scholarly journals At what age should infants and young children wear a face mask to protect against COVID-19?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Horne ◽  
Sally Baddock ◽  
Prem Fort ◽  
Peter Blair
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Physiological Evidence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Face masks are strongly recommended as a tool in the fight against COVID-19 and in adults there is very strong evidence that wearing a face mask is protective to the individual and also aids in decreasing the spread of the virus. There is less evidence for the protective effect of wearing face masks in children and the age at which children are recommended to wear masks differs widely between organisations and countries. This review summarises the current evidence of the benefits and disadvantages of children wearing a face mask, the physiological evidence of face covering in young children and the differences in recommendations between organisations and where there might be consensus.

scholarly journals Nutritional Support of Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Function in Infants and Young Children—An Update and Novel Insights

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Kathrin Cohen Kadosh ◽  
Leilani Muhardi ◽  
Panam Parikh ◽  
Melissa Basso ◽  
Hamid Jan Jan Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Neurocognitive Development ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Proper nutrition is crucial for normal brain and neurocognitive development. Failure to optimize neurodevelopment early in life can have profound long-term implications for both mental health and quality of life. Although the first 1000 days of life represent the most critical period of neurodevelopment, the central and peripheral nervous systems continue to develop and change throughout life. All this time, development and functioning depend on many factors, including adequate nutrition. In this review, we outline the role of nutrients in cognitive, emotional, and neural development in infants and young children with special attention to the emerging roles of polar lipids and high quality (available) protein. Furthermore, we discuss the dynamic nature of the gut-brain axis and the importance of microbial diversity in relation to a variety of outcomes, including brain maturation/function and behavior are discussed. Finally, the promising therapeutic potential of psychobiotics to modify gut microbial ecology in order to improve mental well-being is presented. Here, we show that the individual contribution of nutrients, their interaction with other micro- and macronutrients and the way in which they are organized in the food matrix are of crucial importance for normal neurocognitive development.

An Overview of Inflicted Head Injury in Infants and Young Children, With a Review of β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Immunohistochemistry

2006 ◽  
Vol 130 (5) ◽  
pp. 712-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Dolinak ◽  
Ross Reichard
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Amyloid Precursor Protein ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Precursor Protein ◽  
Inflicted Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Abstract Context.—Inflicted traumatic brain injury of infants and young children results in a complex array of autopsy findings. In many cases, immunostains for β-amyloid precursor protein are used to detect axonal injury. Interpretation of the gross, microscopic, and immunostaining results requires the integration of the many facets of the individual case. Objective.—In this article we review the gross and microscopic findings associated with inflicted traumatic brain injury. The application and interpretation of β-amyloid precursor protein immunostains are discussed and photomicrographs are used to illustrate immunostaining patterns. Data Sources.—The pertinent literature is integrated into a review of the subject. Conclusions.—Inflicted traumatic brain injury often results in subdural, subarachnoid, retinal, and optic nerve sheath hemorrhage. These findings must be interpreted within the entire context of the case. β-Amyloid precursor protein immunostains may be helpful in illustrating the traumatic nature of the injuries in some cases.

ON THE SUBJECT OF ORDERLY OR LAWFUL BEHAVIOR

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 725-732
Author(s):  
C. ANDERSON ALDRICH
Keyword(s):  
Young Child ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Child Behavior ◽  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent Origin ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Infants And Young Children

The problem of orderly and lawful behavior in young children has been faced realistically. It has been pointed out that infants and young children are influenced by two sets of codes: one, those prescribed by civilized man, and the other by their own inherent growth impulses. The characteristics of the two codes were mentioned, pointing out that the former were of recent origin, extremely variable in different geographic, cultural and even medical situations, and were imposed from without; and that the latter were of extreme antiquity, were on the whole consistent in every social set-up, and exerted their force from within the individual. It was shown that when the two systems regulating child behavior conflict, it is necessary either to train the child to ignore his growth urges in an effort to conform to social dictates or to modify these requirements. The growth demands cannot be changed. The methods by which a child can be made to conform are by persuasion, including example and guidance, or by corporal punishment, neither of which is a perfect method. Illustrations of many aspects of behavior in the young child in which conflict commonly is found were cited to give some idea of in how many respects young children may be confused or frustrated with resulting unapproved behavior. It was emphasized that much of this might be prevented by relatively unimportant changes in the man-made codes. It should be emphasized again that the whole purpose of this discussion is to make conformity to our laws possible and to insist that no child today can grow up doing entirely as he pleases. The adjustments called for are often merely those of timing, of demanding conformity at a later, more reasonable developmental stage.

