Limits of the Jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International Justice

1931 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank B. Kellogg
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
International Justice ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Satisfactory Solution ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Moment

While I agree with the action taken by the Court and consider that, in view of the unsatisfactory and contradictory provisions of the special agreement by which the parties have submitted this case to the Court, it is perhaps the only course by which the Court could, under its Statute, aid the parties in arriving at a wholly satisfactory solution of their dispute, nevertheless, in view of certain language used in the order, which might be the source of doubt as to the limits of the jurisdiction of this Court and might serve as a basis of argument that it is within the competence of this Court, with the consent of the parties, to take jurisdiction of and decide purely political questions upon considerations of expediency without regard to the legal rights of the parties, I feel it incumbent upon me to make the following observations:In my opinion the question of the competence of this Court which has been raised by the present case and a direct decision of which the Court has avoided, for the moment at least, by the making of the present order, is, from the point of view of the future of this Court and the development of the judicial settlement of international disputes, by far the most important question which has ever been brought before the Permanent Court of International Justice. I feel, therefore, that I would be derelict in my duty if I allowed the question to be passed over in silence or left any doubt as to my opinion in regard thereto.

Chelovek.RU/Человек.RU

Chelovek RU ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 18-53
Author(s):  
Sergei Avanesov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian Philosopher ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
The Future ◽  
Pavel Florensky ◽  
The Moment

Abstract. The article analyzes the autobiography of the famous Russian philosopher, theologian and scientist Pavel Florensky, as well as those of his texts that retain traces of memories. According to Florensky, the personal biography is based on family history and continues in children. He addresses his own biography to his children. Memories based on diary entries are designed as a memory diary, that is, as material for future memories. The past becomes actual in autobiography, turns into a kind of present. The past, from the point of view of its realization in the present, gains meaning and significance. The au-thor is active in relation to his own past, transforming it from a collection of disparate facts into a se-quence of events. A person can only see the true meaning of such events from a great distance. Therefore, the philosopher remembers not so much the circumstances of his life as the inner impressions of the en-counter with reality. The most powerful personality-forming experiences are associated with childhood. Even the moment of birth can decisively affect the character of a person and the range of his interests. The foundations of a person's worldview are laid precisely in childhood. Florensky not only writes mem-oirs about himself, but also tries to analyze the problems of time and memory. A person is immersed in time, but he is able to move into the past through memory and into the future through faith. An autobi-ography can never be written to the end because its author lives on. However, reaching the depths of life, he is able to build his path in such a way that at the end of this path he will unite with the fullness of time, with eternity.

scholarly journals Studiing Modern Archival Science in Croatia

Atlanti ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Željka Dmitrus
Keyword(s):  
Data Security ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Digital Content ◽  
Archival Science ◽  
Digital Archives ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Moment

By definition, archival science is a set of knowledge about archival material and archival activity. Archival scienceis a young science because it has been developing for the past hundred years. More recently, theory, practice and methodology have been formed. When we talk about archival material, we need to know that it’s not just a pile of old paper preserved in the dark archive storage rooms. Archival material is a record in continuity - from the moment it is created, until the moment someone searches for that record. Today it is a common belive that archives are the memory of society and a part of cultural heritage. Today, documents are mostly generated in electronic form. From a practical point of view, modern archival science deals with answers to contemporary issues such as: How to organize digitalisation of archival material? How to keep digital content in the long run? How to organize digital archives? How to care for data security? These are just some questions that will have to be answered by the generations that come - young archivists. To be able to protect contemporary archives for the future we will have to find abwers to above questions, than only by protecting the present we will be able to preserve it for the future.

scholarly journals PLUPERFECT – ABSOLUTE, RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE-RELATIVE TEMPORAL FORM?

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Andriiv O.B.
Keyword(s):  
Time Moment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Relative Time ◽  
Temporal Reference ◽  
Temporal Form ◽  
Past Action ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Future Temporal Reference

