(VOJAŠKI) ROBOTSKI SISTEMI: MERILA ZA RAZVRŠČANJE V SKUPINE IN DRUŽBENO-ETIČNE DILEME

CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES ◽

10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.20.4.3 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 71-84

Keyword(s):

Ethical Issues ◽

Ethical Dilemmas ◽

Armed Forces ◽

Autonomous Robot ◽

Robot System ◽

The Social ◽

Robot Systems ◽

Social And Ethical Issues ◽

Definition Of ◽

Future Technologies

Povzetek Tehnologije prihodnosti, ki nastajajo na presečišču štirih znanstvenotehnoloških domen (nano-, info-, bio- in kogno), prežemajo vse družbene sloje – oborožene sile pri tem niso izjema. Pregled pomembnejših obrambnih konceptov, ki v luči novih strategij vojskovanja predvidevajo uporabo novih vojaških tehnologij, pokaže, da v sodobnih oborožitvenih sistemih robotika vseskozi igra pomembno vlogo. Namen prispevka je identificirati in opredeliti vojaške robotske sisteme, prikazati razvrščanje teh sistemov glede na področje uporabe in stopnjo avtonomije ter odgovoriti na nekatera družbeno-etična vprašanja, ki jih prinašajo (pol)avtonomni robotski sistemi. Ugotavljamo, da splošno sprejeta definicija, ki bi pojasnjevala, kaj robotski sistem je, ne obstaja, opredelitve vojaškega robota pa so pogosto nejasne. Na podlagi teh izsledkov in po pregledu več definicij predlagamo izhodišča za oblikovanje nove definicije (vojaškega) robotskega sistema. Za konec izpostavljamo še nekatere dileme, ki predstavljajo del širšega razmisleka o oceni tveganj, ki jih prinašata razvoj in uporaba avtonomnih robotskih sistemov, sprašujemo se, ali slediti svariteljskim ali proakcijskim načelom. Ključne besede: tehnologije prihodnosti, robotski sistemi, sistemi brez posadke, avtonomija, družbeno-etične dileme Abstract Future technologies, which are emerging at the intersections of four scientific and technological domains (Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno), are now permeating all spheres of society – the armed forces are no exception. Regarding an overview of key defence concepts, which in the light of the modern strategies foresee the use of new military technologies shows that robotics has, throughout, played an important role in the context of contemporary weapons systems. The purpose of this article is to identify and define military robot systems, to present a comprehensive taxonomy of a broad range of robots and autonomy levels, and to discuss the social and ethical issues that arise from the use of (semi) autonomous robot systems. According to the literature review, there is no generally accepted definition of a robot, and definitions of a military robot are often unclear. Based on these findings and after reviewing the definitions by several authors, we propose a few bases to develop a new definition of a (military) robot system. Finally, we highlight some dilemmas as part of a broader discussion of a risk assessment brought about by the development and use of autonomous robot systems. We debate whether to follow the precautionary or the proactionary principle. Key words: Future technologies, robot systems, unmanned systems, ethical dilemmas

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The Ethics of Social Information Retrieval

Social Information Retrieval Systems ◽

10.4018/978-1-59904-543-6.ch010 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 179-188

Author(s):

Brendan Luyt ◽

Chu Keong Lee

Keyword(s):

Information Retrieval ◽

Social Networking ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Social Information ◽

Democratic Society ◽

Technological Systems ◽

Social Diversity ◽

Technological Design ◽

The Social ◽

Social And Ethical Issues

In this chapter we discuss some of the social and ethical issues associated with social information retrieval. Using the work of Habermas we argue that social networking is likely to exacerbate already disturbing trends towards the fragmentation of society and a corresponding decline reduction in social diversity. Such a situation is not conducive to developing a healthy, democratic society. Following the tradition of critical theorists of technology, we conclude with a call for responsible and aware technological design with more attention paid to the values embedded in new technological systems.