scholarly journals Determination and Characterization of Women, Infants, and Young Children's Dietary Diversity in Agricultural Mitigation Period of Burkina Faso

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ousmane Ouedraogo ◽  
Ella WR Compaore ◽  
Sabiba KE Amouzou ◽  
Augustin N Zeba ◽  
Mamoudou H Dicko
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Backgroun: The increasing variety of foods and food groups in the diet helps to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients and promotes good health. The main objective was to determine the diet quality of women, infants, and young children in agricultural mitigation period of Burkina Faso. Methods: A 24-h dietary open recall was used to collect all foods taken by women, infants, and young children in Centre-West region of Burkina Faso. The dietary diversity (DD) score was equal to the number of consumed food groups for infants (6-23 months) according to WHO recommendations and for women and young children (24-59 months) according to food and agriculture organization (FAO). Three DD classes were determined for the individual average DD. For each DD class, food consumption profile was determined by food items or groups consumed by at least 50 percent of women, infants, and young children according to FAO guide. Results: The study was conducted among 971 women, 419 infants, and 189 young children. Regarding the dietary diversity score (DDS), 16.3, 39.2, and 44.5 percent of women and 12.7, 49.7, and 37.6 percent of young children had low (< 5), average (= 5), and high (> 5) rates, respectively. Furthermore, DDS was low (< 4), average (= 4) and high (> 4) in 22.9, 12.6, and 64.4 of infants, respectively. The consumption rates of roots/tubers, dairy products, eggs, and fruits were very low regardless of the women, infants, and young children DDS in times of agricultural mitigation. Conclusion: The diet of women and young children was a little more diversified compared to infants.   

Role of Lactoferrin in Neonates and Infants: An Update

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (06) ◽  
pp. 561-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Dall'Agnola ◽  
Daniel Tomé ◽  
David Kaufman ◽  
Elena Tavella ◽  
Marta Pieretto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Bioactive Proteins ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Neonates And Infants ◽  
Infants And Young Children

AbstractLactoferrin is one of the most represented and important bioactive proteins in human and mammal milk. In humans, lactoferrin is responsible for several actions targeting anti-infective, immunological, and gastrointestinal domains in neonates, infants, and young children. Evidence-based data vouch for the ability of supplemented lactoferrin to prevent sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants and to reduce the burden of morbidity related to gastrointestinal and respiratory pathogens in young children. However, several issues remain pending regarding answers and clarification related to quality control, correct intakes, optimal schedules and schemes of supplementations, interactions with probiotics, and different types of milk and formulas. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding lactoferrin and discusses the areas in need of further guidance prior to the adoption of strategies that include a routine use of lactoferrin in neonates and young children.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Oxygen Therapy by Simple Face Mask and Nasal Cannula for Acute Respiratory Failure in Infants and Young Children

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioana D. BADIU TIŞA ◽  
Sorana BOLBOACĂ ◽  
Nicolae MIU ◽  
Daniela IACOB
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Acute Respiratory Failure ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Clinical Score ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Nasal Cannula ◽  
Oxygen Administration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Premises: Acute respiratory failure caused by respiratory diseases, which is a frequent pathology in infants and young children, requires oxygen therapy, which can be administered by different devices. Objectives: To evaluate the efficiency of two devices for oxygen administration by determining a clinical appraisal score for acute respiratory failure in infants and young children by oxygen therapy using simple face masks and nasal cannulas. Material and methods: 74 children, aged between one month and 3 years were included in our study. Oxygen therapy was administered by face mask to 38 patients, and by nasal cannula to 36 patients. A clinical appraisal score of respiratory failure was calculated both before and after oxygen therapy. Oxygen saturation was measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) and arterial or capillary blood gas (SaO2) before, and 30 minutes and 60 minutes after the initiation of oxygen therapy. Results: We found an improvement in the clinical score regardless of the method of administration; this improvement was more obvious at 60 minutes than at the 30 min evaluation (p

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