Commoners in Early Yi Dynasty Civil Examinations: An Aspect of Korean Social Structure, 1392–1600

1974 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yŏng-Ho Ch'oe
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Examination System ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Military Duty ◽  
Yi Dynasty ◽  
State Educational

The civil examination system in the Confucian state of Yi Dynasty Korea was an important channel of recruitment for government officials and the graduates of the civil examinations carried enormous power and prestige. The determination as to who participated in these examinations will shed more light on the nature of Yi society. Contrary to the prevailing belief that the civil examinations were open only to men of yangban birth and closed to the commoners, there is strong evidence suggesting commoners' participations in the examinations. Legally, there was no statutory restriction against commoners. The state educational system that trained the future examination candidates not only did not discriminate against commoners but even encouraged qualified commoners to enroll in schools. Moreover, certain social groups whose social status was clearly lower than that of commoners were also allowed in the examinations. There were also individual cases in which men of non-yangban origin rose through the civil examinations to become government officials, some holding high ranking posts. In view of such evidence, the notion that the yangban status was wholly hereditary is no longer tenable. Instead, what distinguished yangban from commoners was one's determination and commitment to pursue Confucian scholarship by enrolling in a Confucian school, for student status exempted him from burdensome military duty.

scholarly journals Unreciprocated allogrooming hierarchies in a population of wild group-living mammals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E Nadin ◽  
David W. Macdonald ◽  
Sandra Baker ◽  
Christina D. Buesching ◽  
Stephen Ellwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
European Badgers ◽  
Wild Group

Allogrooming can relate to social status in mammalian societies, and thus, be used to infer social structure. This relationship has previously been investigated by examining an individual’s dominance rank and their total amount of allogrooming. This, however, does not account for the identity of allogrooming partners. We applied a novel approach, calculating the linearity and steepness of unreciprocated allogrooming hierarchies using actor–receiver matrices in European badgers (Meles meles) groups. Badgers have relatively unstructured social groups compared to most group-living carnivores and allogrooming in badgers is currently hypothesized to have a hygiene function. We examine whether allogrooming is linked to social status by investigating: 1) the presence, linearity, and steepness of unreciprocated allogrooming hierarchies; 2) the trading of unreciprocated allogrooming for the potential benefit of receiving reduced aggression from dominant individuals; and, 3) whether unreciprocated allogrooming is associated with relatedness. We found weak unreciprocated allogrooming hierarchies, with marginal linearity, steepness overall, and variation between social-group-years. Unreciprocated allogrooming was positively correlated with directed aggression, potentially providing evidence for the trading of allogrooming for reduced aggression. Allogrooming was not correlated with relatedness, possibly due to high relatedness within social groups. Our findings reaffirm that European badgers have a relatively unstructured social system; likely reflecting a relatively simple state of sociality in Carnivores, with little need for hierarchical order. Using actor–receiver unreciprocated allogrooming matrices to test for linearity and steepness of unreciprocated allogrooming hierarchies in other social species will improve knowledge of group social structure.

Doing Bodhisattva’s Work

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-32
Author(s):  
Le Hoang Anh Thu
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The State ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Class Identity ◽  
The Social

This paper explores the charitable work of Buddhist women who work as petty traders in Hồ Chí Minh City. By focusing on the social interaction between givers and recipients, it examines the traders’ class identity, their perception of social stratification, and their relationship with the state. Charitable work reveals the petty traders’ negotiations with the state and with other social groups to define their moral and social status in Vietnam’s society. These negotiations contribute to their self-identification as a moral social class and to their perception of trade as ethical labor.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE AMARNA LETTERS TOWARDS A STUDY OF SYRO-PALESTINIAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE (1). TERMINOLOGY FOR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 788-832
Author(s):  
Lukas M. Muntingh
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
The Social ◽  
Amarna Letters ◽  
Free People ◽  
Shed Light

Egyptian domination under the 18th and 19th Dynasties deeply influenced political and social life in Syria and Palestine. The correspondence between Egypt and her vassals in Syria and Palestine in the Amarna age, first half of the fourteenth century B.C., preserved for us in the Amarna letters, written in cuneiform on clay tablets discovered in 1887, offer several terms that can shed light on the social structure during the Late Bronze Age. In the social stratification of Syria and Palestine under Egyptian rule according to the Amarna letters, three classes are discernible:1) government officials and military personnel, 2) free people, and 3) half-free people and slaves. In this study, I shall limit myself to the first, the upper class. This article deals with terminology for government officials.

Democracy in Unequal Terms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell J. Dalton
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
National Analysis ◽  
Cross National

This chapter summarizes the results of this study: changes in social structure and participation patterns are increasing social-status-based inequality in political participation. Those with higher educational levels, incomes, or occupation have greater political voice, while lower-status individuals are less politically involved. Moreover, the politically rich are getting richer, and the politically poor are getting poorer. The chapter then discusses the implications of these results. The chapter considers claims that participation erodes governance and some form of epistocracy (rule by the knowledgeable) is preferable. Cross-national analysis shows that well-governed democracies have high levels of citizen participation, including both conventional and contentious forms of action. In addition, the size of the SES participation gap is negatively related to good governance. The conclusion discusses ways that democracies might narrow the participation gap and give voice to those citizens who need government support.

