Short-term effects of fertilization on photosynthetic activity in a deciduous tree plantation

Fertilization is a method to enhance tree growth and timber production. Ammonium nitrate and wood ash are commonly used fertilizers, which can be applied at the same time to increase levels of both nitrogen and other macro- and micronutrients. We studied how ammonium nitrate and wood ash fertilization affects photosynthetic activity and transpiration at leaf level in a deciduous tree plantation in former agricultural land with mineral soil, located in the central part of Latvia (Keipene parish). Additionally, we performed foliar and soil nutrient analyses. Our results support the notion that nitrogen fertilization may not result in increased photosynthetic activity. It is possible that the photosynthetic activity has increased at canopy scale along with increasing leaf area, not at leaf scale. Wood ash addition seems to have resulted in higher photosynthetic activity for hybrid alder, although it could not be explained with phosphorus availability. Although closely related to photosynthesis, in most cases transpiration was not positively affected by fertilization. Environmental factors, such as humidity, temperature and wind speed may have a greater effect on this process.

Download Full-text

Forest floor and soil nutrient status under Norway spruce and red pine in a plantation in southern Quebec

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss94-052 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

pp. 387-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. W. Fyles ◽

B. Côté

Keyword(s):

Soil Fertility ◽

Norway Spruce ◽

Forest Floor ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Red Pine ◽

Soil Nutrient Status ◽

Tree Species Effects

The influence of 40 years of red pine and Norway spruce growth on forest floor and soil nutrient status was examined in a well-replicated series of plantation blocks established on abandoned agricultural land. Concentrations of N, P, K and Ca, and mass of organic matter and all nutrients in the forest floor were higher under spruce than under pine. In the mineral soil, concentrations of exchangeable K and Ca were higher under spruce whereas Mg, extractable P and mineralizable N did not differ between the species. Forest floor pH was higher under spruce but mineral soil pH did not differ between the species. The soil characteristics reflected litter chemistry of the two species. Relative to pine, spruce foliage litter was consistently higher in nutrient concentration and had lower acidity and higher ash bases. The results are inconsistent with the reputation of Norway spruce as a species that strongly acidifies soils, an observation that may be the result of elevated levels of Ca and K in our soils relative to those in other studies where acidification has been observed. This research demonstrates that soil fertility can be altered significantly by tree species effects over the period of a single rotation. Key words: Forest soil fertility, plantation, acidity, forest floor, leaf litter

Download Full-text

UPAYA MEMPERTAHANKAN BUNGA DAN FRUIT SET TANAMAN CABAI (Capsicum annum L.) PADA LAHAN ULTISOL MELALUI PEMBERIAN LUMPUR LAUT DAN PUPUK KANDANG

JURNAL BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN ◽

10.30598/jbdp.2017.13.2.74 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 74-77

Author(s):

Imelda J Lawalatta ◽

Francina Matulessy ◽

Meitty L Hehanussa

Keyword(s):

Fruit Set ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Nutrient Deficiency ◽

Matter Content ◽

Infrastructure Development ◽

Capsicum Annum ◽

Factor Effect ◽

Marine Mud

Chili (Capsicum annum L.) often experience the highest price fluctuations in Indonesia. This is caused by the production that is often disrupted in certain months, especially in the months in the rainy season due to flowers and fruits that fall before the harvest. Since agricultural land has changed its function for infrastructure development, marginal land (Ultisol) is used. The ultisol problem is: high acidity, low organic matter content, nutrient deficiency important for plants (eg N, P, Ca, Mg and Mo) and high solubility of Al, Fe and Mn. The provision of organic materials such as manure and marine mud will overcome the problem of acid-rich mineral soil and play an important role in improving, increased and maintaining sustainable land productivity. Research results for chili flower significantly. the highest number of flowers found in the treatment of L0P3, L1P2, L1P3 and L2P3 that is > 60 flower/plant. There was a single factor effect for the amount of fruit, mostly found in L3 treatment (600 ton/ha marine mud) that is 22.36 fruit/plant. The treatment of manure significantly influenced the formation of the most fruit set in the treatment of P0 and P2 (without manure and manure 20 ton/ha) that is 77.60% and 70.,45%. Keywords: Ultisol, Marine mud, Manure, Flowers and Fruit sets ABSTRAK Tanaman cabai besar (Capsicum annum L.) sering mengalami fluktuasi harga paling tinggi di Indonesia. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh produksi yang sering terganggu pada bulan tertentu terutama pada bulan-bulan di musim penghujan dikarenakan bunga dan buah yang rontok sebelum panen. Karena lahan pertanian banyak beralih fungsinya untuk pembangunan infrastuktur, maka digunakan lahan marginal (Ultisol). Masalah ultisol ialah: kemasaman tinggi, kadar bahan organik yang rendah, kekurangan unsur hara penting bagi tanaman (contoh: N, P, Ca, Mg dan Mo) serta tingginya kelarutan Al, Fe dan Mn. Pemberian bahan organik seperti pupuk kandang dan Lumpur laut akan mengatasi persoalan tanah mineral masam berkadar Al tinggi dan berperan penting dalam memperbaiki, meningkatkan serta mempertahankan produktifitas lahan secara berkelanjutan Hasil Penelitian untuk jumlah bunga cabai berpengaruh signifikan. jumlah bunga terbanyak terdapat pada perlakuan L0P3, L1P2, L1P3 dan L2P3 yaitu > 60 bunga/tanaman. Terjadi pengaruh faktor tunggal untuk jumlah buah, terbanyak terdapat pada perlakuan L3 ( 600 ton/ha lumpur laut) yaitu 22,36 buah/tanaman. Perlakuan pupuk kandang berpengaruh signifikan Pembentukan fruit set terbanyak pada perlakuan P0 dan P2 (tanpa pupuk kandang dan pupuk kandang 20 ton/ha) yaitu 77,60% dan 70,45%. Kata kunci: Ultisol, Lumpur Laut, Pupuk Kandang, Bunga dan Fruit set

