authors, we propose a few bases to develop a new definition of a (military) robot system. Finally, we highlight some dilemmas as part of a broader discussion of a risk assessment brought about by the development and use of autonomous robot systems. We debate whether to follow the precautionary or the proactionary principle. Key words: Future technologies, robot systems, unmanned systems, ethical dilemmas

iPS Cells: Don’t Forget about the Soft Impacts

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Lars Assen ◽  
◽  
Annelien Bredenoord ◽  
Karin Jongsma ◽  
Marianna Tryfonidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Research ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Oocyte Donation ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

"Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been praised for overcoming some of the ethical challenges of embryonic stem cell research, including oocyte donation for research and the destruction of human embryos. However, iPSC-research and iPSC-based interventions are not morally neutral alternatives and have their own ethical implications that are not fully understood yet. While there is some understanding of ethical issues surrounding the derivation, storage and use of human tissue, there is less understanding of how iPSC-research affects our society and morality. Consequentially, it is difficult to fully anticipate those implications. The notion of hard and soft impacts could benefit the understanding and anticipation of ethical implications of iPSC-research and interventions. Hard impacts are those direct physical and financial effects of iPSCs that are quantifiable and measurable. So-called soft impacts have a different focus. They consider how a technology or intervention affects our psychology, societal structures, morality and our behavior, hereby influencing the uptake, effects and evaluation of technology. So far, academic literature and researchers focus primarily on hard impacts of iPSC-research. Soft impacts are similarly important and therefore require more academic and regulatory attention. This talk focuses upon these understudied aspects of iPSC-research and technology. The goal is to show that for researchers and ethicists it is important to become aware of the soft impacts of iPSC-research and technology. This awareness could contribute to a broader understanding of the social value of stem cell research, anticipating ethical challenges of iPSC-research and in formulating new virtues for stem cell researchers. "

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