The article is devoted to the problem of grammatical status of pluperfect forms of German and Ukrainian languages. The study differentiates the views of scientists on pluperfect forms in terms of their relative or absolute interpretation. The definition of the pluperfect with the future temporal reference is given, confirmed by applied representations and analysis of the studied units in the sentence structure. From the point of view of traditional linguistic interpretation, pluperfect is a form that expresses either “precedence over another past action” or “distant past”. However, in this study, we look at new meanings of this grammar: “present” or “future”.The article raises the problem of the futural orientation of pluperfect forms, based on two positions: when pluperfect is used in the sense of “past” in relation to another past action. That is, when this gram is in opposition to its conventional meaning; when the plusquamperfect expresses the meaning of “counterfactual” with the future temporal reference, when the subject of the statement knows that in the real world certain actions cannot be realized because they contradict the objective laws of human existence. The use of the pluperfect forms in such constructions indicates that language not only does not limit us by means of expressing real knowledge about the world, but also provides such for the reproduction of hypothetical, unreal or counterfactual statements.It is concluded that from the point of view of temporality, the conjunctive forms of the pluperfect are timeless and can express the action that occurs at the time of speech, occurred (or could occur) before the moment of speech or will occur after the moment of speech, the temporal nature of the verbal form recedes into the background. It is proposed to consider plusquamperfect as an absolute-relative time form.Key words: pluperfect, absolute time, relative time, moment of speech, counterfactuality. Статтю присвячено актуальній проблемі граматичного статусу плюсквамперфектних форм німецької та української мов. У дослідженні диференційовано погляди науковців щодо плюсквамперфектних форм із боку їх відносної чи абсолютної інтерпретації. Подається визначення плюсквамперфекта з майбутньою часовою рефе-ренцією, підтверджене прикладними репрезентаціями й аналізом досліджуваних одиниць у структурі речення. З боку традиційного лінгвістичного трактування плюсквамперфект – це форма, яка виражає або «передування щодо іншої минулої дії», або «віддалене минуле». Однак у дослідженні звертаємо увагу на нові значення цієї гра-меми: «теперішнє» чи «майбутнє».У статті висувається проблема футуральної спрямованості плюсквамперфектних форм, виходячи з двох позицій: коли плюсквамперфект вживається в значенні «післяминуле» щодо іншої минулої дії, тобто коли ця грамема опозиціонує своєму загальноприйнятому значенню; коли плюсквамперфект виражає значення «контр-фактичність» із майбутньою часовою референцією – суб’єкт висловлення знає, що в реальному світі певні дії не можуть бути реалізовані, оскільки суперечать об’єктивним законам людського існування. Вживання плюсквам-перфектних форм у подібних конструкціях свідчить про те, що мова не лише не обмежує нас засобами вираження реальних знань про світ, а й надає такі для відтворення гіпотетичних, ірреальних чи контрфактичних висловлень.Зроблено висновок, що з позиції темпоральності форми плюсквамперфекта кон’юнктива є позачасовими й можуть виражати дію, що відбувається в момент мовлення, відбувалася (чи могла відбутися) раніше моменту мовлення або відбудеться після моменту мовлення, оскільки в зіставленні часу й способу переважає спосіб дієслова, а часовий характер вербальної форми відходить на другий план. Запропоновано розглядати плюсквампер-фект як абсолютно-відносну часову форму.Ключові слова: плюсквамперфект, абсолютний час, відносний час, момент мовлення, контрфактичність

scholarly journals MULTICULTURALISM AS A CHALLENGE FOR POLISH PROBATION SERVICES

Probacja ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 131-148
Author(s):  
Monika Zamarlik-Mazurek ◽  
Grzegorz Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Special Group ◽  
The Future ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
The Moment

The aim of the article is to explain selected elements of multiculturalism in contemporary Polish society, with particular emphasis on probation offi cers and probationers who are foreigners. The description of multiculturalism, including with reference to the work of probation offi cers, in the context of those for whom they perform work, i.e. the supervised foreigners, has the main purpose of signalling the problem. Multiculturalism is a challenge for many areas of society functioning. The confrontation by probation offi cers with this phenomenon seems inevitable, and is actually happening at the moment. Nevertheless, in the future it may become a problem on a larger scale. Therefore, it is necessary to explore this area now from the scientifi c point of view and to make interested specialists in the fi eld of probation familiar with it. The aim of this kind of activities is to prepare probation offi cers to properly perform their duties also towards foreigners, a special group and one that is undoubtedly important from the point of view of the development of the Polish state.

scholarly journals P. G. Lindhardt: Konfrontation. Grundtvigs prædikener i kirkeåret 1854-55 på baggrund af Kierkegaards angreb på den danske kirke og den »officielle« kristendom. Akademisk forlag. 1974

1975 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
William Michelsen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Future ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Church