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Nanotechnologies, Risks and Societal Concerns

Modern Applied Science ◽

10.5539/mas.v10n10p241 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 241 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sandrine Gaymard ◽

Wilson Engelmann

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Social Representation ◽

Exact Science ◽

Psychology And Law ◽

Inherent Risk ◽

Human And Social Sciences ◽

The Social ◽

Social And Ethical Issues ◽

New Challenges

The question of nanotechnologies and societal concerns is a subject which has been developing for several years and constitutes an indicator of an evolution in the awareness of nanotechnologies as an inherent risk with social and ethical issues. Two disciplines in human and social sciences, social psychology and law, associate their fields of competence and their view of this new societal phenomenon. First an exploratory study of the social representation of nanotechnologies is conducted with Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) students vs Exact Science (ES) students. Results highlight differences between these two groups. Then Law and the challenges to appropriate the innovations brought about by nanotechnology is discussed. In the light of these two disciplines the question of knowing if the human and social science are ready to deal with these new challenges is debated.

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Social Work Research Ethics: Dual Roles and Boundary Issues

Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services ◽

10.1606/1044-3894.3826 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 89 (4) ◽

pp. 571-577 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ruth Landau

Keyword(s):

Social Work ◽

Informed Consent ◽

Social Control ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Ethical Dilemmas ◽

Dual Roles ◽

Social Work Research ◽

The Social ◽

Current Article ◽

Boundary Issues

This article reviews ethical issues and dilemmas that arise from the dual roles of the social work researcher: as scientist and as someone who cares for individuals and groups in distress while exercising social control. There is a fair amount of tension between the roles of social worker and social work researcher due to a lack of clear boundaries of the researcher's function. The ethical dilemmas may vary with the framework in which the research is conducted, the participants, and social work researchers themselves. The current article focuses on issues of informed consent, expectations, and anxieties of the research participants, and ethical dilemmas. It ends with suggestions for ethical social work research.

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Social and Ethical Aspects of Biomedical Research

Handbook of Research on Technoethics ◽

10.4018/978-1-60566-022-6.ch009 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 126-144

Author(s):

Gerrhard Fortwengel

Keyword(s):

Biomedical Research ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Biomedical Science ◽

Basic Requirement ◽

Ethical Aspects ◽

Core Section ◽

Social And Ethical Issues ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Individual

At the beginning of this section the authors provide a definition of biomedical research and an interpretation of the meaning of ethics and social values of research. They continue with the introduction of the risk-benefit approach as basic requirement for any biomedical research involving human subjects and illustrate the need for uniformity with respect to social and ethical issues. The differences and similarities between social and ethical research are described in the core section; social and ethical aspects are presented according to central and peripheral dimensions. In reference to specific areas of research in biomedical science it is exemplary shown that more general principles are not sufficient to cover all types of research, and that depending on research characteristics, the techniques used and the purpose of the research, other specific aspects might need to be considered as well. The chapter ends with a short conclusion calling for continued reflection and review of social and ethical issues speeding an age of fast changes in science and technologies to thereby ensure proper protection of the individual and the best future for society.

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Humanitarian Intervention: An Overview of the Ethical Issues

Ethics & International Affairs ◽

10.1111/j.1747-7093.1998.tb00038.x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 63-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Michael J. Smith

Keyword(s):

International Relations ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Humanitarian Intervention ◽

Ethical Dilemmas ◽

Armed Forces ◽

Moral Justification ◽

International Affairs ◽

Left Behind ◽

The U.S ◽

The Way

The capacity to focus on the issue of humanitarian intervention represents what Joel Rosenthal has noted as the maturation of the field of ethics and international affairs. If nothing else, the debate surrounding this vexed issue has demonstrated that we have left behind the so-called oxymoron problem: there is no reason now to be defensive about bracketing the terms “ethics” and “international relations.” One can hardly talk about Bosnia, Rwanda, Haiti, Somalia, or any cases of possible outside intervention, without recognizing from the very beginning that ethical dilemmas abound in the way we define our goals, our interests, and the means we use to pursue them. Even Samuel P. Huntington, not usually known to be a moralist, has asserted that “it is morally unjustifiable and politically indefensible that members of the [U.S.] armed forces should be killed to prevent Somalis from killing one another.” Whether or not one agrees with that assertion (I do not), one may note that Huntington speaks in terms of moral justification and regards his view of morality to be, in effect, self-evidently true. Thus even archrealists invoke morality in urging their preferred policies.The discussion in this essay proceeds in three unequal stages. First, I present a brief and oversimple sketch of the objective and subjective changes in the broader milieu of international relations as they relate to humanitarian intervention. Second, and more substantially, I survey and analyze the arguments justifying or opposing the notion of humanitarian intervention from realist and liberal perspectives. Finally, I offer the beginnings of my own argument and consider the enormous difficulties of undertaking humanitarian intervention with any degree of effectiveness and consistency.

