scholarly journals Epidemiological and clinical features of acute respiratory infections occurring in St. Petersburg during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 epidemic seasons

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
D. A. Guzhov ◽  
E. A. Elpaeva ◽  
M. A. Egorova ◽  
V. A. Eder ◽  
I. L. Baranovskya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Pharyngeal Wall

Objective: to analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of acute respiratory infections occurring during the St. Petersburg 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 epidemic seasons.Materials and methods: the study included 457 patients, treated in St. Petersburg clinics from 2017-2019, displaying symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI), including evaluation of their clinical histories. Pathogen types were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data analysis was carried out using mathematical statistics methods using the Statistica 10 software package (StatSoft Inc.).Results: in this study, we examined the epidemiological and clinical features of acute respiratory infections in St. Petersburg occurring during two epidemic seasons, 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. The 2017-2018 season was characterized by a prevalence of infections caused by influenza B viruses and influenza A subtype H3N2 viruses. In the 2018-2019 season, there was a greater number of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs) and infections caused by influenza A subtype H1N1pdm; influenza B virus was detected only in isolated cases. In the 2017-2018 sore throats and muscle aches were a characteristic symptom of influenza A H1N1pdm infections, of bacterial infections – only sore throats. It was shown that throat pain and vasodilation of the scleral and soft palate vessels were significantly more frequent in the 2017-2018 season, compared to the 2018-2019 season. Cough and redness of the posterior pharyngeal wall were hallmark signs of ARVIs in the 2018-2019 season.Conclusion: according to the data, each epidemic season is characterized not only by its own type-specific acute respiratory infection frequencies, but also by different clinical manifestation frequencies. For global monitoring, treatment effectiveness evaluation, and refined study of acute respiratory infection clinical features, it is advisable to use approaches which incorporate accurate, specific, and rapid molecular biological methods capable of identifying a broad range of pathogens.

scholarly journals Epidemiological and clinical features of acute respiratory infections occurring in St. Petersburg during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 epidemic seasons

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
D. A. Guzhov ◽  
E. A. Elpaeva ◽  
M. A. Egorova ◽  
V. A. Eder ◽  
I. L. Baranovskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Pharyngeal Wall

Objective: to analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of acute respiratory infections occurring during the St. Petersburg 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 epidemic seasons.Materials and methods: the study included 457 patients, treated in St. Petersburg clinics from 2017–2019, displaying symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI), including evaluation of their clinical histories. Pathogen types were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data analysis was carried out using mathematical statistics methods using the Statistica 10 software package (StatSoft Inc.).Results: in this study, we examined the epidemiological and clinical features of acute respiratory infections in St. Petersburg occurring during two epidemic seasons, 2017–2018 and 2018–2019. The 2017–2018 season was characterized by a prevalence of infections caused by influenza B viruses and influenza A subtype H3N2 viruses. In the 2018–2019 season, there was a greater number of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs) and infections caused by influenza A subtype H1N1pdm; influenza B virus was detected only in isolated cases. In the 2017–2018 sore throats and muscle aches were a characteristic symptom of influenza A H1N1pdm infections, of bacterial infections – only sore throats. It was shown that throat pain and vasodilation of the scleral and soft palate vessels were significantly more frequent in the 2017–2018 season, compared to the 2018–2019 season. Cough and redness of the posterior pharyngeal wall were hallmark signs of ARVIs in the 2018–2019 season.Conclusion: according to the data, each epidemic season is characterized not only by its own type-specific acute respiratory infection frequencies, but also by different clinical manifestation frequencies. For global monitoring, treatment effectiveness evaluation, and refined study of acute respiratory infection clinical features, it is advisable to use approaches which incorporate accurate, specific, and rapid molecular biological methods capable of identifying a broad range of pathogens. 

scholarly journals Transmission of Acute Respiratory Infections in a City: Agent-Based Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 338-356
Author(s):  
A.I. Vlad ◽  
T.E. Sannikova ◽  
A.A. Romanyukha
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Syncytial Virus

An incidence curve of acute respiratory infections in Moscow has three picks between September and April and reaches its maximum in January- February. The emergence of new strains of influenza A could account for only one pick a year. The most cases of common cold are caused by ubiquitous low pathogenic viruses. In order to simulate weekly fluctuation of incidence rate of acute respiratory illnesses we developed an agent-based model. It contains 10 millions agents with such attributes as sex, age, social status, levels of specific immune memory and lists of contacts. Each agent can contact with members of its household, colleagues or classmates. Through such contacts susceptible agent can be infected with one of seven circulating respiratory viruses. Viruses differ in their immunologic properties and assume to present influenza A virus, influenza B virus, parainfluenza, adenovirus, coronavirus, rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. The rate of transmission depends on duration of contact, vulnerability of susceptible agent, infectivity of infected agent and air temperature. Proposed network of social interactions proved to be sufficiently detailed as it provided good fitting for observed incidence rate including periods of school holidays and winter public holidays. Additionally, the estimates of basic reproductive rate for the viruses confirm that all these viruses except new strains of influenza A are relatively harmless and unable to cause significant growth of acute respiratory infections morbidity.

