scholarly journals Efficacy of eco-smart insecticides against certain biological stages of jasmine moth, Palpita unionalis Hb. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farag Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Streptomyces Avermitilis ◽  
Ovicidal Activity ◽  
Saccharopolyspora Spinosa ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Bacillus Thuringensis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Dipel 2X ◽  
Palpita Unionalis

The efficacy of six eco-smart insecticides, Dipel 2x 6.4% WP (Bacillus thuringensis AI), Biofly 100% WP (Beauvaria bessiana AI), Radiant 12% SC (Saccharopolyspora spinosa AI), Mectin 1.8% EC (Streptomyces avermitilis AI), Nimbecidine 0.03% EC (Azadirachtin AI) and Bio-Power 50% EC (Beauvaria bessiana AI), were tested against eggs, larvae and pupae of the jasmine moth, Palpita unionalis Hb. and its parasitoid Apanteles syleptae under laboratory conditions. Data indicated that all tested insecticides had ovicidal activity against P. unionalis. Mectin was the most toxic among the tested insecticides against the egg stage, followed by Radiant or Dipel 2x, and their respective values of LC50 were 0.005 cm/l, 0.006 cm/l and 0.055 g/l. Dipel 2x was the most toxic insecticide to the 1st instar larvae of P. unionalis, whereas Mectin was the most toxic to both the 3rd and 5th instar larvae. Also, the results revealed that Mectin was the most effective against the pupal stage, followed descendingly by Radiant and Dipel 2x. The toxicity index values showed a superior efficiency of Mectin at LC50 (100%) against eggs, 3rd and 5th instar larvae, and pupal stage, whereas Dipel 2x showed such superior efficiency at LC50 (100%) only against 1st instar larvae. The results showed that the percents of pupation and emergence of moths were significantly different in all treatments compared to control, while deformed pupae and malformed adults were insignificantly different when fifth instar larvae were treated with the tested insecticides. Moreover, the rate of P. unionalis adult emergence from treated pupae was concentration-dependent and significant differences were found between insecticide treatments and control. Generally, Mectin, Radiant and Dipel 2x caused the highest impacts on adult emergence and malformed adults percentages. Regarding the toxicity of insecticides to the endoparasitoid A. syleptae, the treated cocoons developed to adult stages with no significant differences compared to control. Meanwhile, the longevity of the emerged parasitoid adults did not differ among the insecticides treatments and control.

Pupal Development and Adult Emergence Patterns of the Mexican Rice Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Spurgeon ◽  
P. D. Lingren ◽  
J. R. Raulston ◽  
T. N. Shaver
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Mexican Rice Borer

scholarly journals PENGARUH KONSENTRASI MINYAK KEMIRI SUNAN (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) TERHADAP LARVA Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) HAMA PADA TANAMAN SAWI (Brassica juncea L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yenny Muliani ◽  
Erry Mustariani ◽  
Rahmat Wahid Ramdyan
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Hazelnut Oil ◽  
Botanical Pesticide ◽  
Crocidolomia Binotalis ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
The University ◽  
And Control

ABSTRAKKemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) dikenal sebagai tumbuhan yang berperan sebagai pestisida nabati yang belum banyak diketahui keampuhannya, sehingga perlu dilakukan pengujian untuk memperoleh informasi tentang keampuhan dari tumbuhan ini. Pengujian efektivitasnya dilakukan terhadap larva Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. penyebab kerusakan pada tanaman sawi. Percobaan dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Vertebrata, Departemen Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, berlangsung dari Maret sampai Mei 2019. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan meliputi minyak kemiri sunan dengan konsentrasi 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25% dan kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan minyak kemiri sunan berpengaruh terhadap larva Crocidolomia binotalis. Konsentrasi 10% dapat mengakibatkan mortalitas paling tinggi sebesar 100% pada 7 HSA. Selain toksik, minyak kemiri sunan juga dapat memperpanjang lama perkembangan larva, menghambat aktivitas makan (antifeedant), serta menurunkan berat kering larva dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Minyak kemiri sunan berpotensi sebagai alternatif pengendali hama yang ramah lingkungan karena dapat berperan sebagai pestisida nabatiKata kunci: Kemiri sunan, Crocidolomia binotalis, Pestisida nabatiABSTRACTReutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw is know as a plant that acts as a vegetable pesticide that is not yet widely known for its efficacy, so testing is needed to obtain information about the efficacy of this plant. Effectiveness testing is carried out on Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. larvae causing damage to oil palm plants. The experiment was carried out in the vertebrate laboratory, the deparment of pest and plant diseases, the faculty of agriculture, the university Padjadjaran, taking place from March-May 2019. The experiment used the randomized design complete with 5 treatments and 5 replication. The treatments included oil Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw with a concentration 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25% and control. The result hazelnut oil affected the larva Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. 10% concentration can cause the highest mortality of 100% at 7 HAS. In addition to toxic, hazelnut oil prolong the development of larvae, inhibit feeding activity, and reduce the dry weight of larvae compared to controls. Hazelnut oil has potential as an alternative as an a alternative pest control that is environmentally friendly because it can act as a botanical pesticide.Keywords : Reutealis trisperma, Crocidolomia binotalis, Botanical pesticide

scholarly journals Economic Injury Levels and Control Thresholds of pyrausta panopealis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on Perilla under Green-house

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-154
Author(s):  
Yong-Seok Choi ◽  
Deok-Gi Park ◽  
Yeo-Uk Yun ◽  
In-Su Hwang ◽  
Sun-Mee Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green House ◽  
Economic Injury ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
And Control

Studies in Ovipositional Behaviour and Control of Sex in Aphytis Melinus Debach, a Parasite of California Red Scale, Aonidiella Aurantii (Mask.).

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Abdelrahman
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Aphytis Melinus ◽  
Egg Maturation ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Accepted Practice ◽  
And Control

The growing adult female red scale was the most preferred stage for A. melinus, followed by the second growing instar and lastly the male prepupa. The numbers of scale parasitized, the total of eggs laid, the number of eggs per scale, sex ratio and size of the parasites produced were all ranked in the same order. The mean size of parasites produced within the third instar decreased as the number of parasites per host increased. In the absence of the preferred host stages, female A. melinus laid readily in the unpreferred stages. In both A. melinus and A, chrysomphali it was noted that in multi- parasitism pupation, pupal development and adult emergence of all parasites in one host were synchronized. In A. melinus the sex and number of eggs laid per host are influenced by the host's size and quality. When A. melinus laid more than one egg in one host, it laid female eggs first and male eggs later; apparently the spermatheca goes through a period of fatigue, and is incapable of delivering sperm to the eggs descending the oviduct. Sex ratio decreases with increase in number of parasites per host and density of parasite population relative to hosts. The deposition of parasite eggs in a host by one female was observed during a short cycle of oviposition. A. melinus laid its eggs both 'above' and 'below' the body of the scale, whereas A. chrysomphali did so exclusively 'below'. In young mated A. melinus, eggs laid above the body of the scale were females and those below were males, but in old mated females all eggs, wherever laid, were male. Host development stops as soon as a parasite egg is laid. A. melinus avoids laying eggs in already parasitized hosts. The stages of red scale were ranked according to the percentage of mutilated individuals as: first moult (most mutilated), second instar, first instar, third instar, male prepupa and male pupa; second-moult females, egg-maturation stage and crawler-producing stage were unmutilated. A. melinus sometimes partitions her clutch of eggs into two hosts, particularly when host density is high. Partitioning in A. melinus may substitute for the generally accepted practice of super- parasitism, which would not be appropriate because the parasite is able to distinguish between parasitized and unparasitized hosts, is able to sense host density and to distribute her progeny on available hosts. Partitioning is advantageous for biological control. Behaviour of oviposition, mutilation and mutilation feeding in A. melinus are described in detail.