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Addressing Concerns toward Xenotransplantation

10.22541/au.163251090.02639401/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Hurst ◽

Lluz Padilla ◽

Wayne Paris ◽

David Cooper ◽

David Cleveland

Keyword(s):

Ethical Issues ◽

Ethical Implications ◽

Recent Commentary ◽

Letter To The Editor ◽

The Social ◽

Social And Ethical Issues ◽

Do So

There is increasing attention being given toward social and ethical implications of xenotransplantation that may begin relatively soon. IN a recent commentary by Loebe and Parker, the authors address many of the social and ethical issues in regard to xenotransplantation, but do so only superficially. This letter to the editor responds to many of the points they raise.

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Trust Me, I’m a Chatbot: How Artificial Intelligence in Health Care Fails the Turing Test (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.16222 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

John Powell

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Health Care ◽

Health Informatics ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Thought Experiment ◽

Turing Test ◽

Conversational Agents ◽

The Social ◽

Value Judgements ◽

Social And Ethical Issues

UNSTRUCTURED Over the next decade, one issue which will dominate sociotechnical studies in health informatics is the extent to which the promise of artificial intelligence in health care will be realized, along with the social and ethical issues which accompany it. A useful thought experiment is the application of the Turing test to user-facing artificial intelligence systems in health care (such as chatbots or conversational agents). In this paper I argue that many medical decisions require value judgements and the doctor-patient relationship requires empathy and understanding to arrive at a shared decision, often handling large areas of uncertainty and balancing competing risks. Arguably, medicine requires wisdom more than intelligence, artificial or otherwise. Artificial intelligence therefore needs to supplement rather than replace medical professionals, and identifying the complementary positioning of artificial intelligence in medical consultation is a key challenge for the future. In health care, artificial intelligence needs to pass the implementation game, not the imitation game.

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Social/Ethical Issues in Predictive Insider Threat Monitoring

Information Assurance and Security Ethics in Complex Systems - Advances in Information Security, Privacy, and Ethics ◽

10.4018/978-1-61692-245-0.ch007 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 132-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Frank L. Greitzer ◽

Deborah Frincke ◽

Mariah Zabriskie

Keyword(s):

Ethical Issues ◽

A Priori ◽

Warning Signs ◽

Insider Threat ◽

Employee Morale ◽

Employee Trust ◽

The Social ◽

Social And Ethical Issues ◽

Predictive Approaches ◽

Legal Guidelines

Combining traditionally monitored cybersecurity data with other kinds of organizational data is one option for inferring the motivations of individuals, which may in turn allow early prediction and mitigation of insider threats. While unproven, some researchers believe that this combination of data may yield better results than either cybersecurity or organizational data would in isolation. However, this nontraditional approach yields inevitable conflicts between security interests of the organization and privacy interests of individuals. There are many facets to debate. Should warning signs of a potential malicious insider be addressed before a malicious event has occurred to prevent harm to the organization and discourage the insider from violating the organization’s rules? Would intervention violate employee trust or legal guidelines? What about the possibilities of misuse? Predictive approaches cannot be validated a priori; false accusations may harm the career of the accused; and collection/monitoring of certain types of data may adversely affect employee morale. In this chapter, we explore some of the social and ethical issues stemming from predictive insider threat monitoring and discuss ways that a predictive modeling approach brings to the forefront social and ethical issues that should be considered and resolved by stakeholders and communities of interest.

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