scholarly journals Influenza Surveillance Among Children With Pneumonia Admitted to a District Hospital in Coastal Kenya, 2007–2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 206 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S61-S67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton O. Onyango ◽  
Regina Njeru ◽  
Sidi Kazungu ◽  
Rachel Achilla ◽  
Wallace Bulimo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
District Hospital ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Virus Subtype

Abstract Background  Influenza data gaps in sub-Saharan Africa include incidence, case fatality, seasonal patterns, and associations with prevalent disorders. Methods  Nasopharyngeal samples from children aged <12 years who were admitted to Kilifi District Hospital during 2007–2010 with severe or very severe pneumonia and resided in the local demographic surveillance system were screened for influenza A, B, and C viruses by molecular methods. Outpatient children provided comparative data. Results  Of 2002 admissions, influenza A virus infection was diagnosed in 3.5% (71), influenza B virus infection, in 0.9% (19); and influenza C virus infection, in 0.8% (11 of 1404 tested). Four patients with influenza died. Among outpatients, 13 of 331 (3.9%) with acute respiratory infection and 1 of 196 without acute respiratory infection were influenza positive. The annual incidence of severe or very severe pneumonia, of influenza (any type), and of influenza A, was 1321, 60, and 43 cases per 100 000 <5 years of age, respectively. Peak occurrence was in quarters 3–4 each year, and approximately 50% of cases involved infants: temporal association with bacteremia was absent. Hypoxia was more frequent among pneumonia cases involving influenza (odds ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.96). Influenza A virus subtypes were seasonal H3N2 (57%), seasonal H1N1 (12%), and 2009 pandemic H1N1 (7%). Conclusions  The burden of influenza was small during 2007–2010 in this pediatric hospital in Kenya. Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 predominated, and 2009 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1 had little impact.

scholarly journals Enhancement of the Influenza Surveillance System in the Russian Federation: the Main Results of the Sentinel Surveillance for Influenza and other Acute Respiratory Viral Infections

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Sominina ◽  
E. A. Smorodintseva ◽  
K. A. Stolyarov ◽  
A. A. Mel'nikova
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Sentinel Surveillance ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Influenza A H1n1

Existing influenza surveillance system is constantly improved to obtain comprehensive information for understanding of continuously changing situation with the influenza, which is a consequence of the highest variability of the pathogen, its ability to reassortment and the imminence of emergence a new shift-variants of the virus that could cause the next pandemic events. For this purpose, since the 2010 - 2011 epidemic season, in addition to the traditional surveillance system (TS) a new well standardized sentinel surveillance system (SS) for rapid clinical and epidemiological data obtaining was introduced in Russia. A total 7812 hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and 9854 outpatients with influenza-like illness and acute respiratory infection (ILI/ARI) were investigated during the 6-year period in SS. Percent of SARI among all hospitalized patients ranged from 1.7 to 3.1%; about 5.3 - 7.5% SARI patients were placed in the Intensive Care Unit. Etiological monitoring using PCR showed influenza spread trends in SS similar to those registered in the TS: a clear predominance of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 among SARI and ILI/ARI in 2010 - 2011 and 2015 - 2016 epidemic seasons, influenza A (H3N2) in the epidemic seasons 2011 - 2012 and 2014 - 2015, the co-circulation of these pathogens in 2012 - 2013, 2013 - 2014 seasons in Russia. SARI caused by influenza B virus were detected less frequently than influenza A but increased influenza B activity was registered in the epidemic of 2014 -2015, when Yamagata lineage changed suddenly for the Victorian one. The average frequency of influenza diagnosis among SARI between the seasons varied in the range 12.5 - 27.1%, at the peak of the epidemic it reached 44.8 - 73.5% and was the highest during the season with active circulation of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus. The rate of influenza diagnosis among ILI/ARI has always been lower than that among SARI. Studies have also shown the importance of rhinovirus, RS-virus and parainfluenza infections in SARI development. The frequency of registration of coronaviruses, metapneumovirus and bocavirus infection was very low in SARI and ILI/ARI. It was found that in all studied seasons most of SARI patients with influenza have not been vaccinated. Among ILI/ARI outpatients with influenza, the frequency of vaccinated individuals for the entire period of the study was estimated as 10.1%, which was 4.2 times higher than that in SARI, where only 2.4% of patients were vaccinated. In addition, it was found that for all six seasons the SARI patients with influenza were treated with antivirals drugs 2 times less often compared to outpatients. Analysis of data on concomitant diseases and conditions in SARI patients with influenza confirmed the leading role of pregnancy as a risk factor for hospitalization in all influenza epidemics, irrespective of their etiology. In addition, diabetes and cardiovascular disease were recognized as risk factors for influenza associated SARI development.