Download Full-text

Evidence of temperature control of production and nutrient cycling in two interior Alaska black spruce ecosystems

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x81-035 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 259-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Keith Van Cleve ◽

Richard Barney ◽

Robert Schlentner

Keyword(s):

Black Spruce ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

North Slope ◽

Nutrient Pools ◽

Soil Biological Activity ◽

Nutrient Mineralization ◽

Interior Alaska ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

And Function

Selected indices of structure and function were used to evaluate the effect of differing soil thermal regimes on soil-permafrost-dominated (muskeg) and permafrost-free (north-slope) black spruce ecosystems in interior Alaska. The poorly drained, permafrost site displayed cooler soil temperatures and higher soil moisture content than were encountered on the well-drained north slope. Mineral soil nutrient pools generally were largest on the permafrost site. However, low soil temperature acted as a negative feedback control, suppressing soil biological activity, nutrient mineralization, and tree primary production to lower levels on the soil-permafrost-dominated site as compared with the permafrost-free site. Forty percent larger accumulation of tree biomass and 80% greater annual tree productivity occurred on the warmer site.

Download Full-text

A case study review of wood ash land application programs in North America

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj20.2.111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 111-120

Author(s):

ILICH LAMA ◽

DEREK SAIN

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Case Studies ◽

Soil Quality ◽

Management Practices ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Forest Products ◽

Wood Ash ◽

Land Application ◽

Agricultural Application ◽

Application Programs

Several regulatory agencies and universities have published guidelines addressing the use of wood ash as liming material for agricultural land and as a soil amendment and fertilizer. This paper summarizes the experiences collected from several forest products facility-sponsored agricultural application programs across North America. These case studies are characterized in terms of the quality of the wood ash involved in the agricultural application, approval requirements, recommended management practices, agricultural benefits of wood ash, and challenges confronted by ash generators and farmers during storage, handling, and land application of wood ash. Reported benefits associated with land-applying wood ash include increasing the pH of acidic soils, improving soil quality, and increasing crop yields. Farmers apply wood ash on their land because in addition to its liming value, it has been shown to effectively fertilize the soil while maintaining soil pH at a level that is optimal for plant growth. Given the content of calcium, potassium, and magnesium that wood ash supplies to the soil, wood ash also improves soil tilth. Wood ash has also proven to be a cost-effective alternative to agricultural lime, especially in rural areas where access to commercial agricultural lime is limited. Some of the challenges identified in the review of case studies include lengthy application approvals in some jurisdictions; weather-related issues associated with delivery, storage, and application of wood ash; maintaining consistent ash quality; inaccurate assessment of required ash testing; potential increased equipment maintenance; and misconceptions on the part of some farmers and government agencies regarding the effect and efficacy of wood ash on soil quality and crop productivity.

