scholarly journals A study of universal zero-knowledge proof circuit-based virtual machines that validate general operations & reduce transaction validation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 481-497
Author(s):  
Soonhyeong Jeong ◽  
Byeongtae Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Machine ◽  
Virtual Machines ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Zero Knowledge ◽  
Verification Algorithm ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
General Operation ◽  
Zero Knowledge Proof

Recently, blockchain technology accumulates and stores all transactions. Therefore, in order to verify the contents of all transactions, the data itself is compressed, but the scalability is limited. In addition, since a separate verification algorithm is used for each type of transaction, the verification burden increases as the size of the transaction increases. Existing blockchain cannot participate in the network because it does not become a block sink by using a server with a low specification. Due to this problem, as the time passes, the data size of the blockchain network becomes larger and it becomes impossible to participate in the network except for users with abundant resources. Therefore, in this paper, we studied the zero knowledge proof algorithm for general operation verification. In this system, the design of zero-knowledge circuit generator capable of general operation verification and optimization of verifier and prover were also conducted. Also, we developed an algorithm for optimizing key generation. Based on all of these, the zero-knowledge proof algorithm was applied to and tested on the virtual machine so that it can be used universally on all blockchains.

scholarly journals Optimization of E-Commerce Platform Structure based on Blockchain Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 1334-1337
Author(s):  
Vijayalakshmi C
Keyword(s):  
Personal Information ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Zero Knowledge ◽  
Phone Number ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Online Activities ◽  
Zero Knowledge Proof

E-Commerce has become more and more popular because of rich products, fast transactions, and free from time, locations, stores, and so on. However, the disclosure of personal data such as their IDs, addresses, and phone numbers has become a major concern for online activities. The current e-commerce model is at the crossroads of ownership and privacy. To address this, this article creates an enterprise protocol that uses smart personal contracts to protect privacy during the negotiation phase. This protocol allows contracting parties to conduct business without disclosing personal information such as identity, address, and phone number. Furthermore, we employ the zero-knowledge proof to ensure ownership.

scholarly journals A Zero-Knowledge Proof System with Algebraic Geometry Techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 465
Author(s):  
Edgar González Fernández ◽  
Guillermo Morales-Luna ◽  
Feliu Sagols
Keyword(s):  
Data Exchange ◽  
Graph Isomorphism ◽  
Isomorphism Problem ◽  
Proof System ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
Zero Knowledge ◽  
Graph Isomorphism Problem ◽  
Proof Systems ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Zero Knowledge Proof

Current requirements for ensuring data exchange over the internet to fight against security breaches have to consider new cryptographic attacks. The most recent advances in cryptanalysis are boosted by quantum computers, which are able to break common cryptographic primitives. This makes evident the need for developing further communication protocols to secure sensitive data. Zero-knowledge proof systems have been around for a while and have been considered for providing authentication and identification services, but it has only been in recent times that its popularity has risen due to novel applications in blockchain technology, Internet of Things, and cloud storage, among others. A new zero-knowledge proof system is presented, which bases its security in two main problems, known to be resistant, up to now, against quantum attacks: the graph isomorphism problem and the isomorphism of polynomials problem.

scholarly journals Analisis Pola Identifikasi Zero Knowledge Proof Dengan Algoritma Feige Fiat Shamir Menggunakan Blum Blum Shub

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Cherlina Helena Purnamasari Panjaitan ◽  
Lisda Juliana Pangaribuan
Keyword(s):  
Random Number ◽  
Random Number Generator ◽  
Public Key ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Number Generator ◽  
Zero Knowledge ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Keys ◽  
Generation Test ◽  
Zero Knowledge Proof

Protocol Zero Knowledge Proof is one of the protocols in Cryptography that has a fairly good level of security, because it applies the concept of "Truly Zero Knowledge Proof" which is not leaking any information. This protocol is used in the Fiat Shamir, Guillou Quisquater and Schnorr Feige Algorithms, all of which are Cryptographic Algorithms using private keys and public keys. In the Public key, all three of these Algorithms use a random number generator at the values p and q to get the public key. In this study, the author will generate a public key generation test using CPRNG (Cryptographically-secure Pseudo-Random Number Generator) with the Blum Blum Shub algorithm. The test will be conducted on the Fiat Feige Algorithm, the formation of the key will use the Blum Blum Shub Algorithm, but the Identification Protocol still uses the Fiat Shamir Feige Algorithm. The results of this study show the Feige Fiat Algorithm with the Blum Blum Shub Algorithm as the key builder successfully identifies the pattern sent by the signer.

scholarly journals A Blockchain-Based Sealed-Bid e-Auction Scheme with Smart Contract and Zero-Knowledge Proof

