The Misconceived Revolution: State and Society in China's Nationalist Revolution, 1923–26

1990 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-343
Author(s):  
John Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
State Power ◽  
State Building ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Social Goals ◽  
Social Revolution ◽  
Chinese Revolution ◽  
Social Resistance ◽  
Building Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
State And Society

The process of state-building in the Chinese revolution was confounded, and remains obscured, by a contest between rival claimants to state power in the Nationalist and Communist parties. There is a natural temptation to trace conflict in the state-building process to ideological differences between the two parties, as they did themselves, and to overlook their similarities and downplay the potential for political conflict and social resistance inherent in state-building generally. This is the case with histories of the Nationalist Revolution of the 1920s, when the two parties came together briefly to fight for national unification and independence. Each party is assigned an irreconcilable difference of purpose, the Nationalists aiming for cohesive national revolution and the Communists for divisive social revolution, and their combined efforts are represented as the historical working through of this conflict of purpose (Rankin, Fairbank, and Feuerwerker 1986:10; Wilbur 1984). The clash of aims seems to be not far removed from a clash of ideologies, and the collapse of this First United Front is portrayed as the historical resolution to a philosophical contradiction. In the definitive words of C. Martin Wilbur, “The main weakness was disagreement among the leaders concerning the social goals of the national revolution,” traceable to “competing ideologies among intellectuals throughout China” (Wilbur 1968:223). Conflict between the parties and within society boils down, in the end, to an ideological dispute.

The Grabski Tax Reform and Jewish Merchants: State Building in Interwar Poland

2020 ◽  
pp. 088832542095348
Author(s):  
Zachary Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Tax Reform ◽  
State Power ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Direct Taxation ◽  
Tax Assessment ◽  
Short Period ◽  
State And Society ◽  
New Policies

This article presents the financial overhaul and tax reform of the Polish Second Republic that occurred between 1924 and 1925 in order to show how the state expands, to what ends, and how society responds to this increase in state power. During this short period, we can observe the introduction of new policies and the strengthening of institutions. This reform program was based upon fundamental changes to the way that Poland taxed the economy, namely, relying much more on direct taxation that required interaction between citizens and their state. The state gathered information on business activity and demanded citizens surrender their income to the treasury. As the narrative below will display, taxing the society necessitated state building in the institutional sense, and the execution of these policies led to an expansion of state power in the minds of citizens as they were compelled to comply without a direct threat of coercion. But this was not without consequence. Citizens, especially Jewish merchants, reacted negatively to what was perceived as an unfair process of tax assessment and an outsized tax burden. Precisely at these moments of conflict between state and society, the state emerges and becomes legible. Building on earlier scholarship examining the ways in which states make their territory and citizens legible, this article also shows how the state becomes legible to its citizens.

scholarly journals Quatre-Vingt-Neuf Revisited: Social Interests and Political Conflict in the French Revolution

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-52
Author(s):  
George C. Comninel
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Social Revolution ◽  
Capitalist Class ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Alternative Account ◽  
Historical Materialist ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Interests ◽  
The French Revolution

Abstract Fifty years after its publication, Quatre-Vingt-Neuf — Georges Lefebvre's classic statement of the social interpretation of the French Revolution — is widely thought to have been discredited. Revisionist historians have effectively challenged the idea that the bourgeoisie was a revolutionary capitalist class overthrowing feudalism, and this has been taken to repudiate both Lefebvre's interpretation and Marxist history generally. Yet the new revisionist orthodoxy has been unable to provide a credible alternative account of the origins and course of the Revolution. A “new” social interpretation is therefore suggested which, ironically, is very close to that originally offered by Lefebvre for, while the idea of a bourgeois-capitalist class revolution clearly is refuted by the historical evidence, a return to Quatre-Vingt-Neuf reveals that this concept did not play a central role in Lefebvre's account. Nor is it integral to Marx's historical materialist method of analysis. Indeed, a fresh historical materialist class analysis of the ancien régime supports a very different social interpretation than that of “bourgeois revolution,” one largely consistent with Lefebvre's interpretation of the complex but integral social revolution unleashed in 1789.

scholarly journals LAKON BANGSAWAN SUMATRA UTARA, TINJAUAN SINTAKTIKA

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Suyadi Suyadi
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Teaching Material ◽  
Social Revolution ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Cultural Form ◽  
The Social ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Artistic Values ◽  
North Sumatra

The performance of drama bangsawan not only carries social, economic, and political missions. The role of drama bangsawan is increasingly important and strategic in organizing the life of the nation, state, and society. In addition to playing a role to explore the cultural and artistic values that we have, royal drama can also play a role in encouraging the realization of complete human development, which also means not only teaching material/physical, but also very useful to order the mental and spiritual of every human being. This paper presents the syntactic aspects of the drama bangsawan in North Sumatra. The syntactic aspect which is part of Charles Morris's semiotic theory explores the nature and pattern of stories of aristocratic plays. This review succeeded in discovering the existence of the aristocratic theater in North Sumatra and its shape patterns. This folk theater originally took place among the aristocrats in the Serdang Sultanate and eventually became the property of most people. The aristocratic form or concept of the show was maintained even though it was no longer played at the Palace, as the palaces in the former North Sumatra Residency after the Social Revolution collapsed. This theater should be inherited as a non-fine cultural form belonging to North Sumatra.