scholarly journals Viruses in acute respiratory infection in a general community

1965 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Banatvala ◽  
T. B. Anderson ◽  
B. B. Reiss
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Parainfluenza Viruses ◽  
General Practices ◽  
General Community

The aetiology of acute respiratory infections between September 1962 and August 1963 was studied in two general practices in Cambridge. These practices were reasonably representative of the permanent community of Cambridge.There were 592 spells of acute respiratory infection in the combined practices, representing an incidence of 11·4 spells per 100 persons. Children aged 0–4 had the highest rates (51·6 spells per 100 persons).It was possible to establish a diagnosis in 62·5% of cases investigated. Influenza and parainfluenza infections featured prominently, being responsible between them for 46·6% of all respiratory infections investigated. From September 1962 to January 1963, parainfluenza viruses were prevalent, causing acute laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis in children (croup), and an influenza-like illness in adults. From February to April 1963, influenza A (Asian) was epidemic, a clinical diagnosis of influenza being frequently confirmed by laboratory studies at this time. There were nine cases of Eaton agent infection, seven of which had PAP, the other two being family contacts who later developed influenza-like illnesses.Adenovirus (four cases), and RS virus (three cases) were not prevalent to any large extent in Cambridge during the survey.

Influenza Viral Infections Surveillance and Clinical Presentations in Hospitalized Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montaha Al-Iede ◽  
Lena Sarhan ◽  
Leen Abushanab ◽  
Tamara Ayasrah ◽  
Rafaa Al Maani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Hospitalized Children ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clinical Presentations

Background: Influenza virus and other respiratory viruses have been identified as an essential cause of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children worldwide. However, there are few data on its frequency and clinical presentation in Jordan. Objectives: We aimed to identify the viral etiology of acute respiratory infections and the various clinical presentations in hospitalized children, especially those with influenza viruses compared to other respiratory viruses. Methods: A retrospective study that was conducted at the Jordan university hospital. All the positive nasopharyngeal aspirates that were collected from hospitalized children aged 0-19 years from January 2017 to January 2019 were reviewed. Results: A total of 338 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) with positive viral serology results were reviewed. Among the patients younger than four years, the RSV virus was the most frequently detected. However, the Influenza B virus was the most commonly seen in patients older than 5 years, H1N1 was more frequent in autumn (29.5%), and RSV was the most frequent virus in winter. Bronchopneumonia was the most frequent diagnosis among all hospitalized patients, followed by bronchiolitis. Out of 338 patients, 50.3 % had tachypnea, 70.7% of patients were admitted to the pediatric floor, while 18.6% presented with a severe illness and required admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Infants under the age of one were more likely to have higher co-infection rates with other viruses compared to children over five years that had influenza. Conclusion: Presentations of influenza and other respiratory viruses vary between different age groups, such as sepsis in children younger than one year.

scholarly journals Influenza A and B viruses in the population of Vojvodina, Serbia

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Radovanov ◽  
V. Milosevic ◽  
I. Hrnjakovic ◽  
V. Petrovic ◽  
M. Ristic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Seasonal Epidemic

At present, two influenza A viruses, H1N1pdm09 and H3N2, along with influenza B virus co-circulate in the human population, causing endemic and seasonal epidemic acute febrile respiratory infections, sometimes with life-threatening complications. Detection of influenza viruses in nasopharyngeal swab samples was done by real-time RT-PCR. There were 60.2% (53/88) positive samples in 2010/11, 63.4% (52/82) in 2011/12, and 49.9% (184/369) in 2012/13. Among the positive patients, influenza A viruses were predominant during the first two seasons, while influenza B type was more active during 2012/13. Subtyping of influenza A positive samples revealed the presence of A (H1N1)pdm09 in 2010/11, A (H3N2) in 2011/12, while in 2012/13, both subtypes were detected. The highest seroprevalence against influenza A was in the age-group 30-64, and against influenza B in adults aged 30-64 and >65.

scholarly journals ANALISIS FAKTOR RISIKO KEJADIAN ISPA DITINJAU DARI STATUS RUMAH DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS KOTA WILAYAH UTARA KOTA KEDIRI