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Honglei Li ◽  
Weilian Xue
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Zero Knowledge ◽  
The Third ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Sealed Bid ◽  
Transaction Process ◽  
Bid Price ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
Zero Knowledge Proof

e-Auction improves the efficiency of bid transaction. However, the protection of bidders’ privacy, transaction fairness and verifiability, transaction data security, high cost of third-party auction center, and other issues have attracted more attention. According to the transaction process and basic principles of the sealed auction, we explored the problems existing in the current sealed-bid e-auction schemes. Based on the blockchain technology, we proposed a sealed-bid e-auction scheme with smart contract technology, Bulletproofs zero-knowledge proof protocols, and Pedersen commitment algorithm. The proposed scheme constructed an auction mechanism without the third-party auctioneer so as to restrict the behaviors of auction parties for the sake of auction security, reliability, fairness, and privacy protection. Compared with the related sealed e-auction schemes based on blockchain technologies in six metrics, we conducted the experiment to show that the proposed scheme protected the bid information from leakage well and successfully verified the winning bid price and the related bidder by all transaction participants without the third-party auctioneer.

Distance Aware VM allocation process to minimize energy consumption in cloud computing

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurpreet Singh ◽  
Manish Mahajan ◽  
Rajni Mohana
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Virtual Machine ◽  
Virtual Machines ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Service Level Agreement ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Physical Machine ◽  
Allocation Process

BACKGROUND: Cloud computing is considered as an on-demand service resource with the applications towards data center on pay per user basis. For allocating the resources appropriately for the satisfaction of user needs, an effective and reliable resource allocation method is required. Because of the enhanced user demand, the allocation of resources has now considered as a complex and challenging task when a physical machine is overloaded, Virtual Machines share its load by utilizing the physical machine resources. Previous studies lack in energy consumption and time management while keeping the Virtual Machine at the different server in turned on state. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this research work is to propose an effective resource allocation scheme for allocating the Virtual Machine from an ad hoc sub server with Virtual Machines. EXECUTION MODEL: The execution of the research has been carried out into two sections, initially, the location of Virtual Machines and Physical Machine with the server has been taken place and subsequently, the cross-validation of allocation is addressed. For the sorting of Virtual Machines, Modified Best Fit Decreasing algorithm is used and Multi-Machine Job Scheduling is used while the placement process of jobs to an appropriate host. Artificial Neural Network as a classifier, has allocated jobs to the hosts. Measures, viz. Service Level Agreement violation and energy consumption are considered and fruitful results have been obtained with a 37.7 of reduction in energy consumption and 15% improvement in Service Level Agreement violation.

A Defense Mechanism Based on Improved Allocation Strategy of VMs Co-Resident Attack in Power Cloud Platform

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuancheng Li ◽  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Daoxing Li ◽  
Jing Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Machine ◽  
Simulation Experiment ◽  
Virtual Machines ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Allocation Strategy ◽  
Cloud Platform ◽  
Deployment Strategy ◽  
Dbscan Algorithm ◽  
Maximum Minimum

Background: Cloud platform is widely used in electric power field. Virtual machine co-resident attack is one of the major security threats to the existing power cloud platform. Objective: This paper proposes a mechanism to defend virtual machine co-resident attack on power cloud platform. Method: Our defense mechanism uses the DBSCAN algorithm to classify and output the classification results through the random forest and uses improved virtual machine deployment strategy which combines the advantages of random round robin strategy and maximum/minimum resource strategy to deploy virtual machines. Results: we made a simulation experiment on power cloud platform of State Grid and verified the effectiveness of proposed defense deployment strategy. Conclusion: After the virtual machine deployment strategy is improved, the coverage of the virtual machine is remarkably reduced which proves that our defense mechanism achieves some effect of defending the virtual machine from virtual machine co-resident attack.

scholarly journals An access control model for the Internet of Things based on zero-knowledge token and blockchain

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihua Song ◽  
Xinran Ju ◽  
Zongke Zhu ◽  
Mengchen Li
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Access Control ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Zero Knowledge ◽  
Access Control Model ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Zero Knowledge Proof

AbstractInformation security has become a hot topic in Internet of Things (IoT), and traditional centralized access control models are faced with threats such as single point failure, internal attack, and central leak. In this paper, we propose a model to improve the access control security of the IoT, which is based on zero-knowledge proof and smart contract technology in the blockchain. Firstly, we deploy attribute information of access control in the blockchain, which relieves the pressure and credibility problem brought by the third-party information concentration. Secondly, encrypted access control token is used to gain the access permission of the resources, which makes the user's identity invisible and effectively avoids attribute ownership exposure problem. Besides, the use of smart contracts solves the problem of low computing efficiency of IoT devices and the waste of blockchain computing power resources. Finally, a prototype of IoT access control system based on blockchain and zero-knowledge proof technology is implemented. The test analysis results show that the model achieves effective attribute privacy protection, compared with the Attribute-Based Access Control model of the same security level, the access efficiency increases linearly with the increase of access scale.

PipeZK: Accelerating Zero-Knowledge Proof with a Pipelined Architecture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Zhang ◽  
Shuo Wang ◽  
Xian Zhang ◽  
Jiangbin Dong ◽  
Xingzhong Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zero Knowledge ◽  
Pipelined Architecture ◽  
Zero Knowledge Proof
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