scholarly journals Establishment of rights on agricultural lands

2021 ◽  
Vol LXII (2) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Valeri Velkovski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Heat Transmission ◽  
Public Property ◽  
Oil Pipelines ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
The Law ◽  
Under Construction

According to the provisions of Article 56 (1) of the Regulation on the Application of the Law on the Conservation of Agricultural Land /www.lex.bg/, the construction of sites - public property of the state or municipalities - is possible to use agricultural land. This use extends within a certain period of time and takes place outside the site (track) of the site. Temporary use of agricultural land is related to the need for similar land plots in the construction of mostly underground and aerial linear objects and, if necessary, by conducting geological and other surveys. According to the text of Article 64, paragraph 1 of the Law on Energy /www.lex.bg/, the servitudes arise in the extension of existing and under construction of new air and underground power lines, over ground and underground hydrotechnical facilities for the production of electricity, heat transmission lines, gas pipelines, oil pipelines and oil pipelines in favor of the persons who will build and operate the energy site. The emergence of servitudes is closely related to spatial planning as they are an element of the spatial structure. According to the text of Article 64 (4) (1) of the Law on Energy, servitudes arise when there is a detailed development plan which determines the location of the respective properties. As stated in Article 66 of the Energy Act, the type and location of the energy sites and of the areas of service land included within the limits of the servitudes under this Act shall be determined in general and detailed development plans.

scholarly journals THE TEMPORARY USE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND - SPECIFIC INSTRUMENT IN AGRICULTURAL EVENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (Suppl.1) ◽  
pp. 210-214
Author(s):  
G. Velkovska
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Issue ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Land Protection ◽  
Public Property ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

Under the terms of Article 56 (1) of the Rules for the Application of the Law on the Conservation of Agricultural Land [www.lex.bg] in the construction of sites - public property of the state or municipalities, it is possible to use land for a certain period outside the site (track) of the site. In such cases, land that is needed temporarily in the construction of underground and aerial linear objects is needed and is necessary for geological and other research. The text of Art. 57, par. 1, 3 and 4 of the aforementioned Rules regulates the relations between the investor of the site and the owner of the land - for the use of the land a contract is signed between the investor of the site and the owner of the land. The contract is concluded in the presence of an established site (track, terrain) for the site with a decision of the commission under Art. 17, para. 1 Agricultural Land Protection Act [www.lex.bg]. The agreement between the parties sets out the terms and conditions for the use of the land, the amount of the rent, the damages and lost profits, the manner of their payment and the corresponding penalties. The contract can not be concluded for more than 10 years. What are the obligations of the investor? The investor of each site, according to the norm of art. 58 of the Regulation for the application of the law on the preservation of agricultural lands, shall be obliged to return the used temporary land after expiration of the term of the contract in the original form or in a form suitable for agricultural use. The land shall be brought into this type by the investor on the site at his expense within the term of the contract. When the use of the land necessitates the construction of buildings and / or facilities of a permanent character, the investor of the site is obliged, within the term of the contract, to propose a change of the purpose of the necessary land after acquisition of ownership or right to build . In connection with the above, the subject of the article is precisely the basic legal details of the agricultural legislation of the Republic of Bulgaria dealing with the conditions and the process of granting and temporary use of agricultural land in conducting spatial events on it. The subject of an analysis based on the current legal issue is some of its imperfections, affecting to some extent the negative impact on the effective use of this instrument and worsening the expected results. The methodology of the SWOT analysis will be used for the analysis needs. The purpose of the study is to examine and analyze the legal matter of the field of agricultural land use, to summarize and formulate some directions of improvement of the legal framework that it needs in order to fully fulfill its role as a specific and necessary instrument in agro-development activities.

Stand und Entwicklung des Fachplanungsrechts im Spiegel der jüngeren höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-574
Author(s):  
Boas Kümper
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Law ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
The Public ◽  
General Law ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Law ◽  
Environmental Relevance

The report surveys in two parts the development of the law on project-related planning and thus relates in particular to the planning and approval of space-consuming infrastructure projects such as traffic routes and power lines. For this purpose, German administrative law has long provided for the specific instrument of plan approval (Planfeststellung). In this context, the Federal Administrative Court has extensive first-instance jurisdiction and uses this to shape large parts of German approval law, including beyond the actual area of plan approval law, be it in terms of legal protection and procedure, be it with regard to the requirements of substantive environmental law. On the other hand, the revision of the law on environmental protection induced by the decisions of the Aarhus Compliance Committee and the European Court of Justice has been used by the German legislator to extend procedural specifics of the plan approval to other approval decisions of environmental relevance. This firstly indicates the contours of a general law on project approval and, secondly, the nature of the plan approval as an instrument for the implementation of projects in the public interest is more strongly emphasized.