IKESMA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ema Mayasari
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Floor Area ◽  
Home Ventilation

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) is one of the most common causes of death in children of developing countries. The cause of ARI include home building materials made of asbestos, has a floor with a thickness of less than 20cm and has a floor area of less than 10% of the floor area. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of physical condition to Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) at public health centers in the region of the northern town of Kediri.This study was an analyticstudy with cross-sectional approach. There were 102 samples on society at public health centers in the region of the northern town of Kediri, and use simple random sampling. The independent variable is the building constructures, the type of floor, and size of ventilation, while the dependent variable was the incident of Acute Respiratory Infection. Data were analyzed by logistic regression.The results showed that, p value = 0,000 <a =0,05, so there is physical condition home has affected the occurrence ARI. While the most dominant factor of the three factors is size of ventilation where the value of Exp (B) 0,014 more than the other two factors, are building contructure where the value Exp (B) 0,012 and the type of floor where the value Exp (B) 0,010.The majority of respondents suffering from ARI and most the of respondent have a home ventilation that does not qualify, therefore people should pay more attention to the ventilation of their homes so spacious home ventilation of at least 10 % of their floor area. Keywords: Acute Respiratory Infection, Building Material, Floor, Ventilation

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Respiratory Pathogens among Elderly Nursing Home Residents with Acute Respiratory Infections in Corsica, France, 2013–2017

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Masse ◽  
Lisandru Capai ◽  
Alessandra Falchi
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens

Background. The current study aims to describe the demographical and clinical characteristics of elderly nursing home (NH) residents with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) during four winter seasons (2013/2014–2016/2017), as well as the microbiological etiology of these infections. Methods. Seventeen NHs with at least one ARI resident in Corsica, France, were included. An ARI resident was defined as a resident developing a sudden onset of any constitutional symptoms in addition to any respiratory signs. Nasopharyngeal swabs from ARI residents were screened for the presence of 21 respiratory agents, including seasonal influenza viruses. Results. Of the 107 ARI residents enrolled from NHs, 61 (57%) were positive for at least one of the 21 respiratory pathogens. Forty-one (38.3%) of the 107 ARI residents had influenza: 38 (92%) were positive for influenza A (100% A(H3N2)) and three (8%) for influenza B/Victoria. Axillary fever (≥38°C) was significantly more common among patients infected with influenza A(H3N2). Conclusion. The circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses other than influenza A(H3N2) seems to be sporadic among elderly NH residents. Investigating the circulation of respiratory viruses in nonwinter seasons seems to be important in order to understand better the dynamic of their year-round circulation in NHs.

Differences in antibiotic prescriptions between direct-to-consumer telehealth and telehealth in the emergency department

2021 ◽  
pp. 1357633X2110349
Author(s):  
Peter Yao ◽  
Kriti Gogia ◽  
Sunday Clark ◽  
Hanson Hsu ◽  
Rahul Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Stewardship ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Direct To Consumer

Background Telemedicine, which allows physicians to assess and treat patients via real-time audiovisual conferencing, is a rapidly growing modality for providing medical care. Antibiotic stewardship is one important measure of care quality, and research on antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections in direct-to-consumer telemedicine has yielded mixed results. We compared antibiotic prescription rates for acute respiratory infections in two groups treated by telemedicine: (1) patients treated via a direct-to-consumer telemedicine application and (2) patients treated via telemedicine while physically inside the emergency department. Methods We included direct-to-consumer telemedicine and emergency department telemedicine visits for patients 18 years and older with physician-coded International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision acute respiratory infection diagnoses between November 2016 and December 2018. Patients in both groups were seen by the same emergency department faculty working dedicated telemedicine shifts. We compared antibiotic prescribing rates for direct-to-consumer telemedicine and emergency department telemedicine visits before and after adjustment for age, sex, and diagnosis. Results We identified a total of 468 acute respiratory infection visits: 191 direct-to-consumer telemedicine visits and 277 emergency department telemedicine visits. Overall, antibiotics were prescribed for 47% of visits (59% of direct-to-consumer telemedicine visits vs 39% of emergency department telemedicine visits; odds ratio 2.23; 95% confidence interval 1.53–3.25; P < 0.001). The difference in antibiotic prescribing rates remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, and diagnosis (odds ratio 2.49; 95% confidence interval 1.65–3.77; P < 0.001). Conclusion Patients seen by the same group of physicians for acute respiratory infection were significantly more likely to be prescribed antibiotics by direct-to-consumer telemedicine care compared with telemedicine care in the emergency department. This work suggests that contextual factors rather than evaluation over video may contribute to differences in antibiotic stewardship for direct-to-consumer telemedicine encounters.

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