P. G. Lindhardt: Confrontation. Grundtvig’s Sermons for the Church Year 1854-55 in the light o f Kierkegaard’s attack on the Danish Church and »Official« Christianity. (Akademisk Forlag, Copenhagen, 1974).Reviewed by William Michelsen.In 1961, when Lindhardt published Kierkegaard’s The Moment, he attempted in the Preface to show the »point« at which he found Kierkegaard’s attack not only meaningful but also necessary. A corresponding preface is not required for this book, which can be read independently, as Lindhardt describes in a commentary and an epilogue the confrontation with Kierkegaard which he rightly finds in the previously unpublished sermons of Grundtvig. If Grundtvig had had the opportunity to re-edit them, they would most likely have lost their present freshness as well as their value as documents. Of course they are not all good; but they are all real - as a preacher’s response to the gospel in a particular situation. They are what a sermon should always be, and as such these sermons are, from a non-theological point o f view, as they should be.It may be that Grundtvig did not read or understand all that Kierkegaard wrote. But he knew the situation in which he wrote, though from another viewpoint since he belonged to an older generation. This situation has now changed, inasmuch as the Danish Church has become more accomodating and at the same time more shapeless. To regard the Danish people as Christian was for Kierkegaard an illusion that he considered scandalous. But it is only scandalous if w e allow ourselves to be deluded by it. That is hardly the case today. At that time it was normal to go to church; it is not so today. And yet people want their children christened and called Christian. It is just as difficult now as then to infer anything from outward conduct.Lindhardt emphasizes that in his sermons Grundtvig made the admission that Kierkegaard demanded; but even so he does not think that Grundtvig understood Kierkegaard. It is reasonable to ask whether Lindhardt has understood Grundtvig. Lindhardt stresses quite rightly that whereas Kierkegaard wished to hold people to their time (or moment), Grundtvig referred always to the future, which alone could decide the dispute over Christianity. This future, according to Grundtvig, will not come until the end of all time. But is such a faith in the future identical with nineteenth century theology?However, Grundtvig had another concept of »development«, different from contemporary theologians. He did not subject his Christian outlook on life to an idealist philosophy, such as Protestant theologians after Kant considered it necessary to maintain as modem people. But it was exactly this idealist way of thinking that was the startingpoint for Kierkegaard’s philosophy.The man who refers to the future risks more than the man who holds himselt and others to what they believe at the moment. For Kierkegaard (as for Nietzsche) history was reduced to an existential, irrelevant past. To take up a religious committal to the future is from a Christian point of view to believe that the Christianity of the New Testament will remain the truth - not just for me at the moment (and in a possible, transcendental world) but also after my death in this world. This was what Grundtvig - troubled perhaps but unshakable - believed and preached in this welcome publication of his sermons.

THE GENESIS OF CONSERVATIVE IDEOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS IN THE POLITICAL REFORM OF MODERN COUNTRIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF RUSSIA AND FRANCE)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
MARIETA EPREMYAN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Reform ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Political ◽  
Development Trends ◽  
Conservative Ideology ◽  
The World ◽  
Christian Conservatism ◽  
The Future ◽  
Conservative Policy ◽  
Depth Interviews

The article examines the epistemological roots of conservative ideology, development trends and further prospects in political reform not only in modern Russia, but also in other countries. The author focuses on the “world” and Russian conservatism. In the course of the study, the author illustrates what opportunities and limitations a conservative ideology can have in political reform not only in modern Russia, but also in the world. In conclusion, it is concluded that the prospect of a conservative trend in the world is wide enough. To avoid immigration and to control the development of technology in society, it is necessary to adhere to a conservative policy. Conservatism is a consolidating ideology. It is no coincidence that the author cites as an example the understanding of conservative ideology by the French due to the fact that Russia has its own vision of the ideology of conservatism. If we say that conservatism seeks to preserve something and respects tradition, we must bear in mind that traditions in different societies, which form some kind of moral imperatives, cannot be a single phenomenon due to different historical destinies and differing religious views. Considered from the point of view of religion, Muslim and Christian conservatism will be somewhat confrontational on some issues. The purpose of the work was to consider issues related to the role, evolution and prospects of conservative ideology in the political reform of modern countries. The author focuses on Russia and France. To achieve this goal, the method of in-depth interviews with experts on how they understand conservatism was chosen. Already today, conservatism is quite diverse. It is quite possible that in the future it will transform even more and acquire new reflections.

The Revolutionizing of the Revolution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
French Government ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The French Revolution ◽  
The Revolution

In 1792, the French Revolution became a thing in itself, an uncontrollable force that might eventually spend itself but which no one could direct or guide. The governments set up in Paris in the following years all faced the problem of holding together against forces more revolutionary than themselves. This chapter distinguishes two such forces for analytical purposes. There was a popular upheaval, an upsurge from below, sans-culottisme, which occurred only in France. Second, there was the “international” revolutionary agitation, which was not international in any strict sense, but only concurrent within the boundaries of various states as then organized. From the French point of view these were the “foreign” revolutionaries or sympathizers. The most radical of the “foreign” revolutionaries were seldom more than advanced political democrats. Repeatedly, however, from 1792 to 1799, these two forces tended to converge into one force in opposition to the French government of the moment.