What Does It Mean to Be Social? Defining the Social Landscape for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 843-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Tarshis ◽  
Michelle Garcia Winner ◽  
Pamela Crooke
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Social Goals ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Childhood Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Social Competencies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Landscape ◽  
Communication Challenges ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Speech Motor

Purpose What does it mean to be social? In addition, how is that different from behaving socially appropriately? The purpose of this clinical focus article is to tackle these two questions along with taking a deeper look into how communication challenges in childhood apraxia of speech impact social competencies for young children. Through the lens of early social development and social competency, this clinical focus article will explore how speech motor challenges can impact social development and what happens when young learners miss early opportunities to grow socially. While not the primary focus, the clinical focus article will touch upon lingering issues for individuals diagnosed with childhood apraxia of speech as they enter the school-aged years. Conclusion Finally, it will address some foundational aspects of intervention and offer ideas and suggestions for structuring therapy to address both speech and social goals.

D?r al-?arb as the Motherland? The Muslim Tatars of (the Grand Duchy of) Lithuania and Social Contract

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-177
Author(s):  
Egdūnas Račius
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The Social ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Muslim Minority ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Grand Duchy

Muslim presence in Lithuania, though already addressed from many angles, has not hitherto been approached from either the perspective of the social contract theories or of the compliance with Muslim jurisprudence. The author argues that through choice of non-Muslim Grand Duchy of Lithuania as their adopted Motherland, Muslim Tatars effectively entered into a unique (yet, from the point of Hanafi fiqh, arguably Islamically valid) social contract with the non-Muslim state and society. The article follows the development of this social contract since its inception in the fourteenth century all the way into the nation-state of Lithuania that emerged in the beginning of the twentieth century and continues until the present. The epitome of the social contract under investigation is the official granting in 1995 to Muslim Tatars of a status of one of the nine traditional faiths in Lithuania with all the ensuing political, legal and social consequences for both the Muslim minority and the state.

An Intimate Yet Anglo-Centric Account of a Renaissance Human Rights Man

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-134
Author(s):  
Dilek Kurban
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Legal Scholar ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Social

In his well-researched biography, Mike Chinoy chronicles Kevin Boyle's life and career as a scholar, activist and lawyer, bringing to light his under-appreciated role in the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland and the efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict, as well as his contributions to human rights movements in the United Kingdom, Europe and the world. Are You With Me? is an important contribution to the literature on the actors who have shaped the norms, institutions and operations of human rights. In its efforts to shed light on one man, the book offers a fresh alternative to state-centric accounts of the origins of human rights. The book offers a portrait of a social movement actor turned legal scholar who used the law to contest the social inequalities against the minority community to which he belonged and to push for a solution to the underlying political conflict, as well as revelations of the complex power dynamics between human rights lawyers and the social movements they represent. In these respects Are You With Me? also provides valuable insights for socio-legal scholars, especially those focusing on legal mobilisation. At the same time the book could have provided a fuller and more complex biographical account had Chinoy been geographically and linguistically comprehensive in selecting his interviewees. The exclusion of Kurdish lawyers and human rights advocates is noticeable, particularly in light of the inclusion of Boyle's local partners in other contexts, such as South Africa.

Consolidation of Statehood through Membership in the UN: Some Remarks on Kosovo, Democracy and International Law

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-349
Author(s):  
Iliriana Islami ◽  
Remzije Istrefi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
State Building ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Advisory Opinion ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
Building Process

Kosovo declared its independence on 17 February 2008. Subsequently, one of the aims of Kosovo’s foreign policy was to further consolidate this position and to justify Kosovo’s prospective membership in the United Nations. This article examines the issue of recognition, elucidating how Kosovo is different from other countries and comparing it with the case of the former Yugoslavia. Other aspects in the state-building process such as ‘building constitutionalism’ will be presented as a step toward justifying recognition and membership. Furthermore, the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) of 8 October 2008 will be presented as evidence of Kosovo’s strengthening international position in its quest for further recognition. Thus, the article will discuss and analyze the arguments in favor of Kosovo being admitted to the UN.

EXAMINING STATE-BUILDING OF THE SYRIAN REPUBLIC AND THE LEGACY OF ITS COLONIAL PAST

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Ani MATEVOSYAN
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
State Building ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
Current State ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Political Consolidation ◽  
Historical Past

Abstract: This research tackles essential elements of Syrian state-building processes through a structural analysis incorporating several theories and concepts including but not limited to colonialism, nationalism, military interventions, institutional development, minority rule, and eventually neocolonialism. The article reveals how minority rule and different implications of military interventions shaped today’s Syria, as well as addresses some of the current issues such as the absence of domestic political consolidation. The primary aim of this research is to contextualize the role of France—as a former colonizer, within the state-building process of Syria by examining different phases of Syria’s historical past. An examination of Syria’s political developments proved that having inherited a colonial past, the current state of Syria has also inherited an unavoidable legacy of political instability from its colonial past. Keywords: Syria, Middle East, State-Building, Colonialism, Military Interventions.

Toward a genealogy of the police idea in imperial Japan: a synthesis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Max Ward
Keyword(s):  
State Power ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Japanese History ◽  
Police Power ◽  
Meiji Period ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Imperial Japan ◽  
National Police

Abstract This paper explores how Japanese officials and others conceptualized police power at particular junctures in imperial Japanese history (1868–1945). It does so by synthesizing prior scholarship on the Japanese police into a broader genealogy of the police idea in prewar Japan, beginning with the first translations and explanations of police in the Meiji period, the changing perceptions of the police in the 1910s, and the evolution from the “national police” idea in the 1920s to the “emperor's police” in the late 1930s. The essay proposes that the police idea in Japan (and elsewhere) can be read as a boundary concept in which the changing conceptions of police power demarcate the shifting relationship between state and society. Indeed, it is the elusiveness of this boundary that allows for police power – and by extension, state power – to function within society and transform in response to social conditions. Approached in this way, the essay argues that the different permutations of the police idea index the evolving modality of state power in prewar Japan, and thus allows us to reconsider some of the defining questions of imperial Japanese history.

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