Download Full-text

Effect of Fertilizers on Nutrient Content and Uptake of Aromatic Local Transplant Aman Rice Varieties in Acid Soil

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2020/v42i1130621 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 35-48

Author(s):

Kamrun Nahar Mousomi ◽

Mohammad Noor Hossain Miah ◽

Md. Abul Kashem ◽

Imtiaz Miah

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Uptake ◽

Acid Soil ◽

Block Design ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Aromatic Rice ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Nutrient Analyses

A pot experiment was conducted at the experimental net house of the Department of Soil Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh to observe the effect of fertilizers on yield and nutrient uptake of local aromatic rice varieties during the Aman season of 2015. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Five local aromatic rice varieties (Kalizira: V1, Muktasail: V2, Nagrasail: V3, Maloti: V4 and Chinigura: V5) and four packages of fertilizers (F1: Recommended package i.e. 45-10-20-10-0.5 kg ha-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn, F2: 2/3rd of recommended package, F3: 1/3rd of recommended package, and F4: Control) were used. Urea, TSP, MoP, gypsum and ZnSO4 were used as N, P, K, S and Zn source, respectively. According to the treatment, all fertilizers were applied as basal during final pot preparation while urea was applied in two equal splits (one half as basal and another half at 40 DAT). Nutrient content and uptake of the aromatic rice varieties were significantly affected by the application of different fertilizer packages (with few exceptions). Mostly Kalizira (1.10-0.44-2.31-0.67-13.75 g pot-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn) and/or Nagrasail (1.15-0.46-2.70-0.62-11.74 g pot-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn) varieties showed the highest nutrient uptake in grain and straw with recommended package of fertilizers. While in maximum cases Chinigura (0.41-0.16-0.76-0.197-3.17 g pot-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn) was observed to have the lowest with control treatment. In case of post harvest soil nutrient analyses, Kalizira and/or Chinigura variety associated with recommended package of fertilizers showed the highest nutrient status.

Download Full-text

Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Growth of Fagus crenata Seedlings Under Elevated Ozone and Different Soil Nutrient Conditions

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11040371 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 371 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Makoto Watanabe ◽

Hiroka Hiroshima ◽

Yoshiyuki Kinose ◽

Shigeaki Okabe ◽

Takeshi Izuta

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Nutrient Supply ◽

Fagus Crenata ◽

Nitrogen Use ◽

Elevated Ozone ◽

Forest Production ◽

Leaf Level ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Nutrient Conditions

Ozone is a phytotoxic gaseous air pollutant and its negative effects on forest production are a major concern. To understand the effects of ozone on forest production, it is important to clarify the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for tree growth under elevated ozone conditions, because nitrogen is a primal limiting factor of forest production in many cool-temperate forests. Soil nutrient conditions are considered factors affecting ozone susceptibility of tree growth. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of ozone on NUE for the growth of Siebold’s beech (Fagus crenata Blume) seedlings grown under different soil nutrient conditions. Seedlings of Siebold’s beech were grown under three gas treatments (charcoal-filtered air or ozone at 1.0 or 1.5 times the ambient concentration) in combination with three soil nutrient conditions (non-fertilised, low-fertilised or high-fertilised) for two growing seasons. Based on the dry mass and nitrogen concentration in each plant organ, we calculated NUE and its components, including nitrogen productivity (NP) and the mean residence time of nitrogen (MRT) during the second growing season. Ozone did not decrease the NUE of the seedlings during the second growing season, whereas leaf level photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), a component of NP, was decreased by ozone. On the other hand, the soil nutrient supply decreased the NUE of the seedlings. Reductions in both NP and MRT were attributed to the decrease in NUE because of soil nutrient supply, whereas PNUE did not respond to soil nutrient supply. There was no significant interaction of ozone and soil nutrient supply on the NUE, or its components, of the seedlings. Our results indicated that there is a difference in the response between the NUE for individual growth and that of leaf level PNUE of Siebold’s beech seedlings to ozone and soil nutrient supply.

Download Full-text

Long-term effects on soil-water chemistry of wood-ash and nitrogen application in a conifer forest

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2020-0088 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Eva Ring ◽

Gunnar Jansson ◽

Lars Hogbom ◽

Staffan Jacobson

Keyword(s):

Water Chemistry ◽

Soil Water ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Wood Ash ◽

Conifer Forest ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Soil Water Chemistry ◽

Period Effects ◽

Soil Site ◽

And Control

Wood-ash application to forest land has been proposed as a means to compensate for increased nutrient removal at high harvest intensity. A study-plot experiment was established on a mineral soil site in Sweden to study how this measure affects soil-water chemistry. In 1995, ten treatments were applied. Here we present results from years nine to seventeen after application for eight of the treatments: control, 3×103, 6×103 and 9×103 kg ha-1 of self-hardened and crushed wood ash (WA), 150 kg N ha-1 supplied as ammonium nitrate, 3×103 kg WA and 150 kg N ha-1 applied simultaneously, 3×103 kg WA with 150 kg N ha-1 applied one month before the ash, and 3×103 kg ha-1 of pelleted ash. Soil-water samples were collected from a depth of 50 cm. Treatment effects (p<0.05) were detected in the electrical conductivity, pH and concentrations of K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Al, SO42--S and B. Elevation of K+ and SO42--S concentrations tended to cease towards the end of the study period. Effects were generally more pronounced with increasing ash dosage. No difference between the treatment 150 kg N ha-1 and control was detected. Despite the high solubility of the ash, effects on the soil-water chemistry could still be detected nine to seventeen years after application.

