scholarly journals Kiljan 'Stone stuck into the ground': A dalmato-romance relic in Montenegro?

2009 ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Loma
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
Romance Language ◽  
The Core ◽  
Latin Word ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Etymological Dictionary ◽  
Core Meaning

The word kiljan / kiljan, -a (Variants: kiljen, kiljas) is found in the most parts of Montenegro; its area ranges over the border between Zeta - and East-Herzegovina dialects of Serbian. Of its five meanings, three are to be considered peripheral (building block (of limestone) in SW, target in a game in NW), or occasional (hill). The core meaning of the word seem to be 'a stone stuck into the ground', to mark something, either a boundary between the fields or a place of somebody's violent death (shifting to 'gravestone'). Of these two usages, the former may claim the priority, ancient boundary stones being often reinterpreted, in local legends, as memorial ones. Indeed marking the land parcels with stones was unfamiliar to the ancient Slavs (Common Slavic *medja land boundary is usually a hedge, a grove, a path or a furrow), but characteristic of Mediterranean countries with their scarcity of arable land; for the ancient Greeks, it is attested since the Homeric epoch, and was practiced by the Romans too, which suggests a possible Romance source of the word in question. Significantly enough, this practice is attested by the Old Serbian charters only for Zeta, a SW Montenegrian region where kiljan is the proper term for this kind of landmarks (in a charter from 1316, it is not explicitly mentioned, but described by kamy ukopan stone dug into the ground). The word kiljan has no convincing etymology so far Illyrian one proposed by Petar Skok in his etymological dictionary is made up out of thin air, and a possible interpretation based on (Balto)Slavic facts (Lith. ku?lis 'stone', Common Slavic **kyl- as a variant of *k?l- eyetooth tusk; crag') highly improbable as well. However, the Old Dalmatian, a Romance language extinct since the end of 19th century, provides a plausible source with its continuation of the Latin word columna 'column, pillar', which is kilauna; and the SCr forms kelomna / kelovna in Ragusa (Dubrovnik), kilovna in the Bay of Cattaro (Kotor) in today's Montenegro must go back to a similar Romance form. Although the details of vocalism are not clear, especially the development in the penultimate, the derivation kiljan columna seems highly probable in view of the fact that in medieval Latin sources from Dalmatia the same thing - a boundary stone - is designated by colonella, a derivative from Lat. columna.

scholarly journals New Burushaski etymologies and the origin of the ethnonym Burúśo, Burúśaski, Brugaski and Miśáski

1970 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilija Čašule
Keyword(s):  
The Core ◽  
Etymological Dictionary ◽  
Basic Vocabulary

The etymological analysis of fourty-five new lexical correspondences between Burushaski and Indo-European that have come to light since the publication of the Burushaski etymological dictionary of the inherited Indo-European lexicon in 2017 (with 507 entries and as many derivatives) confirms the earlier stratification of the Burushaski Indo-European vocabulary. Most of the Burushaski correlations are with stems with wider IE representation, but a significant number constitute unique isoglosses with Slavic, South Slavic and the Balkan languages. The etymologies involve words that belong to the core and basic vocabulary that could not be borrowings. It is significant that there are 10 basic independent verbs. The phonematic correspondences are fully consistent with the material in the 2017 dictionary and the semantics is precise and direct. The correlation with 30 unique Phrygian isoglosses and 32 unique Slavic isoglosses and the Balkan material is explained tentatively as the result of a symbiosis between these two groups in deep antiquity in the make up of the likely Balkan ancestor of Burushaski.

scholarly journals Kaama-taguste udmurtide sügispalvus: rituaali etnograafiline kirjeldus välitööde põhjal