Basic principles of Russian foreign policy under Vladimir Putin

Upravlenie ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
Sadeghi Elham Mir Mohammad ◽  
Ahmad Vakhshitekh
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
World Order ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Russian Foreign Policy ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
The Moment

The article considers and analyses the basic principles and directions of Russian foreign policy activities during the presidency of V.V. Putin from the moment of his assumption of the post of head of state to the current presidential term. The authors determine the basic principles of Russia's foreign policy in the specified period and make the assessment to them. The study uses materials from publications of both Russian and foreign authors, experts in the field of political science, history and international relations, as well as documents regulating the foreign policy activities of the highest state authorities. The paper considers the process of forming the priorities of Russia's foreign policy both from the point of view of accumulated historical experience and continuity of the internal order, and in parallel with the processes of transformation of the entire system of international relations and the world order. The article notes the multi-vector nature of Russia's foreign policy strategy aimed at developing multilateral interstate relations, achieving peace and security in the interstate arena, actively countering modern challenges and threats to interstate security, as well as the formation of a multipolar world. The authors conclude that at present, Russia's foreign policy activity is aimed at strengthening Russia's prestige, supporting economic growth and competitiveness, ensuring security and implementing national interests. Internal political reforms contribute to strengthening the political power of the President of the Russian Federation and increasing the efficiency of foreign policy decision-making.

KING PEPI’S ROLE IN FORMING MEMPHIS, THE FUTURE CAPITAL OF EGYPT

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-56
Author(s):  
R. A. Orekhov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Influence ◽  
Common Point ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Priest ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
The Future ◽  
State Capital

There is a common point of view in Egyptology that Memphis was a state capital since the earliest times and that its protecting gods were Ptah and his spouse Sekhmet. Arguing this concept, the author tries to find the reason why a pyramid city of Pepi I — Mennefer — became a core of the future capital. The main conclusion is following: Constructing his pyramid complex, Pepi I probably included into it a cult center of Habes where Bastet and Imhotep, a high priest of Ra, were worshiped. Imhotep, a companion of the king Djoser, was known as a priest and charmer who tamed the fiery forces of Sirius associated with Bastet, after which the great drought was over. To commemorate this, New Year celebration and the first sun calendar were established. Imhotep’s tomb became an important cult place, where ceremonies important for surviving of the Egyptian state were conducted. In the second half of the Old Kingdom period the Nile started to flood much less, which led to the decline of agriculture. Thus, the role of the cult center of Habes and Imhotep grew greatly. By including Habes, Pepi protected the dominion of his pyramid city from negative influence of Bastet and decreased flooding. The fact that Mennefer was a successor of the aforementioned cult center determined its capital functions in future.

L’absence chez Michel Butor. L’Emploi du temps et Degrés

2012 ◽  
pp. 66-80
Author(s):  
Michał Mrozowicki
Keyword(s):  
Human Memory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Narrative Discourse ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Michel Butor ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Narrative Mode ◽  
The City

Michel Butor, born in 1926, one of the leaders of the French New Novel movement, has written only four novels between 1954 and 1960. The most famous of them is La Modification (Second thoughts), published in 1957. The author of the paper analyzes two other Butor’s novels: L’Emploi du temps (Passing time) – 1956, and Degrés (Degrees) – 1960. The theme of absence is crucial in both of them. In the former, the novel, presented as the diary of Jacques Revel, a young Frenchman spending a year in Bleston (a fictitious English city vaguely similar to Manchester), describes the narrator’s struggle to survive in a double – spatial and temporal – labyrinth. The first of them, formed by Bleston’s streets, squares and parks, is symbolized by the City plan. During his one year sojourn in the city, using its plan, Revel learns patiently how to move in its different districts, and in its strange labyrinth – strange because devoid any centre – that at the end stops annoying him. The other, the temporal one, symbolized by the diary itself, the labyrinth of the human memory, discovered by the narrator rather lately, somewhere in the middle of the year passed in Bleston, becomes, by contrast, more and more dense and complex, which is reflected by an increasinly complex narration used to describe the past. However, at the moment Revel is leaving the city, he is still unable to recall and to describe the events of the 29th of February 1952. This gap, this absence, symbolizes his defeat as the narrator, and, in the same time, the human memory’s limits. In Degrees temporal and spatial structures are also very important. This time round, however, the problems of the narration itself, become predominant. Considered from this point of view, the novel announces Gerard Genette’s work Narrative Discourse and his theoretical discussion of two narratological categories: narrative voice and narrative mode. Having transgressed his narrative competences, Pierre Vernier, the narrator of the first and the second parts of the novel, who, taking as a starting point, a complete account of one hour at school, tries to describe the whole world and various aspects of the human civilization for the benefit of his nephew, Pierre Eller, must fail and disappear, as the narrator, from the third part, which is narrated by another narrator, less audacious and more credible.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document