Download Full-text

The demand of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × P. tremuloides) on site conditions for a successful establishment on forest land

Silva Fennica ◽

10.14214/sf.10036 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Karin Hjelm ◽

Lars Rytter

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Land ◽

Site Preparation ◽

Populus Tremula ◽

Deciduous Tree ◽

Forest Site ◽

Site Conditions ◽

Hybrid Aspen ◽

Forest Land ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Patch Scarification

Hybrid aspen ( L. Ã Michx.) is a deciduous tree species suitable for producing large amounts of renewable biomass during short rotations. Its potential under North European conditions could be largely extended if not only agricultural land but also forest land was used for cultivation. Unfortunately, the knowledge of appropriate forest site conditions and effects of site preparation methods on hybrid aspen establishment is limited. In this paper, two studies that explore these questions are presented. In the first study, the sensitivity to acid soils was tested under greenhouse conditions in two type of soils: a) peat soil limed to certain pH levels (3.4â5.7) and b) collected forest soils where pH varied from 3.9 to 5.3. The lowest pH level resulted in reduced growth, elsewhere no significant differences were found. The second study was applied in the field and investigated the effect of four site preparation methods on survival and growth. The methods were: 1) control with no site preparation, 2) patch scarification, 3) mounding and 4) soil inversion. While no differences were found for survival, mounding was generally the method with the highest growth and patch scarification was least successful. The result was probably an effect of good soil aeration and less competition from vegetation after mounding. The field study also revealed clonal differences in growth performance, which stresses the importance of clone selection prior to planting. The results of these studies indicate that hybrid aspen is less sensitive to variation in pH and site preparation methods compared with other poplar species, as have been found in similar studies.Populus tremulaP. tremuloides

Download Full-text

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY OF PERENNIAL LEGUMES AS PRECURSORS OF WINTER WHEAT GROWN IN THE CONDITIONS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND POLLUTION WITH HEAVY METALS

Agriculture and Forestry ◽

10.37128/2707-5826-2020-2-15 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 167-176

Author(s):