scholarly journals Adult mortality from leukemia, brain cancer, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and magnetic fields from power lines: a case-control study in Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabel Marcilio ◽  
Nelson Gouveia ◽  
Mário Leite Pereira Filho ◽  
Leeka Kheifets
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Brain Cancer ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Recent publications renewed interest in assessing potential health risks for subjects living close to transmission lines. This study aimed at evaluating the association of both distance of home address to the nearest overhead transmission line and of the calculated magnetic fields from the power lines and mortality from leukemia, brain cancer, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We carried out a death certificate based case-control study accessing adult mortality in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, in Brazil. Analysis included 1,857 cases of leukemia, 2,357 of brain cancer, 367 of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and 4,706 as controls. An increased risk for mortality from leukemia among adults living at closer distances to transmission lines compared to those living further then 400 m was found. Risk was higher for subjects that lived within 50 m from power lines (OR=1.47; 95% CI=0.99-2.18). Similarly, a small increase in leukemia mortality was observed among adults living in houses with higher calculated magnetic fields (OR=1.61; 95% CI=0.91-2.86 for those exposed to magnetic fields >0.3 µT). No increase was seen for brain tumours or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Our findings are suggestive of a higher risk for leukemia among subjects living closer to transmission lines, and for those living at homes with higher calculated magnetic fields, although the risk was limited to lower voltage lines.

scholarly journals Public and Private Ownership in the Iranian Constitution: Principle 44, A Barrier for Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Ahmad Torabi
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
Public Ownership ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Third ◽  
Public Property ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government

The Iranian legislator has sought to protect public property and public ownership in the Iranian Constitution in accordance with Islamic principles, terms and procedures. There are a number of principles that have been directly applied to this purpose; however, one principle has had a very significant impact on government domination of the economy of Iran: principle 44. This principle does not directly describe public property; rather, it aims to determine the areas that are under public ownership and are administered by the government. However, the principle has some contradictions and legal challenges in itself. In addition, the supplementary law that has been enacted to provide the areas for the enforcement of principle 44 fails to secure the aims of the legislator. Therefore, this paper analyses legal challenges of the principle, as well as its supplementary law, and gives suggestions to solve the challenges.This paper is divided into four sections. The first section provides an analysis of the principle itself, and its relationship and consistency with other principles of the constitution. In the second section, the Law of Implementation of Principle 44 and the legal challenges that arise from it will be discussed. The third section focuses on the negative economic impacts of this law, as well as case studies of it. Lastly, the paper provides a summary of suggestions to amend this law.

scholarly journals Planowanie przestrzenne jako instrument oddziaływania na ochronę zasobów naturalnych i gospodarkę nieruchomościami

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Marian Zdyb
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Human Settlements ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Local Law

<p>In view of growing threats in this respect, the protection of natural resources is undoubtedly becoming a serious challenge, both for the state and for each citizen. Therefore, this article is supposed to draw attention to the problem of searching for optimal instruments for the protection of these resources. This is about creating and developing appropriate standards in legal regulations regarding environmental protection, protection of nature, water, air, national and landscape parks, nature monuments, etc. as well as protection of natural resources in cities and human settlements. Undoubtedly, spatial planning is of paramount significance in this matter, in particular local spatial development plans and the appropriate instruments of action resulting from them. Their significance should be considered particularly important because they are generally applicable law as acts of local law.</p>

scholarly journals Calculation of thermal field and ampacity of overhead power transmission lines using finite element method

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-29
Author(s):  
Long Van Hoang Vo ◽  
Tu Phan Vu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Power Transmission Lines ◽  
Thermal Fields ◽  
Overhead Power Transmission Lines ◽  
Transmission And Distribution ◽  
Element Method