2018 ◽  
pp. 102-115
Author(s):  
Eva Toulouze
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Close Range ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Village ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Eastern Udmurt autumn rituals: An ethnographic description based on fieldwork There is a good amount of literature about Eastern Udmurt religious practice, particularly under its collective form of village rituals, as the Eastern Udmurt have retained much of their ethnic religion: their ancestors left their villages in the core Udmurt territory, now Udmurtia, as they wanted to go on living according to their customs, threatened by forceful Evangelisation. While many spectacular features such as the village ceremonies have drawn scholarly attention since the 19th century, the Eastern Udmurt religious practice encompasses also more modest rituals at the family level, as for example commemorations of the dead, Spring and Autumn ceremonies. Literature about the latter is quite reduced, as is it merely mentioned both in older and more recent works. This article is based on the author's fieldwork in 2017 and presents the ceremonies in three different families living in different villages of the Tatyshly district of Bashkortostan. It allows us to compare them and to understand the core of the ritual: it is implemented in the family circle, with the participation of a close range of kin, and encompasses both porridge eating and praying. It can at least give an idea of the living practice of this ritual in today's Eastern Udmurt villages. This depends widely on the age of the main organisers, on their occupations: older retired people will organise more traditional rituals than younger, employed Udmurts. Further research will ascertain how much of this tradition is still alive in other districts and in other places.

scholarly journals From Pausanias to Baedeker and Trip Advisor: Textual proto-tourism and the engendering of tourism distribution channels

Turyzm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Vicky Katsoni ◽  
Anna Fyta
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Digital Storytelling ◽  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Travel Information ◽  
The Core ◽  
Textual Strategies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
The Way

The key aim of this article is to provide an interdisciplinary look at tourism and its diachronic textual threads bequeathed by the ‘proto-tourist’ texts of the Greek travel author Pausanias. Using the periegetic, travel texts from his voluminous Description of Greece (2nd century CE) as a springboard for our presentation, we intend to show how the textual strategies employed by Pausanias have been received and still remain at the core of contemporary series of travel guides first authored by Karl Baedeker (in the 19th century). After Baedeker, Pausanias’ textual travel tropes, as we will show, still inform the epistemology of modern-day tourism; the interaction of travel texts with travel information and distribution channels produces generic hybrids, and the ancient Greek travel authors have paved the way for the construction of networks, digital storytelling and global tourist platforms.

Structure within Morphemic Meaning

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-231
Author(s):  
Leonard Talmy
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Content ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Meaning

Abstract The entire conceptual content represented by a single morpheme—its plenary meaning—is in general both copious and structured. This structuring consists of both the patterning of its content and the distribution of attention over that pattern. With respect to the patterning of its content, a morpheme’s plenary meaning can be divided into a core meaning and an associated meaning. In turn, its associated meaning can be subdivided into five sectors: the holistic, infrastructure, collateral, disposition, and attitude sectors. And with respect to its distribution of attention, eight specific attentional factors and three general attentional principles are cited. The main attentional factor is that a morpheme’s core meaning is generally more salient than its associated meaning or any of the sectors therein. But another attentional factor holds that the attitude sector, especially its expletivity type, can challenge or exceed the core meaning in salience.

Atonement and the Work of Christ

2018 ◽  
pp. 84-97
Author(s):  
William J. Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Human Action ◽  
Divine Action ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Action Theories ◽  
Core Meaning

In sorting through how best to understand the work of Christ we need a narrative that captures the core meaning of “atonement” and a way to deploy the various theories that abound in the tradition. At the root of the issue is a narrative of reconciliation that highlights the serious alienation that exists between human agents and God. Fixing this problem requires both divine and human action. Theories of atonement seek to spell out the divine action involved. Each has its own advantage in developing complementary descriptions of what has gone wrong with the world and how to fix it.