Serhii Razanov

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Potassium Chloride ◽

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Lead And Cadmium ◽

Intensive Farming

The aim of the research was to study the effect of the inclusion of different types of perennial leguminous plants as winter wheat precursors in the crop rotation on the rate of accumulation of heavy metals in the soil compared to traditional winter wheat predecessors. The objectives of the research are to develop measures to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils under conditions of modern crop rotation, limited by the number of crops grown and winter wheat. The accumulations of heavy metals in soils were calculated during the cultivation of the main crops of crop rotation with intensive fertilizer. The concentration of heavy metals in the soil was determined before and after the cultivation of legume precursors. Field studies were carried out during 2013-2017. On gray podzolized medium loamy soils of the Agronomichesky Research Institute of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. We calculated the volumes of heavy metals with optimal rates of mineral fertilizer application for the most common types of crops grown in crop rotation. Four types of perennial grasses were sown: sowing alfalfa, meadow clover, horned lamb, sainfoin and eastern goatskin. After their four years of use, winter wheat was sown. The control was the predecessors in the following sequence: winter wheat - sunflower - winter wheat - corn. Laboratory studies of the content of mobile forms of heavy metals in soil were carried out in the Vinnytsia branch of the State Center for the Protection of Soil Fertility. Analysis of soil contamination with heavy metals during fertilization of major cereals showed that the amount of mineral fertilizers is from 257 kg/ha to 571 kg/ha for ammonium nitrate, from 175 to 225 kg/ha for double superphosphate and from 58 to 75 kg/ha on potassium chloride. According to the volume of mineral fertilizers used in the cultivation of winter wheat, 1944 mg / ha of lead and 339 mg / ha of cadmium enter the soil. Of these, with ammonium nitrate - 51.4% and 7.4%, respectively, with double superphosphate - 39.6% and 41.3% and with potassium chloride - 9.0% and 51.3%. When growing corn per 1 ha with mineral fertilizers, 2357 mg of lead and 434 mg of cadmium are applied, of which with ammonium nitrate - 48.4% and 6.7%, respectively, with double superphosphate - 42% and 41% and with potassium chloride. - 9.6% and 51.8%. Cultivation of spring barley leads to the receipt of mineral fertilizers to soils 1458 mg/ha of lead and 327 mg/ha of cadmium, of which with ammonium nitrate - respectively 35.2% and 4.0%, with double superphosphate - 52.8% and 42.8% and with potassium chloride - 12.0% and 53.2%. Mineral fertilization of winter rape leads to the entry into the soil per 1 ha of 2223 mg of lead and 390 mg of cadmium, of which with ammonium nitrate - respectively 51.4% and 7.4%, with double superphosphate - 39.6% and 41% and with potassium chloride - 9.0% and 51.5%. With mineral fertilizers for growing sunflower in the soil per 1 ha gets 2073 mg of lead and 427 mg of cadmium, of which with ammonium nitrate - respectively 41.4% and 5.2%, double superphosphate - 47.8% and 42.2 % and potassium chloride - 10.8% and 52.6%. The positive effect of growing leguminous perennial herbs on the decrease in the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and grain of winter wheat has been established. Under the conditions of intensive farming by Vinnitskaya, lead and cadmium fall into the soil for the use of mineral fertilizers in accordance with 1944 mg/ha and 339 mg/ha for growing winter wheat, 2357 mg/ha and 434 mg/ha for growing corn, 1458 mg/ha and 327 mg/ha when growing spring barley, 2223 mg/ha and 390 mg/ha when growing sunflower. The four-year cultivation of perennial leguminous grasses under intensive farming reduced the concentration of lead in the soil from 1.33 to 3.2 times and cadmium from 37 to 54 times compared with cereal crops, which contributed to improving the quality of winter wheat grain by reducing the concentration of lead from 1 7 to 2.4 times and cadmium from 1.4 times to 2.1 times. Key words: legumes, precursors, winter wheat, heavy metals, pollution.

Download Full-text

Perbaikan Tanah untuk Meningkatkan Efektivitas dan Efisiensi Pemupukan Berimbang dan Produktivitas Lahan Kering Masam

Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan ◽

10.21082/jsdl.v13n1.2019.27-40 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

Antonius Kasno

Keyword(s):

Land Use Planning ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Root Zone ◽

Acid Soil ◽

Drainage System ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Soil Improvement ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Balanced Fertilization

Abstrak. Potensi lahan kering masam tersedia cukup luas untuk dikembangkan menjadi lahan pertanian, kendala utama tingkat kemasaman yang tinggi, hara makro primer dan sekunder rendah, C-organik rendah, kapasitas tukar kation dan kejenuhan basa rendah. Kandungan Al dan Fe tinggi, sehingga menghambat ketersediaan hara, dan dapat berkumpul di daerah perakaran serta meracuni tanaman. Tanah masam lahan kering terletak pada kondisi yang berombak sampai bergelombang, sehingga penataan lahan berdasarkan konservasi tanah perlu dilakukan. Perbaikan tanah merupakan tindakan untuk mengurangi pengaruh kemasaman tanah, ketersediaan Al, dan Fe dengan memberikan bahan ameliorant seperti kapur pertanian, dolomit, bahan organik dan biochar. Penataan lahan dapat dilakukan dengan penanaman disesuaikan dengan kemiringan lahan, pembuatan teras, pengaturan saluran pembuangan air, dan perbaikan tanah di daerah perakaran juga perlu dilakukan. Pemupukan berimbang sangat efektif dan efisien dilakukan pada lahan kering masam yang sudah baik, dan kendala kemasaman diminimalis. Pemupukan berimbang dilakukan berdasarkan pada status hara tanah dan kebutuhan hara oleh tanaman. Abstract. The potential for acid upland is enough available to be developed into agricultural land, the main constraints are high acidity, low primary and secondary macro nutrients, low C-organic, cation exchange capacity and low base saturation. Al and Fe content are high, thus inhibiting nutrient availability, and can gather in rooting and poisoning plants. Upland acid soil is in a choppy to undulating condition, so land management based on soil conservation needs to be done. Soil improvement is an action to reduce the effect of soil acidity, availability of Al, and Fe by providing ameliorant materials such as agricultural lime, dolomite, organic matter and biochar. Land use planning can be done by planting in accordance with the slope of the land, making terraces, regulating the drainage system, and repairing the soil in the root zone. Balanced fertilization is very effective and efficient done on acidic upland that is already good, and minimizing acidity constraints. Balanced fertilization is based on soil nutrient status and nutrient requirements of the plant.

Download Full-text