Studies on the biology and control of Lachnosterna consanguinea (Blanch.), a pest of sugarcane in Bihar (India)

1961 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Kalea ◽  
J. P. Kulshreshtha
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Bufo Melanostictus ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Acridotheres Tristis ◽  
Flight Season ◽  
Dry Out ◽  
And Control

The larvae of the Melolonthid beetle, Lachnosterna. consanguinea (Blanch.), have been found to be very destructive to sugarcane in the Dalmianagar area in Bihar, India, since 1956 when they were first recorded there. The pest has since been found to occur in serious numbers in certain adjoining areas and also in Bihta in Patna district. Damage is done by the larvae by feeding on cane roots. Heavily infested cane clumps dry out completely and in severe infestations as much as 80 per cent, of the crop is lost. The infestation occurs only on light sandy soils; crops on clay soils are not affected. The February-planted crop suffers more seriously than that planted in October. The adults have not so far been observed doing any damage to sugarcane.The emergence of adults starts in the last week of April, but a rush of emergence occurs only after the first shower of rain. The adults are nocturnal in habit and feed on leaves of certain bushes and trees during the night. They hide themselves in loose moist soil in day-time. Mating takes place after dusk during the flight season, and eggs are laid in the soil at a depth of 5 to 10 cm. The incubation period varies from 8 to 10 days. The young larvae move to cane roots after some initial feeding on grass roots. They are fully grown in 8 to 10 weeks' time when they move deeper into the soil and pupate in earthen cells at a depth of 0·3 to 1·5 m. The pupal period varies from 12 to 16 days and the pest overwinters in the adult stage. There is only one brood a year.The adults are active at night and are attracted to artificial light and can be destroyed in large numbers with the help of light-traps. Collections from the foliage of trees and shrubs at night is an easier and better method of destruction. Trials with insecticides applied as sprays to the foliage of shrubs in cages to which adults were immediately introduced showed that a suspension containing 0·5 per cent. DDT was effective and was superior to one of BHC.Replicated field trials carried out for the control of the larvae with various insecticides showed that BHG applied to the soil in a dust at the rate of 22·4 Ib. toxicant per acre was the most effective. This treatment, when applied-at planting time (February) had an adverse effect on germination; this effect was not observed when the application was made at the end of May. In subsequent replicated experiments, when BHC in a dust was applied in two instalments at the rate of 10 Ib. per acre at the end of May at the time of the rush of adult emergence, and in July, respectively, much better results were obtained without any adverse effect on the crop. BHC and other insecticides applied to the soil in sprays at 10 Ib. per acre at the end of May were ineffective.Amongst varieties of cane grown at the Bank Farm, Dalmianagar, Co.935 and B.O.3 showed a greater tolerance of injury by the larvae than the others.A Scoliid, Scolia aureipennis Lep., was observed to parasitise the grubs during September. The rate of parasitisation was only about 5 per cent.A disease caused by a fungus, Metarrhizium. anisopliae, was also observed to occur in the adults. Affected beetles died within 4 to 6 days.The common Indian toad (Bufo melanostictus) and the gecko (Gecko gecko) were seen preying on the adults in the evening when these were active. A number of birds, particularly the Indian crow (Corvus splendens) and mynah (Acridotheres tristis), also feed on the larvae when these are exposed during tillage operations.

Development-Specific Incorporation of [14C]5-Aminolevulinate and [3H]Leucine into Cytochrome c and Biliprotein in the Butterfly, Pieris brassicae. Correlation with the Ecdysteroid Titer in the Pupa

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 948-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartmut Kayser ◽  
Ute Krull-Savage
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Time Course ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Total Soluble Protein

Abstract Incorporation of [14C]5-aminolevulinate and [3H]leucine into cytochrome c, biliprotein and total soluble protein was followed from the last larval instar to the adult stage in Pieris brassicae. The titer of ecdysteroids during the pupal stage was determined with a radioimmunoassay to correlate synthesis of heme products and of protein(s) with adult differentiation. Incorporation of both precursors showed a developmental profile with high synthetic activities in feeding larvae and in pupae after the release of ecdysteroids. Variation of the hormone titer during pupal life differed significantly in males and females. Labeling of cytochrome c by both 14C and 3H was as expected from the variation of its concentration reported in a preceding paper; highest in corporation was around adult emergence. The results demonstrate that i) the accumulation of cytochrome c in the developing adult insect is primarily due to de novo synthesis of both heme and apocytochrome c, performed under coordinate control, and ii) the concentration of 5-aminolevulinate is not rate-limiting in the formation of cytochrome c. Biliverdin IXγ, the major tetrapyrrolic product in this insect, seems to be directly derived from (free) heme and relatively short-lived as deduced from a time-course study. Formation of the bilin, i.e. destruction of heme, increased concomitantly to the initiation of adult differentiation by ecdysteroids in the pupa but later decreased at adult emergence. Synthesis of cytochrome c takes place as a late event during terminal development. Thus, the pathways leading to the two major heme products seem to be differently regulated during development.