The syntax of variable behavior verbs: Experimental evidence from the accusative–oblique alternations in Japanese

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-314
Author(s):  
SHIN FUKUDA
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Motion Verbs ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Accusative Case ◽  
Selectional Restrictions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Core Meaning ◽  
Acceptability Judgment

Japanese has two types of two-place motion verbs whose ‘objects’ can be marked as either accusative or oblique (accusative–oblique alternations). The accusative–goal verbs mark their objects with accusative case -o or the goal marker -ni, and the accusative–source verbs mark their objects with accusative -o or the source marker -kara. Previous studies describe systematic differences in the interpretation of the arguments of these verbs and the events they denote between the two structures. This study argues that these alternating verbs are variable behavior verbs that are linked to two distinct syntactic structures. The core evidence for this claim comes from the results of two acceptability judgment experiments with Japanese native speakers that examined: (i) selectional restrictions on the subjects of the alternating verbs and (ii) the ability of their subjects to license ‘floating’ numeral quantifiers. The results of the experiments demonstrate that the accusative–source verbs alternate between the transitive and unaccusative structures, whereas the accusative–goal verbs consistently behave like transitive verbs but assign two different structural cases to their objects. Thus, the study shows that there are multiple ways in which two-place motion verbs are mapped onto distinctive syntactic structures, whereby the core meaning of the verbs and their syntactic structures together determine their interpretation.

Software

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Assembly Language ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
The Core ◽  
Alan Turing ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Digital Hardware ◽  
Logic Functions

Digital computers are “protean” in that they can become almost anything through software. Their basic design elements came from a 19th-century British tradition in logic, exemplified by Boole and Babbage. It seemed natural to have logic realized in hardware. This tradition culminated in the work of Alan Turing who proposed a universal computing machine, now called a Turing machine, based on logic. Although hardware that computes logic functions lies at the core of digital hardware, low-level practical machine operations are grouped together in “words.” Programs are based on hardware operations controlling computation at the word level. This chapter presents a detailed example of what a computer does when it actually “computes.” Because human cognition finds it hard to use such an alien device, there is a brief discussion of how programming became “humanized” with the invention of software tools like assembly language and FORTRAN.

Strange Cases: Jekyll & Hyde Narratives as Rhetorical Strategy in Sir Alexander Morison’s Physiognomy of Mental Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-170
Author(s):  
Madeline Bourque Kearin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
The Self ◽  
Rhetorical Strategy ◽  
The Core ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Radical Transformation ◽  
The Way

Abstract Sir Alexander Morison’s Physiognomy of Mental Diseases (1838) was created as a didactic tool for physicians, depicting lunatics in both the active and dormant states of disease. Through the act of juxtaposition, Morison constituted his subjects as their own Jekylls and Hydes, capable of radical transformation. In doing so, he marshaled artistic and clinical, visual and textual approaches in order to pose a particular argument about madness as a temporally manifested, visually distinguishable state defined by its contrast with reason. This argument served a crucial function in legitimizing the emergent discipline of psychiatry by applying biomedical methodologies to the observation and classification of distinctly physical symptoms. Robert Louis Stevenson’s “quintessentially Victorian parable” serves as a metaphor for the way 19th-century alienists conceptualized insanity, while the theme of duality at the core of Stevenson’s story serves as a framework for conceptualizing both psychiatry and the subjects it generates. It was (and is) a discipline formulated around narrative as the primary organizing structure for its particular set of paradoxes, and specifically, narratives of the self as a fluid, dynamic, and contradictory entity.

De actualisering van het geloof in een laatste oordeel in het existentiële perspectief van Rudolf Bultmann

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-306
Author(s):  
Gea Smit
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Core ◽  
Rudolf Bultmann ◽  
Last Judgment ◽  
The World ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
New Form ◽  
Abstract Notion ◽  
Core Meaning

In the New Testament, the belief that the last judgment would arrive soon was paired with an ethical appeal to change one’s attitude or way of life. However, with the expectation of an imminent judgment fading, this connection weakened. This paper investigates whether the existential theology of Rudolf Bultmann offers an inter-pretation that manages to actualise belief in a last judgment for the present day. Bultmann interprets the core meaning of judgment to be that God, with the coming of Jesus Christ into the world, opens the possibility for a new form of true existence for every individual who submits to it. This conception indeed implies an existential importance of the belief in an eschatological judgment for human life in the present. However, a more exact interpretation of the rather abstract notion of this form of true existence seems hard to describe and therefore leaves the question somewhat open.

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