The population explosion and development of the national economy are two main causes of increasing the power demand. Besides, the Distributed Generations (DG) connected with the power transmission and distribution networks increase the transmission power on the existing lines as well. In general, for solving this problem, power utilities have to install some new power transmission and distribution lines. However, in some cases, the install of new power lines can strongly effect to the environment and even the economic efficiency is low. Nowadays, the problem considered by scientists, researchers and engineers is how to use efficiently the existing power transmission and distribution lines through calculating and monitoring their current carrying capacity at higher operation temperature, and thus the optimal use of these existing lines will bring higher efficiency to power companies. Generally, the current carrying capacity of power lines is computed based on the calculation of their thermal fields illustrated in IEEE [1], IEC [2] and CIGRE [3]. In this paper, we present the new approach that is the application of the finite element method based on Comsol Multiphysics software for modeling thermal fields of overhead power transmission lines. In particular, we investigate the influence of environmental conditions, such as wind velocity, wind direction, temperature and radiation coefficient on the typical line of ACSR. The comparisons between our numerical solutions and those obtained from IEEE have been shown the high accuracy and applicability of finite element method to compute thermal fields of overhead power transmission lines.

scholarly journals Wind: generating power and cooling the power lines

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 105-108
Author(s):  
Marko Kaasik ◽  
Sander Mirme
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Power Line ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Local Wind

Abstract. The electric power that can be transmitted via high-voltage transmission lines is limited by the Joule heating of the conductors. In the case of coastal wind farms, the wind that produces power simultaneously contributes to the cooling of high-voltage overhead conductors. Ideally this would allow for increased power transmission or decreased dimensions and cost of the conductor wires. In this study we investigate how well the wind speed in coastal wind farms is correlated with wind along a 75 km long 330 kW power line towards inland. It is found that correlations between wind speed in coastal wind farms at turbine height and conductor-level (10 m) are remarkably lower (R=0.39–0.64) than between wind farms at distances up to 100 km from each other (R=0.76–0.97). Dense mixed forest surrounding the power line reduces both local wind speed and the correlations with coastal higher-level wind, thus making the cooling effect less reliable.

Analysis of mathematical models of transmission lines.

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
G. SHEINA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Power Supply System ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Power Transmission Lines ◽  
The Mathematical Model

This paper investigates a mathematical model of one elements of the power supply system - power transmission lines. The type of models depends on the initial simplifications, which in turn are determined by the complexity of the physics of processes. The task of improving the accuracy of modeling of emergency processes in the power system is due to the significant complexity of modern power systems and their equipment, high-speed relay protection, automation of emergency management and the introduction of higher-speed switching equipment. One of the reasons for a significant number of serious emergencies in the system is the lack of complete and reliable information for modeling modes in the design and operation of power systems. The development of a mathematical model of a three-phase power line, which provides adequate reflection of both normal and emergency processes, is relevant. The advanced mathematical model of power transmission lines allows to investigate various operational modes of electric networks. The improved mathematical model of the power transmission line reflects all the features of physical processes at state modes and transient process and provides sufficient accuracy of the results. The type of mathematical model of power transmission lines depends on the accepted simplifications, depending on the task of research. The purpose of this work is to analyze the mathematical model of the power transmission line to study the modes of operation of the power supply system, with the possibility of its application to take into account all the design features of overhead and cable power lines. The mathematical model of the power line for the study of the modes of operation of the power supply system is analyzed. It is used to take into account the design features of overhead and cable power lines, skin effect.

scholarly journals Fault Detection in Power Equipment via an Unmanned Aerial System Using Multi Modal Data

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (13) ◽  
pp. 3014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bushra Jalil ◽  
Giuseppe Riccardo Leone ◽  
Massimo Martinelli ◽  
Davide Moroni ◽  
Maria Antonietta Pascali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Power Transmission Lines ◽  
Ground Station ◽  
Illumination Changes

The power transmission lines are the link between power plants and the points of consumption, through substations. Most importantly, the assessment of damaged aerial power lines and rusted conductors is of extreme importance for public safety; hence, power lines and associated components must be periodically inspected to ensure a continuous supply and to identify any fault and defect. To achieve these objectives, recently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used; in fact, they provide a safe way to bring sensors close to the power transmission lines and their associated components without halting the equipment during the inspection, and reducing operational cost and risk. In this work, a drone, equipped with multi-modal sensors, captures images in the visible and infrared domain and transmits them to the ground station. We used state-of-the-art computer vision methods to highlight expected faults (i.e., hot spots) or damaged components of the electrical infrastructure (i.e., damaged insulators). Infrared imaging, which is invariant to large scale and illumination changes in the real operating environment, supported the identification of faults in power transmission lines; while a neural network is adapted and trained to detect and classify insulators from an optical video stream. We demonstrate our approach on data captured by a drone in Parma, Italy.

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