Strain construction for enhanced production of spinosad via intergeneric protoplast fusion

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 1070-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
XiaoLin Zhang ◽  
Zhi Chen ◽  
Ying Wen ◽  
Yuan Song
Keyword(s):  
Protoplast Fusion ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Streptomyces Avermitilis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Saccharopolyspora Spinosa ◽  
New Class ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Microbial Strains

Spinosad is a new class of insecticides produced by Saccharopolyspora spinosa . The aim of this study was to construct a starch-utilizing strain that overproduced spinosad by intergeneric fusion between S. spinosa and Streptomyces avermitilis . Protoplast fusion is an important technique for engineering microbial strains, especially for microorganisms with few available molecular genetic tools. Protoplast fusion was conducted with UV-irradiated protoplasts of S. spinosa and S. avermitilis. Among 76 recombinants screened by ESI-MS and HPLC, a starch-utilizing strain F17, identified as S. spinosa, was obtained. The yield of spinosad in F17 was increased by 447.22%, compared with the yield of the wild-type strain. This is the first report of intergeneric protoplast fusion between S. spinosa and S. avermilitis, which shows great potential for industrial applications.

Nesting biology and life history of the dung beetle Onthophagus lecontei (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Arellano ◽  
C. Castillo-Guevara ◽  
C. Huerta ◽  
A. Germán-García ◽  
C. Lara
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Nesting Behavior ◽  
Nesting Biology ◽  
Preimaginal Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Capra Aegagrus

Obtaining knowledge about a species’ life history and reproductive behaviour is fundamental for understanding its biology, ecology, and potential role in ecosystem services. Here, we focused on the dung beetle species Onthophagus lecontei. Adults were collected in the field and then confined to terrariums, where they were supplied with semi-fresh domestic goat dung (Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777). After being paired (26 pairs), the nesting behavior of beetles was observed under laboratory conditions and the preimaginal development of individuals obtained from mating (from the deposition of the egg until the emergence of the adult) was described. Their nesting behavior was found to be characteristic of what is known as pattern I, which comprises building of brood masses, oviposition of a single egg in each brood mass, development of three larval instars, construction of a pupation chamber, pupal stage and adult emergence. Both sexes were involved in the handling of dung, tunnel construction, and mass nest elaboration. Pairs built from one to seven brood masses. The pre-nesting period (feeding) lasted 16 days; the egg stage two days, the larval period 22 days; the pupal period 11 days and the imagoes four days, after which the adults emerged. Our results are discussed and compared with other species in the genus. However, our knowledge of this dung beetle is still limited, and further studies are required in all areas of its biology.

LIFE HISTORY STUDIES OF THE TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE, EPITRIX HIRTIPENNIS (MELSHEIMER) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Davis Martin ◽  
G. A. Herzog
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean

The life history of the tobacco flea beetle, Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer) (= Epitrix parvula Fab.) was studied under the controlled conditions of 27 ± 2.8°C, 80 ± 6% and a 14L:10D photophase. Eggs matured in ca. 4 days, the larval stage, including 3 instars, developed in 13 days, prepupal development took 3 days and the pupal stage lasted approximately 5 days. There was a 24 day interval between oviposition and adult emergence. Females laid 3.1 eggs/day with a 13 day period between adult emergence and first oviposition. The mean number of total eggs/female was 138.6 ± 14.7. Female oviposition continued until a few days before death and adult longevity was approximately 70 days. A visual means of distinguishing between male and female beetles was also developed.

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