A State Educational System at Work.

1928 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
M. V. O'Shea
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
State Educational

scholarly journals MODERN STATE OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
Егор Александрович Колосов
Keyword(s):  
Vocational Education ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Educational Technologies ◽  
Main Trend ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Educational

Анализируется современное состояние профессионального образования, которое рассматривается как социальный феномен. Представлены характеристики профессионального образования как составляющей образовательной системы. Отмечается, что современное состояние профессионального образования находится на уровне модернизации в пользу использования инновационных образовательных технологий. Акцентируется внимание на главной тенденции современного профессионального образования – его цифровизации. Ситуация, вызванная COVID-19, привела к тому, что образовательные учреждения были вынуждены перейти на новые форматы обучения (дистанционное и онлайн-обучение). Основными факторами, повлиявшими на данную ситуацию, названы пандемия COVID-19, накопленный международный опыт, современные потребности общества и рыночной экономики. Несмотря на технологические и организационные трудности, выработаны общие подходы к профессиональному обучению дистанционно и онлайн, создана база образовательного контента. The article analyzes the current state of vocational education. Vocational education is considered as a social phenomenon. The characteristics of vocational education as a component of the educational system at the present stage of development are presented. It is noted that the current state of vocational education is at the level of modernization in favor of the use of innovative educational technologies. Attention is focused on the main trend of modern professional education – its digitalization. Integration of the Russian vocational education system into the world educational system is one of the priorities of the state educational policy. It is noted that the basis of modern vocational education is at the level of modernization in favor of the use of innovative educational technologies. The principles underlying modern education are highlighted: continuity, practice-orientedness, integration, continuous professional development, learning “online + offline. The situation caused by the coronavirus COVID-19 led to the fact that educational institutions were forced to switch to new formats of education (distance and online learning). The main factors that influenced this situation are the COVID-19 pandemic, the accumulated international experience, the modern needs of society and the market economy. It is noted that, despite the technological and organizational difficulties, common approaches to professional training remotely and online were developed, a database of educational content was created.

scholarly journals Paradigm Shift among Scheduled Caste in Jharkhand: A Study of Garhwa District

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ambrish Gautam ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Exceptional Case ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Socially Excluded

Status is a position provided to the person of the concern society based on societal norms, values and customary practices. It is further being divided into two parts, first one is the Ascribed status, and another is Achieved status. The ascribed status is assigned to a person by the group or society, whereas achieved status is earned by the individual through his/her personal attributes and is taken note of by the people in and around his/her location. It is also evident that in majority of the cases, the ascribed status always determines the nature and extent of the achieved status. The ascribed status of the Dalits contributes or hinders in the formation of their achieved status. It also includes their social interaction and social relations with non-Dalits in the exiting local level social structure. This status is being characterized and specified by the process of Sanskritization, social and religious reforms, and the constitutional provisions in the formation of achieved status of Dalits in their different strata of life. The social status is the convergent form of both the ascribed and achieved statuses of a person in each society or social structure. In every circumstance, one’s higher ascribed status always contributes positively to his or her higher achieved status. Conversely, lower the ascribed status, lower is the achieved status though this may be other way round in the exceptional case. Anyway, the symmetrical or linear relationship between the lower ascribed and achieved statuses gets more crystallized, if the person comes from a group which remains socially excluded forever. But due to the prospects of Independence, Education, Constitutional safeguards and Modernisation several kinds of changes occurred in the status of Dalit’s in the society. Through this paper, I have tried to identify the process of social status formation among Dalits in Jharkhand.

scholarly journals Paradigm Shift among Scheduled Caste in Jharkhand: A Study of Garhwa District

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ambrish Gautam ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Exceptional Case ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Socially Excluded

Status is a position provided to the person of the concern society based on societal norms, values and customary practices. It is further being divided into two parts, first one is the Ascribed status, and another is Achieved status. The ascribed status is assigned to a person by the group or society, whereas achieved status is earned by the individual through his/her personal attributes and is taken note of by the people in and around his/her location. It is also evident that in majority of the cases, the ascribed status always determines the nature and extent of the achieved status. The ascribed status of the Dalits contributes or hinders in the formation of their achieved status. It also includes their social interaction and social relations with non-Dalits in the exiting local level social structure. This status is being characterized and specified by the process of Sanskritization, social and religious reforms, and the constitutional provisions in the formation of achieved status of Dalits in their different strata of life. The social status is the convergent form of both the ascribed and achieved statuses of a person in each society or social structure. In every circumstance, one’s higher ascribed status always contributes positively to his or her higher achieved status. Conversely, lower the ascribed status, lower is the achieved status though this may be other way round in the exceptional case. Anyway, the symmetrical or linear relationship between the lower ascribed and achieved statuses gets more crystallized, if the person comes from a group which remains socially excluded forever. But due to the prospects of Independence, Education, Constitutional safeguards and Modernisation several kinds of changes occurred in the status of Dalit’s in the society. Through this paper, I have tried to identify the process of social status formation among Dalits in Jharkhand.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document